Biology Review. Madagascar is an island located off the east coast of Africa, as shown on the map below.

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1 Remember Test is tomorrow! Project due on 9/25/14! The following section focuses on different lemur species of Madagascar. Madagascar is an island located off the east coast of frica, as shown on the map below. Madagascar has a unique animal community. Lemurs are one of the animal groups that have diversified extensively on Madagascar. Lemurs are primates, which is an order of mammals that also includes monkeys and apes. Lemur species vary widely in habitat, diet, size, and color. Lemurs only live on the island of Madagascar. However, fossil evidence shows that lemur ancestors existed on frica s mainland. Scientists hypothesize that lemur ancestors reached Madagascar by floating across the Mozambique hannel on matted clumps of vegetation. Four different lemur species are shown in figures 1 4 below. Figure 1. Mouse lemur Length: 12.5 cm Habitat: Rain forest and deciduous forest Figure 2. Verreaux s sifaka Length: 45 cm 55 cm Habitat: Spiny deciduous forest and evergreen forest opyright c Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures opyright c Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures page 1

2 Figure 3. Ring-tailed lemur Length: 38 cm 46 cm Habitat: eciduous forest and scrub forest Figure 4. Red-bellied lemur Length: 36 cm 54 cm Habitat: Rain forest opyright c Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures opyright c Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures page 2

3 1. Lemurs bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique hannel from mainland frica to Madagascar. Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?. lipids. monosaccharides. nucleic acids. proteins 2. ll living things contain which element?. helium. sodium. copper. carbon 3. Plants and animals are composed of organic compounds. Which of the following are the common elements found in organic compounds?. iron, oxygen, nickel, copper. sodium, potassium, gold, hydrogen. helium, neon, argon, krypton. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen 4. What characteristic of carbon () makes it essential to living organisms?. arbon forms crystal structures under certain conditions.. arbon can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.. arbon bonds in many ways with itself to form chains.. arbon exists in radioactive forms. 5. Which of the following compounds is most likely to be part of living organisms?. 6 H 12 O 6. F 3. Mol 2. si 6. There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction?. ifferent enzymes are synthesized in specific areas of the cytoplasm.. Most enzymes can catalyze many different reactions.. n enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed.. Enzymes are transported to specific substrates (reactants) by ribosomes. 7. Some snake venoms are harmful because they contain enzymes that destroy blood cells or tissues. The damage caused by such a snakebite could best be slowed by. applying ice to the bite area.. drinking large amounts of water.. inducing vomiting.. increasing blood flow to the area. page 3

4 8. Maltose can be broken down into glucose molecules by the enzyme maltase. Which of the following would slow the reaction rate?. adding maltase. adding maltose. removing glucose. diluting with water 9. lthough there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the. size of a given amino acid can vary.. chemical composition of a given amino acid can vary.. sequence and number of amino acids is different.. same amino acid can have many different properties. 10. The clear protein of an egg white becomes opaque and firm when cooked because the heat. mutates the N.. turns the protein into carbohydrates.. stops protein formation.. changes the protein structure. 11. What types of monomers form proteins?. Glucose. Nucleotides. mino acids. Polyatomic ions 12. The structural formula of cellulose is shown. Which phrase correctly describes cellulose?. polymer made of glucose. branched form of sucrose. disaccharide. simple sugar page 4

5 13. Use the pictures below to answer the question. Which shows the correct order from simplest to most complex?. ell Tissue Organ. Organ Tissue ell. ell Organ Tissue. Tissue Organ ell 14. Use this diagram to answer the question. What is the main purpose of the mitochondria shown by the arrow?. cell reproduction. cellular digestion. energy production. protein manufacture 15. Many aquatic birds secrete waxy organic substances that repel water. The birds use these substances to coat their feathers. n analysis of these substances would reveal that they are composed mostly of. lipids.. proteins.. carbohydrates.. nucleic acids. 16. The molecule TP is composed of elements commonly found in organic molecules. Which of the following is one of these elements?. aluminum. calcium. phosphorus. tin page 5

