Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA Published online: 16 Aug 2006.
|
|
- Willis Turner
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This article was downloaded by: [University of Hawaii at Manoa] On: 11 July 2013, At: 18:11 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: Registered office: Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Plant Nutrition Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments to Two Hawaiian Acid Soils N. V. Hue a a Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA Published online: 16 Aug To cite this article: N. V. Hue (2005) Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments to Two Hawaiian Acid Soils, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27:2, , DOI: /PLN To link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the Content ) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
2 JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION Vol. 27, No. 2, pp , 2004 Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments to Two Hawaiian Acid Soils N. V. Hue* Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA ABSTRACT Coffee orchards in Hawaii are planted on either volcanic ash-derived Andisols or highly weathered acid Oxisols and Ultisols. These soils are often low in phyto-available calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn), which limit coffee production. To obtain the locally specific information required to remove these soil fertility restrictions, a bench-scale experiment was conducted with six Ca and two Zn treatments, factorially applied to an Andisol and an Ultisol. Three-month-old coffee (Coffea arabica) seedlings, cv. Guatamala, were transplanted (one per pot of 2 kg soil) and grown for 5 months under shaded *Correspondence: N. V. Hue, Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; Fax: ; nvhue@hawaii.edu. 261 DOI: /PLN Copyright & 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc (Print); (Online)
3 262 Hue greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that for maximum biomass production, soil ph should be raised to around 6.0 with lime (CaCO 3 ) or a combination of lime and gypsum (CaSO 4 2H 2 O) such that Mehlich 3-extractable Ca exceeds 1900 mg kg 1, and that healthy coffee seedlings require Ca 12 g kg 1, Zn> 15 mg kg 1, and aluminum (Al) <120 mg kg 1 in their leaves. Key Words: Coffee seedlings; Calcium deficiency; Zinc nutrition; Hawaii acid soils. INTRODUCTION Coffee has become an important crop to Hawaii s agriculture and economy since the demise of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and the decline of pineapple (Ananas comosus) during the last decade. [1] The state s coffee production could have doubled and quality could have been higher if soil conditions (e.g., nematode reduction, balanced nutrients) had been optimized (D.P. Schmitt, personal communication, 2001). Hawaii s agricultural soils are dominated by volcanic ash-derived Andisols and highly weathered acid Oxisols and Ultisols. [2] These soils are characterized by low ph (acidic, ph < 5.5), inadequate basic nutrients, such as Ca and magnesium (Mg), and micronutrients, especially Zn, due to heavy leaching and/or strong adsorption. [3] For example, in a state-wide survey in 2000, Hue et al. [4] reported that most soils on which coffee was grown on the island of Oahu contained less than 1000 mg kg 1 Ca and 5 mg kg 1 Zn as extracted by the Mehlich 3 solution. These nutrient levels were marginally low for coffee based on the adequate levels proposed by Malavolta [5] of between 1200 and 1800 mg kg 1 exchangeable (NH 4 OAc-extractable) Ca (which is approximately equivalent to Mehlich 3-extractable Ca as determined for over 500 Hawaiian soil samples by our lab), and 4 6 mg kg 1 Zn as extracted by the Mehlich 1 solution, which often extracts much less soil Zn than the Mehlich 3 solution. In plants, Ca plays a major role in the structure and permeability of cell membranes as well as being essential for cell division and elongation. Thus, Ca deficiency results in the failure of terminal buds of shoots and apical tips of roots to develop, which causes plant growth to cease. Generally, Ca is rather immobile in the plant. Because of limited translocation of Ca in the phloem, fruits and storage organs suffer the most when Ca is inadequate. This explains why Ca deficiency is manifested as blossom-end rot in tomato and bitter pit in apple. [6] Adequate Ca levels in coffee leaves have been reported to be 8 15 g kg 1
4 Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments 263 (M.A. Nagao, personal communication, 1999) and approximately 10 g kg 1. [5] The specific critical Ca level likely varies with plant cultivars. [7] Plant Zn, on the other hand, is involved in many enzymatic activities. Zinc is important in the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophane, a component of some proteins and a precursor of the growth hormone indoleacetic acid. [8] Thus, Zn deficiency causes the shortening of internodes and smaller-than-normal (rosette) leaves. [9] In coffee, Zn deficiency results in smaller beans with low quality, [10] which corresponds to a leaf Zn level below 15 mg kg 1. [5] The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the critical levels of Ca and Zn in coffee seedlings grown on Hawaii s soils, and (ii) to identify soil amendments that effectively eliminate these growth-limiting factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil Properties and Treatments The soils used were an Andisol (Thixotropic, isothermic, clayey, Typic Hydrudand, Kealakekua series) from Kona, Hawaii island, where gourmet coffee has been produced for the past half century, and an acid Ultisol (Oxidic, isothermic, clayey, Humoxic Tropohumult, Leilehua series), Oahu island, formerly planted to sugarcane and on which coffee orchards have recently been established. In the unamended state, the Andisol had a ph of 5.2, 600 mg kg 1 Mehlich 3-extractable Ca, 31 cmol c kg 1 CEC (measured with NH 4 OAc, ph 7.0); and the Ultisol, ph 4.9, 480 mg kg 1 extractable Ca, 15.0 cmol c kg 1 CEC. The liming curves for the two soils are presented in Fig. 1. Because of the irreversible hydrophobicity of the Hydrudands when dried, the Andisol was kept slightly moist at all times (its moisture content and dry weight were determined from subsamples). The soils were screened to pass a 3-mm sieve and amended with Ca or Ca plus Zn as follows. Six treatments contained only Ca and the Ca amounts and sources were (1) unamended control, (2) 4 cmol c kg 1 CaCO 3, (3) 8 cmol c kg 1 CaCO 3, (4) 4 cmol c kg 1 CaSO 4, (5) 8 cmol c kg 1 CaSO 4, (6) 4 cmol c kg 1 CaCO 3, þ4 cmol c kg 1 CaSO 4. These treatments would allow a separation of Al toxicity from Ca deficiency. Six additional treatments contained 5 mg kg 1 Zn as ZnSO 4 7H 2 O in addition to the Ca levels. Basal fertilizers included (in mg kg 1 ) 280 N as urea, 155 P and 195 K as KH 2 PO 4 and 24 Mg as MgSO 4. The soils and amendments/ fertilizers were mixed thoroughly under dry (or slightly moist) conditions,
5 264 Hue Soil ph Kealakekua Andisol Leilehua Ultisol CaCO 3 added, g kg -1 Figure 1. Lime requirement curves of the Kealakekua Andisol and Leilehua Ultisol used to grow coffee in Hawaii. the water was added to field water holding capacity and the treated soils were incubated for two weeks. Three-month-old seedlings (about 15 cm tall) of Coffea arabica cv. Guatamala free of nematodes from Kona, Hawaii Island, were transplanted one per pot containing 2 kg soil. A split-split-plot experimental design was used, with soil series as the main plot, Zn amendment as the subplot, and Ca amendment as the sub-sub plot. Each treatment was replicated three times. The coffee seedlings were grown in a glasshouse, which had an average (over the growing period) day temperature of 28 C and night temperature of 20 C, solar energy of 7 MJ m 2 day 1 (under 50% shading with a green plastic cloth). Chemical and Statistical Analyses The coffee seedlings were harvested after five months of growth. Roots and shoots were separated and their dry weights recorded. Finely ground (<0.42 mm diameter or 60-mesh) tissue samples (0.20 g) of dry leaves (the fourth and fifth leaves from the growing point) and roots were ashed at 500 C for 4 h until the ash turned whitish gray. The residue was mixed with 5 ml of 1 M HNO 3 and heated slowly at 120 C until dryness (this step was taken to ensure a complete dissolution of metal oxides). The residue was subsequently re-dissolved in 20 ml of 0.1 M HCl and filtered through Whatman No. 2 filter paper before nutrient analysis using an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP).
