Panama disease on Gros Michel ( )

Transcription

1 Panama disease on Gros Michel ( )

2 Ulua Valley, Honduras, 1994 Not a single Cavendish plant has died in Central America as a result of Fusarium wilt caused by Foc race 1

3 Panama disease on Cavendish ( )

4 2013: Banana Armageddon!

5 The threat of Panama disease (FocTR4) to bananas in Africa Altus Viljoen Stellenbosch University Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences

6 Origin of African bananas & plantains Two centers of cultivation: Wet tropics of West and Central Africa plantain East African highlands Highland bananas Plantain was introduced to Africa approximately 3000 years ago EAHB were introduced approximately years ago

7 Musa consumption in Africa Africa includes three of the four countries with the highest per capita consumption of bananas in the world, with Ugandans consuming 243 kg/p/yr 7

8 Uses of bananas in Africa

9 Banana production in Africa

10 Fusarium wilt in Africa

11 Global movement of banana and Foc Gros Michel Cavendish Pisang Awak 1947

12 Global occurrence of Foc TR4 (VCG 01213/16) NORTH PD found in PD on Cavendish Malaysia Northern Southern The Foc TR4 Australia in Taiwan Foc Indonesia Australia Philippines JAPAN China in Oman 1876 TR PAKISTAN INDIA NEPAL 1990 CHINA 1997 Hong Kong 1998 TAIWAN PHILIPPINES 2012 BURMA THAILAND VIETNAM CAMBODIA SRI LANKA MALAYSIA BRUNEI INDONESIA

13 Reasons for Fusarium wilt epidemics 1. Large scale monoculture of bananas 2. Expansion of the international trade 3. Domination of trade with Cavendish bananas 4. Disregard of quarantine regulations 5. Movement of plants, people and equipment

14 Next stop for Foc TR4 - Africa But it is Africa where the cause is most urgent. While Europe attempts to promote the interest of small growers, big banana companies are moving operations to countries that Europeans can buy bananas from. Cavendish plantations are now expanding across the African continent. Dan Koeppel Banana: The fate of the fruit

15 Introduction of Foc TR4 into Africa Near Namialo in northern Mozambique Soils at Metocheria have high clay content and a ph between 6.0 and 7.5 Water from Monapo River feeds into two ponds on farms for sprinkler irrigation. A water deficit was experienced in 2012, with Farm 2 being particularly affected Considerable pedestrian movement of people from local communities through Farm personnel were rotated between fields International staff is replaced fairly regularly First observed in February 2013

16 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Slide: R.C. Ploetz

17 Identification of Foc TR4 in Africa 58 RP E EF MOZAM C EF MOZAM CAV RP CAV B EF MOZAM RP CAV /16 CAV /16 CAV CAV CAV CAV Clade A CAV F.f. sp. canariensis CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV F. cucurbit CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV / CAV Figure 1. PCR amplification using F. oxysporum f.sp cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4)-specific primers FocTR4F and FocTR4R (Dita et al., 2010). Lane A: Plant 1 Fusarium inquisetti-incarnatum; Lane B: Plant 1 Foc TR4; Lane C: Plant 2 TR4; Lane D: Plant 2 F. inquisetti-incarnatum; Lane E: Plant 3 TR4; Lane F: Foc TR4 control; Lane G: water control. 100 Clade B RP CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV CAV F.f. sp. niveum F.f. sp. radicis-lycopersici strain Fcc Fusarium incarnatum Fusarium incarnatum Fusarium incarnatum

18 Movement of pathogens With non-symptomatic suckers With plants infected in nurseries

19 Movement of pathogens With irrigation water With boots and plantation tools

20 Movement of pathogens On the wheels of vehicles With the movement of people

21 Managing Fusarium wilt: Metocheria

22 Regional and continental production

23 Management of banana Fusarium wilt Disease control implicates the elimination of a disease, but may result in unacceptable costs, labor and environmental impacts Disease management attempts to maintain disease levels below economic thresholds Management of disease involves: Avoidance of pathogens Exclusion of pathogens Eradication of pathogens Protection of plants

24 Exclusion of the pathogen

25 Evaluation of African bananas Kazirakwe Obubit Ntanga Ibwi Planted in Guangdong, China and Mindanao, Philippines Natural infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4 Scoring of internal and external disease symptoms Growth characteristics and susceptibility to other pathogens

26 Somaclonal variation against Foc

27 Banana production in Africa

28 Continental strategy for FocTR4 Goal: To control the current disease outbreak of banana Fusarium wilt (Foc TR4) in Mozambique and to prepare other African countries that rely on banana for food security and income generation, against similar incursions. Research approach: Multi-dimentional and transdisciplinary: On-farm containment and management Regional and continental surveillance and prevention An awareness and training programme Research Research team: Experienced banana people: Horticulturists Phytopathologists Soil scientists Breeders from Africa and Asia Producers National authorities Quarantine officials

29 African scientists mobilized Research institutions: National Agricultural Research organizations International Institute Tropical Agriculture Bioversity International: Africa and Asia Stellenbosch University Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo, Mozambique Metocheria Farm, Mozambique DuRoi Laboratories Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China Taiwan Banana Research Institute, Taiwan Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Australia In collaborators with: Departments of Agriculture in Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Kenya Inter-African Phytosanitory Council International Plant Protection Convention

30 Actions to manage Foc TR4 in Africa 02/13: First symptoms observed 06/13: Fungus identified as FocTR4 08/13: Recommendations to farm 09/13: Mozambique NPPO visit 10/13: Stakeholder meeting: Maputo 11/13: Press release on outbreak (Dr Serafina Mangana) 12/13: RTB provide $ /13: Concept proposal finalized 03/13: FocTR4 strategy meeting 05/13: Project start-up