6 17. The diagram below represents a fat molecule. fat molecule belongs to which category of organic molecules?. proteins. lipids. nucleic acids. carbohydrates 18. In red blood cells, the compound carbonic anhydrase increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions for transport in the blood. In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase acts as which of the following?. an enzyme. a hormone. a lipid. a sugar 19. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describes the molecular structure of ovalbumin?. a group of six carbon atoms joined in a ring. a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule. a set of three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol. a sequence of nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone 20. Which of the following categories of organic molecules is correctly paired with one of its functions?. nucleic acids digest dead cells. lipids give quick energy to cells. carbohydrates store genetic information. proteins provide structure in skin, hair, and nails 21. Energy for most chemical reactions in cells is supplied by which of the following molecules?. TP. N. adrenaline. hemoglobin page 6

7 22. Which of the following is the main reason that humans need to include carbohydrates in their diet?. arbohydrates are broken down in cells for energy.. arbohydrates combine to form many different proteins.. arbohydrates act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.. arbohydrates are the building blocks for cell growth and repair. 23. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?. Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions.. Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquid during the reactions.. The reactions take up too much space in the cell if enzymes are missing.. The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing. 24. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type of organic molecule?. carbohydrate. protein. fatty acid. nucleic acid page 7

8 iology students investigated various human digestive enzymes. The table below summarizes the functions of several different digestive enzymes. Enzyme salivary amylase pepsin pancreatic amylase lipase aminopeptidase Function begins to break down starch into smaller polysaccharides or the disaccharide maltose begins to break down proteins into small polypeptides continues to break down starch and smaller polysaccharides into disaccharides breaks down fats into glycerol, fatty acids, or glycerides breaks down small polypeptides into amino acids The students conducted experiments to study digestive enzyme activity. In the first experiment, the students observed the rate at which salivary amylase breaks down starch (the substrate) in solutions with different ph values. The students then performed the same type of experiment with pepsin. The graph below shows the students results for the two experiments. page 8

9 25. Salivary amylase breaks down which class of organic molecules?. carbohydrates. lipids. nucleic acids. proteins 26. In pure water, a red blood cell from an animal will swell and burst, but a leaf cell from a plant will not. Which structure in the leaf cell is responsible for this difference?. cell membrane. cell wall. mitochondrion. nucleus page 9

10 The following section focuses on bacterial resistance to several antibiotics. One of the most important developments in modern medicine was the discovery of antibiotics. ntibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are emerging. The rate of increase in infections caused by these antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is a concern for human health. The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of the respiratory disease pneumonia. The graph below shows trends in bacterial resistance to different antibiotics in pneumonia cases from 1986 to Trends in acterial Resistance Key Types of ntibiotics Erythromycin Tetracycline Penicillin Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole page 10

11 27. Resistance to antibiotics results from variations in the genetic code of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Which type of molecule encodes genetic information in Streptococcus pneumoniae?. carbohydrate. fatty acid. nucleic acid. protein 28. The graph below shows how the activity of an enzyme changes over a range of ph values. Enzyme ctivity Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?. The optimum ph of the enzyme is The optimum ph of the enzyme is The enzyme s activity is greater around ph 8.0 than around ph The enzyme s activity continually increases as ph increases from 5.0 to What do disaccharides, such as sucrose, and polysaccharides, such as starch, have in common?. They are lipids made of fatty acids.. They are proteins made of amino acids.. They are nucleic acids made of nucleotides.. They are carbohydrates made of simple sugars. 30. Muscle cells need to quickly convert energy from food molecules into a usable form. For this reason, which of the following do muscle cells have in greater numbers than most other types of cells?. chromosomes. mitochondria. nuclei. vacuoles page 11