6 Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments 265 Soil subsamples, before planting and after harvest, were air dried, thoroughly mixed and screened to pass a 1-mm sieve for chemical analysis. Soil ph was determined by equilibrating 20 g soil with 20 ml of deionized water for 30 min, and measuring the slurry ph with a ph meter equipped with a pair of glass/calomel electrodes. Mehlich 3-extractable nutrients were obtained by shaking 2.0 g soil with 25 ml of the Mehlich 3 solution [11] for 5 min and filtering through Whatman No. 6S filter paper. Calcium, Zn, and many other nutrients in the filtrate were measured with the ICP. Statistics Effects of soil amendments (gypsum, lime, and Zn) on soil properties and coffee growth and nutrient content were analyzed via the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference (LSD) mean comparison, using the SAS software (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). Regression analysis was performed with the Sigma Plot 2001 program (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of Calcium and Zinc Amendments on Soil Properties Lime amendments at 4 and 8 cmol c kg 1 raised soil ph from 5.1 to 5.7 and 6.2 in the Andisol, and from 5.0 to 5.7 and 6.0 in the Ultisol, respectively (Table 1). The results were virtually identical to those predicted by the liming curves (Fig. 1). In contrast, gypsum applications did not change soil ph in the Andisol, but lowered soil ph by about 0.2 units in the Ultisol (Table 1). This can be partly explained by a 10-fold difference in extractable Al:KCl-extractable Al averaged 0.18 cmol c kg 1 in the control Andisol and 1.8 cmol c kg 1 in the control Ultisol. Extractable Al was reduced significantly by lime, but was increased slightly by application of 8 cmol c kg 1 gypsum to the Ultisol (Table 1). Relative to the control, a combination of 4 cmol c kg 1 lime and 4 cmol c kg 1 gypsum raised soil ph slightly; this treatment also reduced extractable Al to nil in the Andisol and by half, to 0.95 cmol c kg 1, in the Ultisol (Table 1). Mehlich 3-extractable Ca increased from approximately 590 mg kg 1 in the control to 1260 and 1840 mg kg 1 when lime or gypsum was applied to the Andisol at 4 and 8 cmol c kg 1, respectively (Table 1A). Despite a much higher solubility of gypsum over lime, the Ca sources did not significantly affect Ca extractability, which averaged about 80% of
7 266 Hue Table 1A. Soil ph and Mehlich 3-extractable nutrients of the Kealakekua Andisol from Kona (average of levels prior to planting and after harvest). Treatment Ca K Mg Mn P Zn Rate KCl-ext. Al Source (cmol (cmol c kg 1 c kg 1 ) ph (mg kg 1 ) ) No-Zn added Control Lime (L) , , BD a Gypsum , , Lþgypsum (4 þ 4) 5.6 1, þ 5mgkg 1 Zn added Control Lime (L) , BD , BD Gypsum , , L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) 5.5 1, a BD: below detection limits. Table 1B. Soil ph, and Mehlich 3-extractable nutrients of the Leilehua Ultisol from Oahu (average of levels prior to planting and after harvest). Treatment Ca K Mg Mn P Zn Rate KCl-ext. Al Source (cmol (cmol c kg 1 c kg 1 ) ph (mg kg 1 ) ) No-Zn added Control Lime (L) , , Gypsum , , L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) 5.2 1, þ 5mgkg 1 Zn added Control Lime (L) , Gypsum , , L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) 5.2 1,
8 Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments 267 the added Ca. Similar observations can be made for the Ultisol, of which extractable Ca increased from 477 mg kg 1 in the control to 1066 and 1502 mg kg 1 in the low and high Ca treatments (Table 1B). Relative Ca extractability was about 70% for the Ultisol, perhaps because more Ca had been taken up by coffee seedlings during their five-month growth period. Addition of 5 mg kg 1 Zn increased Mehlich 3-extractable Zn by about 40% in the Andisol (from an average of 3.55 to 5.68 mg kg 1, Table 1A), and by about 60% in the Ultisol (from 5.45 to 8.50 mg kg 1, Table 1B). Calcium additions seemed to increase extractable Zn in the Andisol, but not in the Ultisol (Table 1). (This difference might have been due to reduced nutrient uptake by coffee seedlings in the Andisol.) Although manganese (Mn) and phosphorus (P) were not the variables of interest in this experiment, it should be noted that extractable Mn was decreased slightly with lime and increased slightly with gypsum amendments (Table 1). The changes in Mn solubility are consistent with the effects of treatments on the ph changes discussed earlier. Furthermore, Mn levels ranged from 2.9 to 5.4 mg kg 1 in the Andisol and from 11 to 23 mg kg 1 in the Ultisol. Extractable P levels were unaffected by the Ca and Zn treatments, but were quite different between the two soils. Average P was 4.6 mg kg 1 in the Andisol and 31.6 mg kg 1 in the Ultisol (Table 1). This was due mainly to the very high P sorption of the Andisol ( mg kg 1 added P is required to attain 0.20 mg PL 1 in the soil solution; Hue, unpublished data). Effects of Calcium and Zinc Amendments on Coffee Biomass and Tissue Nutrient Composition In the strong adsorption and nutrient poor Andisol, the additions of lime and/or gypsum increased coffee biomass many fold relative to the no Ca control (Fig. 2). For example, in the no-zn added set of treatments, the 8 cmol c kg 1 lime and the 4:4 lime:gypsum combination treatments had total biomass (roots þ shoots) of 2.35 g plant 1 and 2.25 g plant 1 vs g plant 1 in the control. Nutrient composition in leaves (Table 2A) and roots (Table 2B) supports the contention that Ca was a major growth-limiting factor in this soil. For example, leaf Ca increased from 6.5 g kg 1 in the no-zn control to 10.7 and 10.2 g kg 1 in the treatments with 8 cmol c kg 1 lime and 4:4 lime:gypsum treatments, respectively (Table 2A). Differences in Ca levels in coffee roots were even more distinct: 3.4 g kg 1 in the control vs. 9.4 and 9.6 g kg 1 in the high lime and lime:gypsum treatments (Table 2B).
