The gestating and lactating sow
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1 The gestating and lactating sow
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3 The gestating and lactating sow edited by: Chantal Farmer Wageningen Academic P u b l i s h e r s
4 Buy a print copy of this book at: EAN: e-ean: ISBN: e-isbn: DOI: / Photo cover: Joël Boudreau First published, 2015 Wageningen Academic Publishers The Netherlands, 2015 Chapter 4 and 14: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, Wageningen Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 220, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands. copyright@wageningenacademic.com The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a result of content derived from this publication.
5 To the men of my life... to my dad, Jacques, for his wonderful and unrelenting support throughout my years as a graduate student. Without him, I wouldn t be where I am now. to my dear husband Roger, for encouraging me and sharing his enthusiasm for this project every step of the way. Without him, I may never have started this book. to my son Vincent, for believing in his mother s dream and for representing the continuity in all things just as this book will allow dissemination of information on sow lactation for generations to come. I love you and I thank you...
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7 Table of contents 1. Conditioning of the gilt for optimal reproductive performance 13 D.W. Rozeboom 1.1 Introduction Gilt body condition and estrous activity prior to first service Gilt body condition and reproductive performance after first service Conclusions 21 References Early gestation feeding and management for optimal reproductive performance 27 P. Langendijk 2.1 Introduction Early gestation issues: establishment of pregnancy and embryo mortality Effects of premating nutrition on luteal function during early pregnancy Post-mating nutrition, embryo loss and maintenance of pregnancy Hormonal interventions to support the maintenance of pregnancy Conclusions 39 References Gestation group housing of sows 47 H.A.M. Spoolder and H.M. Vermeer 3.1 Introduction Sow social behaviour in group-housing systems Types of group housing systems Conclusions 65 References Mammary development 73 C. Farmer and W.L. Hurley 4.1 Introduction Ontogeny of mammary development Control of mammogenesis Role of milk removal Nutritional impact on mammary development Mammary involution Management strategies that can affect mammary development Conclusions 87 References 89 The gestating and lactating sow 7
8 Table of contents 5. High-Fibre feeding in gestation 95 M.C. Meunier-Salaün and J.E. Bolhuis 5.1 Introduction Dietary fibres: definition, sources and characteristics Dietary fibres and satiety process: metabolism and physiological effects Impact of dietary fibres on behavioural activity Impact of dietary fibres on performance Conclusions 109 Acknowledgements 110 References Applied amino acid and energy feeding of sows 117 N.L. Trottier, L.J. Johnston and C.F.M. de Lange 6.1 Introduction Overarching principles Energy feeding Amino acid feeding Feeding management Conclusions 140 References Transition feeding of sows 147 P.K. Theil 7.1 Introduction The importance of the transition period Feeding practice of modern hyperprolific sows during the transition period Recent advances Future perspectives 167 References Colostrum and milk production 173 H. Quesnel, C. Farmer and P.K. Theil 8.1 Introduction Definitions of colostrum, transient milk and mature milk Colostrum production Milk production Conclusions 185 References The gestating and lactating sow
9 Table of contents 9. Composition of sow colostrum and milk 193 W.L. Hurley 9.1 Introduction Methodology Physico-chemical properties Water and total solids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Energy Minerals Vitamins Cells Bioactive components Effects of physiological state Conclusions 218 References Housing, management and environment during farrowing and early lactation 231 O.A.T. Peltoniemi and C. Oliviero 10.1 Introduction Physiology of farrowing Behaviour and activity Successful farrowing Farrowing environment Duration of farrowing and influence on sow fertility Effect of environment in early lactation Body condition, fat metabolism and gut function at farrowing Technology to predict and supervise farrowings Conclusions 247 References Piglet mortality: causes and prevention 253 S.A. Edwards and E.M. Baxter 11.1 Introduction Causes of mortality Prevention of mortality Conclusions 268 References 269 The gestating and lactating sow 9
10 Table of contents 12. Endocrine and behavioural responses of sows to human interactions and consequences on reproductive performance 279 A. Prunier and C. Tallet 12.1 Introduction Handlings of suckling piglets Handlings of gilts and sows Impact of human-animal interactions on reproductive performances Improving human-animal interactions based on a better understanding of the animals expressions Conclusions 290 References Nursing behavior 297 M. Špinka and G. Illmann 13.1 Introduction Nursing during the postpartum period Nursing during the established lactation Functions of nursing/suckling behavior during the course of lactation Conclusions 312 References Mammary blood flow and nutrient uptake 319 C. Farmer, N.L. Trottier and J.Y. Dourmad 14.1 Introduction Blood flow Uptakes of nutrients Conclusions 330 References Development of gut and gut-associated lymphoid tissues in piglets: role of maternal environment 335 I. Le Huërou-Luron and S. Ferret-Bernard 15.1 Introduction Gut and gut-associated lymphoid tissue development Importance of maternal environment in driving gut and gut-associated lymphoid tissues development Conclusions 348 References The gestating and lactating sow
11 Table of contents 16. Feeding various fat sources to sows: effects on immune status and performance of sows and piglets 357 V. Bontempo and X.R. Jiang 16.1 Introduction Use of fats and oils in sow s diets Omega fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 FA) Conjugated linoleic acid Conclusions 370 References Best practices in the lactating and weaned sow to optimize reproductive physiology and performance 377 N.M. Soede and B. Kemp 17.1 Introduction Reproductive physiology Lactation: optimize follicle development at weaning Weaning-to-oestrus interval: support follicle development Oestrus and insemination: ensure maximal fertilisation Overall conclusions 397 References Sow health 409 R.M. Friendship and T.L. O Sullivan 18.1 Introduction Management of disease in the sow population impacts the entire herd Managing health of the sow Overview of sow diseases Infectious diseases affecting the health of sows Conclusions 420 References Sow longevity 423 J.A. Calderón Díaz, M.T. Nikkilä and K. Stalder 19.1 Introduction Common metrics used to evaluate sow longevity Economic importance of sow longevity: effects on the sow herd Why sows commonly leave the breeding herd? Improving sow longevity Housing effects on longevity Disease effects on sow longevity Seasonality effects on sow longevity People/management or stockmanship skills effects on sow longevity Conclusions 441 References 441 The gestating and lactating sow 11
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