12 31. ellular respiration involves a series of chemical reactions. Which of the following is a primary way that enzymes affect these reactions?. They decrease the ph of the products.. They increase the rate of the reactions.. They take the place of oxygen as a reactant.. They change the location of the reactions in the cell. 32. The table below provides information about the composition and function of four important molecules in living organisms. Molecule omposition Function Which of the molecules in this table is a carbohydrate? 1 amino acids reaction catalyst 2 fatty acids membrane component 3 monosaccharides energy source 4 nucleotides genetic information The diagram below shows a male gamete. Which structure stores most of the genetic information?. mitochondrion. lysosome. nucleus. tail page 12

13 34. Which of the following organelles use carbon dioxide to produce sugars?. vacuoles. ribosomes. chloroplasts. mitochondria 35. The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. ecause other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called. perforated.. semi-permeable.. non-conductive.. permeable. 36. Which of the following lacks a nucleus?. a plant cell. an animal cell. an amoeba. a virus 37. Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells. are much smaller.. have permeable membranes.. have a higher rate of reproduction.. have nuclei. 38. Which statement about plant and animal cells is true?. Plant cells have a nucleus and a cell wall; animal cells do not have either of these structures.. Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts; animal cells do not have either of these structures.. Plant cells have a cell wall and a cell membrane; animal cells have a cell wall but not a cell membrane.. Plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria; animal cells have chloroplasts but do not have mitochondria. 39. Which structure is responsible for allowing materials into and out of an animal cell?. Nucleus. ell wall. Mitochondrion. ell membrane 40. epending on its electric charge, shape, and chemical properties, a substance may or may not be allowed to pass through a cell membrane. This function of the cell membrane is important because it.. prevents cell division. prevents destruction of the cell wall. allows the cell to maintain homeostasis. allows amino acids to move into and out of the cell page 13

14 41. Use the pictures below to answer the following question. Paramecium Hydra moss lichen Which of the following is an example of a single-celled organism?. Paramecium. Hydra. moss. lichen 42. Use the diagrams below of an animal cell and a plant cell to answer the following question. Features of plant cells that clearly make them different from animal cells are. a larger nucleus and fewer chromosomes.. a rigid cell wall and chloroplasts.. more cytoplasm and smaller vacuoles.. a changing size and indefinite shape. page 14

15 43. Use the diagram to answer the question. ell iagram Which arrow indicates the location of the cell membrane?. arrow. arrow. arrow. arrow 44. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell?. to store the genetic instructions needed to specify traits. to release energy by breaking down food molecules. to transport nutrients into and out of the cell. to protect the cell from microorganisms 45. student prepared the following list of characteristics about a cellular organelle. present in animal cells present in plant cells helps make energy available to the cell Which of the following cellular structures is the student describing?. cell wall. chloroplast. mitochondrion. nucleus 46. Substances enter any plant or animal cell by passing through which of the following structures?. nucleus. cell membrane. vacuole. chloroplast page 15

16 47. Which of the following is more likely to occur in a plant cell than in an animal cell?. synthesis of enzymes. formation of cellulose. breakdown of glucose. active transport of ions 48. single prokaryotic cell can divide several times in an hour. Few eukaryotic cells can divide as quickly. Which of the following statements best explains this difference?. Eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells.. Eukaryotic cells have less N than prokaryotic cells.. Eukaryotic cells have more cell walls than prokaryotic cells.. Eukaryotic cells are more structurally complex than prokaryotic cells. 49. cross section of part of a Golgi complex is shown below. Part of the membrane of the Golgi complex pinches off and moves away. Which of the following is a function of this process?. to release energy from TP. to deliver proteins to other locations in the cell. to collect amino acids for use in protein synthesis. to send messages about cell requirements to the nucleus 50. Which of the following statements correctly matches a cell part with its function?. The cell membrane packages lipids for export.. The mitochondria perform photosynthesis.. The lysosome digests molecules.. The nucleus produces energy page 16

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