9 268 Hue Treatment L + Gypsum Gypsum 8.0 cmol c kg Coffee grown on the Andisol Roots Roots + Shoots CaCO 3 (L) 8.0 cmol c kg Control L + Gypsum Gypsum 8.0 cmol c kg CaCO 3 (L) cmol c kg Control mg/kg Zn as ZnSO 4.7H 2 O No Zn added Biomass, g seedling -1 Figure 2. Biomass of coffee seedlings grown on the Andisol from Kona, Hawaii, as a function of Ca and Zn amendments. In contrast to Ca effects, Zn addition did not increase, or even slightly decreased, biomass production (Fig. 2). Given the low extractable (and presumably plant-available) Zn in this soil, a growth increase due to Zn addition would have been expected. Perhaps, the soil retained or adsorbed Zn so strongly that most of the added Zn was not available to the coffee seedlings. Leaf Zn levels seem to support this explanation: they ranged between 8 and 12 mg kg 1 in the no-zn treatments and between 11 and 15 mg kg 1 in the Zn-added treatments (Table 2A). These Zn levels were considered deficient, especially for coffee seedlings (Bittenbender, personal communication, 2002). If the plant growth
10 Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments 269 Table 2A. Nutrient composition in leaves of coffee grown on the Andisol (Kealakekua series) from Kona, Hawaii. Treatment Al B Ca Cu K Mg Mn P Zn Rate Source (cmol c kg 1 ) (mg kg 1 ) No-Zn added Control , ,100 2, Lime (L) , ,300 3, (cmol c kg 1 ) , ,500 2, Gypsum , ,000 3, (cmol c kg 1 ) , ,800 2, , L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) , ,400 2, þ5mgkg 1 Zn added Control , ,300 3, Lime (L) , ,100 3, , ,800 2, , Gypsum , ,000 3, , ,200 2, , L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) , ,000 3, , Table 2B. Nutrient composition in roots of coffee grown on the Andisol (Kealakekua series) from Kona, Hawaii. Treatment Al B Ca Cu K Mg Mn P Zn Rate Source (cmol c kg 1 ) (mg kg 1 ) No-Zn added Control 2, , ,400 8, Lime (L) 4 1, , ,500 11, , , ,300 11, Gypsum 4 2, , ,600 10, , , ,700 10, L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) 2, , ,200 11, , þ 5mgkg 1 Zn added Control 2, , ,800 11, Lime (L) 4 1, , ,500 12, , , ,500 12, , Gypsum 4 2, , ,500 9, , , ,500 11, , L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) 2, , ,600 12, ,
11 270 Hue follows a sigmoidal pattern, as discussed by Black, [12] then a small addition of a limiting nutrient may not result in any increase in biomass. It is interesting to note that the high rate of gypsum and the lime:gypsum combination of the added Zn treatments did not produce as much biomass as the high lime treatment (Fig. 2). There are no compelling explanations for these results, except to speculate that K Ca imbalance might be a possibility as indicated by the results of Table 2. Aluminum toxicity caused by high gypsum addition was unlikely because the Andisol contained very little KCl-extractable Al, and plant Al levels did not show any consistent pattern and were rather low by coffee nutrition standards. [5] In the high Al and low Ca Ultisol, the additions of Ca, except for the 8 cmol c kg 1 gypsum, increased biomass more than 2 fold (Fig. 3). For example, in the no-zn treatments, coffee biomass increased from Treatment L + Gypsum Gypsum 8.0 cmol c kg CaCO 3 (L) cmol c kg -1 Control L + Gypsum Gypsum 8.0 cmol c kg Coffee grown on the Ultisol Roots Roots + Shoots mg kg -1 Zn as ZnSO 4.7H 2 O 8.0 CaCO 3 (L) cmol c kg Control No Zn added Biomass, g seedling -1 Figure 3. Biomass of coffee seedlings grown on the Ultisol from central Oahu, Hawaii, as a function of Ca and Zn amendments.
12 Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments g plant 1 in the control to 1.15 and 1.93 g plant 1 in the 4 and 8 cmol c kg 1 lime, respectively. Such increases can be attributed mainly to improved Ca nutrition of leaves (Table 3A) and roots (Table 3B). In the high gypsum (8 cmol c kg 1 ) treatment, soil ph was lowered and Al probably reached toxic levels, resulting in reduced biomass. Tissue Al (Table 3) seemed to support this reasoning. Leaf Al concentrations increased from about 90 mg kg 1 in the control to about 135 mg kg 1 in the 8 cmol c kg 1 gypsum (Table 3A). Root Al levels, which were fold higher than leaf Al, ranged from mg kg 1 in the control to mg kg 1 in the 8 cmol c kg 1 gypsum treatment. For comparison, the limed treatments averaged 3000 mg kg 1 Al in roots (Table 3B). Thus, unlike the Andisol, Al toxicity could inhibit coffee growth in the Ultisol if not properly amended. Zinc additions did not significantly change biomass production (Fig. 3). The effect was similar to that in the Andisol, but perhaps for a different reason. Based on Zn levels in the soil (Table 1B), coffee leaves (Table 3A) and roots (Table 3B), it is believed that Zn was adequate for coffee growth in this Ultisol without Zn fertilization. Thus, Zn addition would not increase growth. [12] Table 3A. Nutrient composition in leaves of coffee grown on the Ultisol (Leilehua series) from Central Oahu, Hawaii. Treatment Al B Ca Cu K Mg Mn P Zn Rate Source (cmol c kg 1 ) (mg kg 1 ) No-Zn added Control , ,900 3, Lime (L) , ,400 3, , ,500 2, Gypsum , ,500 3, , ,200 3, L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) , ,400 3, þ5mgkg 1 Zn added Control , ,800 3, Lime (L) , ,600 3, , ,900 3, Gypsum , ,200 3, , ,200 3, L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) , ,700 3,
13 272 Hue Table 3B. Nutrient composition in roots of coffee grown on the Ultisol (Leilehua series) from Central Oahu, Hawaii. Treatment Rate Al B Ca Cu K Mg Mn P Zn Source (cmol c kg 1 ) (mg kg 1 ) No-Zn added Control 3, , ,200 6, Lime (L) 4 3, , ,800 7, , , ,700 11, Gypsum 4 2, , ,900 10, , , ,700 7, Lþgypsum (4 þ 4) 3, , ,900 10, þ5mgkg 1 Zn added Control 3, , ,300 6, Lime (L) 4 2, , ,600 9, , , ,200 12, Gypsum 4 3, , ,400 10, , , , ,800 8, L þ gypsum (4 þ 4) 2, , ,900 11, Relative biomass, % 100 r 2 = (A) Leaf Ca, g kg -1 Relative biomass, % r 2 = 0.47 (B) Mehlich3-extractable Ca, mg kg -1 Figure 4. Relative biomass of coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica, cv. Guatamala) as a function of leaf Ca (A), and extractable soil Ca (B). Since Ca was a limiting factor for growth in both soils, relative biomass was combined (after setting the highest biomass in each soil to 100% and discarding the data that were affected by Al toxicity in the Ultisol) and plotted against leaf Ca (Fig. 4A) and soil Ca (Fig. 4B). Figure 4 allows us to predict that leaf Ca in young coffee seedlings must exceed 12 g kg 1 Ca to attain more than 90% of maximum growth (Fig. 4A). Such leaf Ca levels require an extractable soil Ca be above 1900 mg kg 1 (Fig. 4B).
14 Responses of Coffee Seedlings to Calcium and Zinc Amendments 273 Deficient levels of Zn and toxic levels of Al could not be clearly identified because of limited data. Only general observations can be made: good growth of coffee seedlings require a leaf Zn concentration >15 mg kg 1, and a leaf Al concentration <120 mg kg 1 (Tables 2A and 3A). Concentrations of Al and Ca in roots might be better indicators of toxicity and deficiency of these two elements (Tables 2B and 3B), but might not be practical because the plants would be damaged or killed by sampling actions. CONCLUSIONS Tropical soils represented by high sorbing and nutrient poor Andisols or highly weathered acid Ultisols can support good coffee growth if properly fertilized and managed. To have good coffee growth, soils should be amended with lime (CaCO 3 ) or a combination of lime and gypsum (CaSO 4 ) to attain a ph 6.0 with a Mehlich 3-extractable Ca 1900 mg kg 1. Healthy coffee seedlings, cv. Guatamala, required Ca 12 g kg 1,Zn 15 mg kg 1,andAl< 120 mg kg 1 in their leaves. REFERENCES 1. Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, gov/hi/speccrop/coffee.htm (accessed August 2002). 2. Hue, N.V.; Ikawa, H. Liming Acid Soils of Hawaii; Dept. Agron. Soil Sci., Coll. Tropical Agric. Human Resources, Univ. Hawaii: Honolulu, HI, 1994; Fact Sheet No. 1, 4 pp. 3. Silva, J.A.; Uchida, R. Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii s Soils; Coll. Tropical Agric. Human Resources, Univ. Hawaii: Honolulu, HI, 2000; 158 pp. 4. Hue, N.V.; Schmitt, D.P.; Bittenbender, H.C.; Sipes, B.S. Optimizing the Soil Environment for Coffee Growth: A T-STAR Project Annual Report; Coll. Tropical Agric. Human Resources, Univ. Hawaii: Honolulu, HI, 2001, 12 pp. 5. Malavolta, E. Recent Advances in Coffee Nutrition and Fertilization in Brazil, International Coffee Assoc. Proceedings, Kona, HI, 1998; Vol. 3, Havlin, J.L.; Beaton, J.D.; Tisdale, S.L.; Nelson, W.L. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, 6th Ed.; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1999;
15 274 Hue 7. Marchner, H. Functions of mineral nutrients: macronutrients. In Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1995; Marchner, H. Functions of mineral nutrients: micronutrients. In Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1995; Nagao, M.A.; Kobayashi, K.D.; Yasuda, G.M. Mineral Deficiency Symptoms of Coffee; Res. Ext. Series 073, Coll. Tropical Agric. Human Resources, Univ. Hawaii: Honolulu, HI, 1986; 15 pp. 10. Bittenbender, H.C.; Kobayashi, K.D. Farmer s bookshelf coffee htm (accessed August 2002). 11. Mehlich, A. Mehlich 3 soil extractant: a modification of Mehlich 2 extractant. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1984, 15, Black, C.A. Nutrient supplies and crop yields: response curves. In Soil Fertility Evaluation and Control; Black, C.A., Ed.; Lewis: Boca Raton, FL, 1993; 1 73.
16 Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly! Interested in copying and sharing this article? In most cases, U.S. Copyright Law requires that you get permission from the article s rightsholder before using copyrighted content. All information and materials found in this article, including but not limited to text, trademarks, patents, logos, graphics and images (the "Materials"), are the copyrighted works and other forms of intellectual property of Marcel Dekker, Inc., or its licensors. All rights not expressly granted are reserved. Get permission to lawfully reproduce and distribute the Materials or order reprints quickly and painlessly. Simply click on the "Request Permission/ Order Reprints" link below and follow the instructions. Visit the U.S. Copyright Office for information on Fair Use limitations of U.S. copyright law. Please refer to The Association of American Publishers (AAP) website for guidelines on Fair Use in the Classroom. The Materials are for your personal use only and cannot be reformatted, reposted, resold or distributed by electronic means or otherwise without permission from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Marcel Dekker, Inc. grants you the limited right to display the Materials only on your personal computer or personal wireless device, and to copy and download single copies of such Materials provided that any copyright, trademark or other notice appearing on such Materials is also retained by, displayed, copied or downloaded as part of the Materials and is not removed or obscured, and provided you do not edit, modify, alter or enhance the Materials. Please refer to our Website User Agreement for more details. Request Permission/Order Reprints Reprints of this article can also be ordered at
Investigating the probable cause of crop decline in central Oahu A.P. Pant, N.V. Hue, J. Uyeda, J. Sugano, and T. Radovich
HanaiʻAi/The Food Provider June July August 2013 Investigating the probable cause of crop decline in central Oahu A.P. Pant, N.V. Hue, J. Uyeda, J. Sugano, and T. Radovich Summary Extension agents brought
More informationBack-Calculation of Fish Length from Scales: Empirical Comparison of Proportional Methods
Animal Ecology Publications Animal Ecology 1996 Back-Calculation of Fish Length from Scales: Empirical Comparison of Proportional Methods Clay L. Pierce National Biological Service, cpierce@iastate.edu
More informationTo link to this article:
This article was downloaded by: [University of Notre Dame] On: 12 February 2015, At: 14:40 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationCostanza Scaffidi Abbate a b, Stefano Ruggieri b & Stefano Boca a a University of Palermo
This article was downloaded by: [Costanza Scaffidi Abbate] On: 29 July 2013, At: 06:31 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationABREU Cleide Aparecida de (1), BERTON Ronaldo Severiano (1), KOEKKOEK Edwin Peter Josef (2)
Scientific registration number: 2207 Symposium number: 25 Presentation : poster Validation of annual and total cumulative loading limits stipulated by USEPA for Zn on oxisol. Validation des apports-limites
More informationDimitris Pnevmatikos a a University of Western Macedonia, Greece. Published online: 13 Nov 2014.
This article was downloaded by: [Dimitrios Pnevmatikos] On: 14 November 2014, At: 22:15 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationUtilization of Slop Ash as a Source of Potassium for Corn Grown on the Pakchong Soil Series
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 44 : 17-23 (2010) Utilization of Slop Ash as a Source of Potassium for Corn Grown on the Pakchong Soil Series Pimolsiri Supasatienchai 1, Jongruk Chanchareoook 1 * and Ed Sarobol
More informationAnne A. Lawrence M.D. PhD a a Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada Published online: 11 Jan 2010.
This article was downloaded by: [University of California, San Francisco] On: 05 May 2015, At: 22:37 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationManganese Toxicity in Watermelon as Affected by Lime and Compost Amended to a Hawaiian Acid Oxisol
SIL MANAGEMENT, FERTILIZATIN, & IRRIGATIN HRTSCIENCE 37(4):656 661. 2002. Manganese Toxicity in Watermelon as Affected by Lime and Compost Amended to a Hawaiian Acid xisol Nguyen V. Hue 1 and Yvonne Mai
More informationTo link to this article:
This article was downloaded by: [University of Kiel] On: 24 October 2014, At: 17:27 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationHow to Develop a Balanced Program for Pecan and Chili. Robert R Smith
Essential Plant Nutrients How to Develop a Balanced Program for Pecan and Chili Robert R Smith Nutrition Management Involves Knowledge of: Site/Soil characteristics and chemistry Plant requirements Cropping
More informationLora-Jean Collett a & David Lester a a Department of Psychology, Wellesley College and
This article was downloaded by: [122.34.214.87] On: 10 February 2013, At: 16:46 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
More information1101 S Winchester Blvd., Ste. G 173 San Jose, CA (408) (408) fax Page 1 of 2
San Jose Office September 28, 2018 Report 18-262-0106 Zanker Landscape Mateirals 675 Los Esteros Road San Jose, CA 95134 Attn: Beto Ochoa RE: ZB-PPM Reaction at 7.5 is slightly alkaline and with lime absent
More informationPoster Abstracts: Experimental MRS
JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 1 Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 355 358, 2004 Poster Abstracts: Experimental MRS 472. Evaluation of Intramyocellular Lipids Related to Insulin Resistance and Metabolic
More informationAnimal, Plant & Soil Science. D3-7 Characteristics and Sources of Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients
Animal, Plant & Soil Science D3-7 Characteristics and Sources of Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients Interest Approach Obtain samples of minerals that serve as sources of calcium, magnesium, and sulfur
More informationWild Minds What Animals Really Think : A Museum Exhibit at the New York Hall of Science, December 2011
This article was downloaded by: [Dr Kenneth Shapiro] On: 09 June 2015, At: 10:40 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationSoil Composition. Air
Soil Composition Air Soil Included Air Approximately 40 to 60% of the volume of a soil is actually empty space between the solid particles (voids). These voids are filled with air and/or water. The air
More informationPublished online: 17 Feb 2011.
This article was downloaded by: [Iowa State University] On: 23 April 2015, At: 08:45 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationInterpreting Plant Tissue and Soil Sample Analysis
Interpreting Plant Tissue and Soil Sample Analysis Dan Fromme Associate Professor-Cotton, Corn, & Grain Sorghum Specialist LSU AgCenter Dean Lee Research & Extension Center Alexandria, Louisiana Fertilization
More informationDetermination of available nutrients in soil using the Agilent 4200 MP-AES
Determination of available nutrients in soil using the Agilent 4200 MP-AES Application note Agriculture Author Dharmendra Vummiti Agilent Technologies, India Introduction Multielement testing of soil samples
More informationGREENHOUSE TOMATO RESPONSE TO LOW AMMONIUM-NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS AND DURATION OF AMMONIUM-NITROGEN SUPPLY
This article was downloaded by: [Colegio de Posgraduados] On: 22 January 2015, At: 06:43 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationNutrients & Diagnosing Nutrient Needs. Carrie Laboski Dept. of Soil Science UW-Madison
Nutrients & Diagnosing Nutrient Needs Carrie Laboski Dept. of Soil Science UW-Madison Sources of nutrients available for plant uptake Nutrients in the soil solution are: In ionic form At low concentration
More informationRichard Lakeman a a School of Health & Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia. Published online: 02 Sep 2013.
This article was downloaded by: [UQ Library] On: 09 September 2013, At: 21:23 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
More informationNANCY FUGATE WOODS a a University of Washington
This article was downloaded by: [ ] On: 30 June 2011, At: 09:44 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer
More informationEffect of salinity on Cd and Zn availability
Symposium no. 33 Paper no. 08 Presentation: poster Effect of salinity on Cd and Zn availability KHOSHGOFTARMENSH A.H., JAAFARI B. and SHARIATMADARI H. Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture,
More informationPlant Nutrients in Mineral Soils
The Supply and Availability of Plant Nutrients in Mineral Soils Plant Nutrients in Mineral Soils Factors Controlling the Growth of Higher Plants 1. Light 2. Mechanical Support. Heat. Air 5. Water 6. Nutrients
More informationAssessment of Secondary and Micro Nutrient Status under Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment on Vertisol
Available online at www.ijpab.com Joga Rao et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (4): 328-339 (2018) ISSN: 2320 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.3068 ISSN: 2320 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci.
More informationEffects of FGD-Gypsum, Used-Wallboard and Calcium Sulfate on Corn and Soybean Root Growth
World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference - May 9-12, 211, in Denver, CO, USA http://www.flyash.info/ Effects of FGD-Gypsum, Used-Walloard and Calcium Sulfate on Corn and Soyean Root Growth Eton E. Codling USDA-ARS
More informationNutrient level (EC) in a pot is like a bank
Dirt, Fert and Squirt (1) Supplying Essential Nutrients What are the most common nutritional problems? Too much fertilizer Not enough fertilizer Paul Fisher pfisher@ufl.edu 1 ph too high ph too low 2 Nutrient
More informationBOTANY AND PLANT GROWTH Lesson 9: PLANT NUTRITION. MACRONUTRIENTS Found in air and water carbon C oxygen hydrogen
BOTANY AND PLANT GROWTH Lesson 9: PLANT NUTRITION Segment One Nutrient Listing Plants need 17 elements for normal growth. Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are found in air and water. Nitrogen, phosphorus,
More informationCognitive Enhancement Using 19-Electrode Z-Score Neurofeedback
This article was downloaded by: [Lucas Koberda] On: 22 August 2012, At: 09:31 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
More informationINTERPRETING SOIL & LEAF ANALYSIS
INTERPRETING SOIL & LEAF ANALYSIS Nutrient use in Tree Fruit 94% of plant dry weight is carbohydrates (C, H, O) Primary sugars are sorbitol, fructose, sucrose and starch 6% is minerals 2 Essential Elements
More informationScientific registration n o : 2303 Symposium : 25 Presentation : poster
Scientific registration n o : 2303 Symposium : 25 Presentation : poster Evaluation of nutrients availability and metals toxicity by different universal extractants in brazilian soils 1 Evaluation de la
More informationMARGAM SUNITHA, KANWAR L. SAHRAWAT, AND SUHAS P. WANI. Introduction
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 46:627 632, 2015 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0010-3624 print / 1532-2416 online DOI: 10.1080/00103624.2015.1005226 Comparative Evaluation
More informationFertilization Programming
Fertilization Plant Composition Water composes 90% of plant weight (fresh weight) Dry weight is composed of 17 essential elements: Non-fertilizer elements: Carbon (C) -- 41% of dry weight (DW) Hydrogen
More informationPrinciples of Orchard Nutrition. Kevin Manning and Ross Wilson AgFirst
Principles of Orchard Nutrition Kevin Manning and Ross Wilson AgFirst General Principles Nutrition is generally a very small proportion of production costs ( < 2%). Poor nutrition management can severely
More informationFACTORS AFFECTING WATER QUALITY
TECHNICAL PAPER WATER QUALITY PLANT HEALTH FACTORS Water quality is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth, as unwanted components in water can interfere with nutrient availability and
More informationNutrient Recommendations Agronomic Crops Last Updated 12/1/16. Grain Corn. Crop Highlights Target ph: 6.0
Nutrient Recommendations Agronomic Crops Last Updated 12/1/16 Crop Highlights Target ph: 6.0 Grain Corn Split N applications to increase N-use efficiency in corn. Apply a small amount (20-25%) at planting
More informationBioavailability of Cd to Food Crops in
Vol. 28, pp. 39-43, /979 Bioavailability of Cd to Food Crops in Relation to Heavy Metal Content of Sludge-Amended Soil by Frank T. Bingham* Results of greenhouse and laboratory experiments on factors influencing
More informationGreenhouse Horticulture
Managing Nutrients in Greenhouse Horticulture Original content by Domenic Cavallaro Stoller Australia Pty Ltd Plant HORMONE PRODUCTION follows approx. cycles with changing NUTRIENT requirements Source:
More informationUnderstanding a Soil Report
Understanding a Soil Report AGRONOMY SOIL ANALYSIS 1. Soil ph Soil ph is a measure of the acidity in the soil. An acidic soil has a greater amount of hydrogen (H+) ions and a ph below 7.0. Values above
More informationThe Effect of Boron (B) Application on the Growth and Nutrient Contents of Maize in Zinc (Zn) Deficient Soil
387 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 12 (2006), 387-392 National Centre for Agrarian Sciences The Effect of Boron (B) Application on the Growth and Nutrient Contents of Maize in Zinc (Zn) Deficient
More informationQuick Tips for Nutrient Management in Washington Berry Crops. Lisa Wasko DeVetter Assistant Professor, Small Fruit Horticulture March 16, 2016
Quick Tips for Nutrient Management in Washington Berry Crops Lisa Wasko DeVetter Assistant Professor, Small Fruit Horticulture March 16, 2016 Goals of Talk Overall goal is not to provide a comprehensive
More informationMineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Trees. Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition 3/1/2013. Johnson - Nutrition 1
Mineral Nutrition of Fruit & Nut Trees R. Scott Johnson Extension Pomologist UC Kearney Ag Center Fruit & Nut Tree Nutrition 1. Basic Principles 2. Sampling for Nutrients 3. Environmental Issues 4. BMPs
More informationUSERS GUIDE for the. report
USERS GUIDE for the report November, 2015 INTRODUCTION: AgVita has been conducting expresssoil analyses since the mid 1990 s, being a pioneer of this method of soil analysis in Australia. This test has
More informationFERTIGATION 24 FERTIGATION WITH DRIPPERS
24 WITH DRIPPERS A completely different approach is required when fertigation is applied through drippers. This approach also offers numerous other possibilities. The volume of soil treated has a dominant
More informationEffect of Enhancing Urea-Humic Acid Mixture with Refined Acid Sulphate Soil
American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (11): 1892-1896, 2009 ISSN 1546-9239 2009 Science Publications Effect of Enhancing Urea-Humic Acid Mixture with Refined Acid Sulphate Soil 1 Mohd Taufik Mohd Yusuff,
More informationUse of A Multi-ionic Extractant to Determine Available P, K, Na, Ca, and Mg in Acid Soils of Sri Lanka
, 152-158 Use of A Multi-ionic Extractant to Determine Available P, K, Na, Ca, and Mg in Acid Soils of Sri Lanka W.S. Madurapperuma and D. Kumaragamage 1 Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture University
More informationLecture 32: Soil Phosphorus and Cation Nutrients
Lecture 32: Soil Phosphorus and Cation Nutrients Transformation of Soil P Mineralization of Organic P in Soil P in soil OM can be mineralized and immobilized by the same processes as S and N Immobilization
More informationComparison of different calcium sources on avocado production
South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1987. 10:49-51. Proceedings of the First World Avocado Congress Comparison of different calcium sources on avocado production SF DU PLESSIS and TJ KOEN
More informationBy Andrew & Erin Oxford, Bethel
Chemistry in Plant Nutrition & Growth Objectives Review elements of chemistry and apply them to plant nutrition and growth in an agricultural context. Suggested grade levels 9-12 Alaska Content Standards
More informationPlant Food. Nitrogen (N)
Plant Food Nitrogen (N) Functions: Promote plant growth Increase protein content of crops Improves quality of crop Makes plant more efficient with water Helps for stay green and dry down Plants take up
More informationManage Vegetable Crops for a high-performance season
Manage Vegetable Crops for a high-performance season Agenda Introduction to Wolf Trax Innovative Nutrients Importance of Micronutrients in Crop Production Three ideas to make the most of your fertilizer
More informationUse of Soil and Tissue Testing for Sustainable Crop Nutrient Programs
Use of Soil and Tissue Testing for Sustainable Crop Nutrient Programs Kelly T. Morgan Soil and Water Science Department Southwest Florida Research and Education Center Immokalee 239 658 3400 conserv@ufl.edu
More informationFACT SHEET. Understanding Cation Exchange Capacity and % Base Saturation
Understanding Cation Exchange Capacity and % Base Saturation FACT SHEET A & L CANADA LABORATORIES, INC. 2136 Jetstream Rd. London, ON N5V 3P5 Phone: 519-457-2575 Fax: 519-457-2664 Aginfo@alcanada.com www.alcanada.com
More informationThe 1 th International and The 4 th National Congress on Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture April 2012 in Isfahan, Iran
PERIODIC MUNICIPAL COMPOST AND SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATION ON ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL AND PLANTS Ali R. Marjovvi 1,* and Moslehedin Rezaei 1 1 Soil and Water Department, Isfahan Agricultural
More informationUPTAKE OF MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS BY GRASS BIOMASS AFTER AMELIORATION OF DEGRADED SOIL
General and Applied Plant Physiology 2010, Volume 36 (1 2), pp. 12 16 2010 ISSN 1312-8183 Published by the Institute of Plant Physiology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Available online at http://www.bio21.bas.bg/ipp/
More informationPotassium and Phosphorus as Plant Nutrients. Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients. Potassium is required in large amounts by many crops
Potassium and Phosphorus as Plant Nutrients Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients Potassium is required in large amounts by many crops Yield K 2 O taken up Crop level/ac in total crop, lb Alfalfa 8 tons
More informationSoil Texture Discussion. Soils, Nutrients and Fertilizers Level 2. An Ideal Soil yes, soil, not dirt
Soils, Nutrients and Fertilizers Level 2 Montana Master Gardener Handbook Chapter 1 pages 1 20 Adapted from a soils presentation from Clain Jones, PHD Extension Soil Fertility Specialist, Montana State
More informationCOMPUTATION & PREPARATION OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS. Principles, properties & preparation of nutrient solutions
COMPUTATION & PREPARATION OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS Principles, properties & preparation of nutrient solutions Nutrient solutions Nutrient solutions are diluted water solutions containing one or more inorganic
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: [Chiara, Andrea Di] On: 30 December 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 931692396] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationCorrection of Zinc Deficiency in Avocado
1997 California Avocado Research Symposium pages 9-12 California Avocado Society and University of California, Riverside Correction of Zinc Deficiency in Avocado Final Report for Project Year 4 of 4 Cooperating
More informationImportance of fertigation scheduling
Importance of fertigation scheduling Mr. C K Patel Sr. Manager Agronomy Ck.patel@netafim.com SBU-WEST-NETAFIM 9687696657 Proper fertigation scheduling can maximize the fertilizers use efficiency & Crop
More informationEssential Soil Nutrients for Plant Growth and Development
Essential Soil Nutrients for Plant Growth and Development Essential nutrients required by plants Role of nutrients within the plant Symptoms of deficiencies/toxicities 2 The basic soil components are:
More informationDAFFODILS ARE WHAT THEY EAT: NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF SOILS
DAFFODILS ARE WHAT THEY EAT: NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF SOILS Dick Wolkowski Extension Soil Scientist Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin - Madison Basic concepts of soil fertility How plants
More informationImportance of Water Quality: ph, buffering, and effects on nutrient availability
Importance of Water Quality: ph, buffering, and effects on nutrient availability Andrew G. Ristvey The University of Maryland Extension programs are open to any person and will not discriminate against
More informationFertilizer Numbers By Bob
Fertilizer Numbers By Bob What do numbers mean to Bonsai growers? The most popular and often repeated numbers that you may have heard at a Bonsai meeting or among members talking amongst themselves are
More informationEarly Detection of Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities
Early Detection of Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities IPM Scout Training Program Andrew G. Ristvey Wye Research and Education Center University of Maryland Extension College of Agriculture and Natural
More informationSoil acidity. Kiyoshi Tsutsuki
Soil acidity Kiyoshi Tsutsuki http://timetraveler.html.xdomain.jp H = log (H+) oriba Home page ph and crop growth (vegetables and root crops) Low ph tolerance strong (4.0~5.0) A little strong (4.5~6.0)
More informationSOILS AND PLANT NUTRITION
SOILS AND PLANT NUTRITION WHAT IS SOIL? Soil is the medium in which plants grow - the basis for plant growth. I can t get any respect. People treat me like dirt! Four Major Components of Soil Sand Silt
More information5. Plant Physiology/Chemistry Section
5. Plant Physiology/Chemistry Section The research work/experiments conducted during the year 2014-15 are summarized is under: 1. Influence of potassium fertilizer on the incidence of CLCuV disease and
More informationBiosolids Nutrien Management an Soil Testing. Craig Cogger, Soil Scientis WSU Puyallup
Biosolids Nutrien Management an Soil Testing Craig Cogger, Soil Scientis WSU Puyallup Nutrient Manageme Meet crop nutrient needs Maintain soil quality Conserve resources Protect water quality -- reduc
More informationThe Florida Fertilizer Label 1
SL-3 The Florida Fertilizer Label 1 J.B. Sartain 2 Fertilizers are manufactured from a wide variety of materials to supply required plant nutrients. Once these materials are mixed, it becomes difficult
More informationAre Depleted Soils Causing a Reduction in the Mineral Content Of Food Crops?
Are Depleted Soils Causing a Reduction in the Mineral Content Of Food Crops? James W. Lyne and Phillip Barak Dept of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin - Madison ABSTRACT With sufficient quantities
More informationUnderstanding ph management and plant nutrition Part 3: Fertilizers
Understanding ph management and plant nutrition Part 3: Fertilizers Bill Argo, Ph.D. Blackmore Company, Tel: 800-874-8660, Intl 734-483-8661, E-mail: bargo@blackmoreco.com Originally printed in 2003 in
More informationA & L Canada Laboratories Inc Jetstream Road, London, Ontario, N5V 3P5 Telephone: (519) Fax: (519)
Report Number: C13304-10888 Account Number: 95000 To: ST.LAWRENCE RIVER INSTITUTE 2 ST.LAWRENCE DRIVE Attn: JEN HALEY 2136 Jetstream Road, London, Ontario, N5V 3P5 Telephone: (519) 457-2575 Fax: (519)
More informationLimitations to Plant Analysis. John Peters & Carrie Laboski Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin-Madison
Limitations to Plant Analysis John Peters & Carrie Laboski Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin-Madison What is an essential plant nutrient omission of the element will result in abnormal
More informationImportant Notices. BASIS CPD Points PN/50971/1516/g
Chilli pepper results May 2016 1 Important Notices BASIS CPD Points PN/50971/1516/g This document is produced for information only and not in connection with any specific or proposed offer (the Offer )
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network] On: 4 April 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 932223628] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered
More informationCare Chemicals & Formulators. Librel BMX. Technical Information. = Registered trademark of BASF group Multi-Micronutrient EDTA Chelate.
Technical Information Librel BMX April 2010 08_100206e-00/Page 1 of 6 = Registered trademark of BASF group Multi-Micronutrient EDTA Chelate Care Chemicals & Formulators 08_100206e-00 April 2010 Page 2
More informationNutrient Deficiency in Anthuriums
630 US ISSN 0271-9916 August 1984 RESEARCH EXTENSION SERIES 047 Nutrient Deficiency in Anthuriums Joanne S. Imamura and Tadashi Higaki HITAHR. COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES. UNIVERSITY
More informationWednesday February 12, 2014 Managing P and Zn
John Kruse, PhD Research Agronomist Koch Agronomic Service, LLC Bobby Golden, PhD Asst. Professor Mississippi State University Wednesday February 12, 2014 Managing P and Zn 1 Clear as mud P = the element
More informationLibrel. Highly soluble chelates for plant nutrition
Librel Highly soluble chelates for plant nutrition A great mixer, tackling micronutrient deficiencies effortlessly Microgranular Librel range dissolves rapidly and completely and offers unrivalled compatibility
More informationBIOZYME is a product in use by Latin American farmers in a wide range of crops to provide outstanding results for more than 18 years.
BIOZYME BIOZYME TM is a unique formulation developed to enhance plant and crop performance. It influences plant nutrient uptake that enhances fruit set, fruit numbers, fruit quality and general crop performance.
More informationDETERMINATION OF SUITABLE CHEMICAL EXTRACTION METHODS FOR AVAILABLE IRON CONTENT OF THE SOILS FROM EDIRNE PROVINCE IN TURKEY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE CHEMICAL EXTRACTION METHODS FOR AVAILABLE IRON CONTENT OF THE SOILS FROM EDIRNE PROVINCE IN TURKEY ADILOGLU A. ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to determine
More informationSoil Testing Options in High Tunnels. Bruce Hoskins University of Maine anlab.umesci.maine.edu
Soil Testing Options in High Tunnels Bruce Hoskins University of Maine hoskins@maine.edu anlab.umesci.maine.edu High Tunnel Project Yields (avg. yield ~ 3000 lb/1000 sq. ft. => 65 tons/a) Calculated (lb/a)
More informationSoil Nutrients and Fertilizers. Essential Standard Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers.
Soil Nutrients and Fertilizers Essential Standard 6.00- Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers. Objective 6.01 Discuss macro and micro nutrients and the role they play in plant deficiencies. Macro
More informationMonitoring & Maintaining the ph and EC of the Root Environment. Bill Fonteno Horticultural Substrates Laboratory NC State University
Monitoring & Maintaining the ph and EC of the Root Environment Bill Fonteno Horticultural Substrates Laboratory NC State University Substrate ph Maintaining proper substrate ph will PREVENT most nutrient
More informationEffects of Bicarbonate and High ph Conditions on Zinc and Other Nutrients Absorption in Rice
290 Rice Science, 2004, 11(56): 290 296 http://www.ricescience.org Effects of Bicarbonate and High ph Conditions on Zinc and Other Nutrients Absorption in Rice MENG Fanhua, WEI Youzhang, YANG Xiaoe, LIN
More informationIRON. AGRITOPIC August INTRODUCTION 2. IRON IN THE SOIL
AGRITOPIC August 2015 IRON 1. INTRODUCTION Of all the elements plants derive from the soil, iron (Fe) is the most abundant. Yet, as far as plant nutrition is concerned, it is classified as a micronutrient,
More informationMEASURE AND MANAGE. Soiless Mixes, Testing and Nutrition Guidelines
MEASURE AND MANAGE Soiless Mixes, Testing and Nutrition Guidelines By Dale Cowan dcowan@agtest.com Agri-Food Laboratories CCA.On Greenhouse growth media, or soiless mixes, have chemical and physical properties
More informationLaura N. Young a & Sara Cordes a a Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut
This article was downloaded by: [Boston College] On: 08 November 2012, At: 09:04 Publisher: Psychology Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationNutrient Sources. Third International Conference on EEF SOLUBILITY VS. AVAILABILITY. Latin America-Everris. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil March 12-13, 2013
Third International Conference on EEF Rio de Janeiro, Brazil March 12-13, 2013 The Potential Benefits for Controlled Release Phosphorus and Potassium in Specialty Agriculture A. Amilcar Ubiera, PhD Latin
More informationLime Fertilizer Interactions Affecting Vegetable Crop Production' Delbert D. Hemphill, Jr., and T. L. ABSTRACT
109 Lime Fertilizer Interactions Affecting Vegetable Crop Production' Delbert D. Hemphill, Jr., and T. L. Jackson2 ABSTRACT Experiments at the North Willamette Experiment Station have evaluated response
More informationTeff Compendium Nutrient deficiency symptoms SINCE
Teff Compendium Nutrient deficiency symptoms SINCE Experimental design The experiment was conducted in a green house in 3 liter pots, filled with perlite. Each nutrient was tested in three levels: zero,
More informationDiscuss the importance of healthy soils Soil properties, physical, chemical and biological that one can manage for soil health How organics play a
Andrew Ristvey The University of Maryland Extension programs are open to any person and will not discriminate against anyone because of race, age, sex, color, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability,
More informationCATION-EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT, BARLEY AND PEA DEPENDING ON THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS OF LOW ph
BULG. J. PLANT PHYSIOL., 2002, 28(3 4), 35 45 35 CATION-EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT, BARLEY AND PEA DEPENDING ON THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS OF LOW ph Antoaneta Arsova * N. Pushkarov
More informationFor nmental. Written By: Agustin o, Professor. Developed in. and justice for all. Department of. funded by activities. )
Site-Specificc Nutrient Management For Nutrient Management Planning To Improve Crop Production, Environ nmental Quality, and Economic Return Calcium and Magnesium: Chapter 6 of 10 Written By: Agustin Pagani,,
More informationEvaluation of integrated nutrient diagnosis techniques to enhance productivity and quality in greenhouse rose crops
Progress Report Evaluation of integrated nutrient diagnosis techniques to enhance productivity and quality in greenhouse rose crops Raul I. Cabrera, John J. Franco-Hermida and Miguel Guzman 2 Department
More informationSpecialists In Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Irrigation Water Quality Management.
Specialists In Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Irrigation Water Quality Management. TOMATOES T PLANT NUTRITION & SAMPLING NOTES - 1 Noel Garcia, CCA he most important aspect of tomato production (field,
More information