Zakaria M. Sawan, Saeb A. Hafez, Ahmed E. Basyony and Abou-El-Ela R. Alkassas

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1 Worl Journal of Agriultural Sienes 2 (1): 56-65, 2006 ISSN IDOSI Puliations, 2006 Cottonsee, Protein, Oil Yiels an Oil Properties as Affete y Nitrogen Fertilization an Foliar Appliation of Potassium an a Plant Growth Retarant Zakaria M. Sawan, Sae A. Hafez, Ahme E. Basyony an Aou-El-Ela R. Alkassas 1 2 Cotton Researh Institute, Foo Tehnology Researh Institute, Agriultural Researh Center, Ministry of Agriulture an Lan Relamation, 9 Gamaa Street, 12619, Giza, Egypt Astrat: Fiel experiments were onute in two suessive seasons, at the Agriultural Researh Center, Giza, Egypt. The aim was to investigate the effet of N-fertilization rate (95.2 an kg of N/ha, applie as ammonium nitrate ontaining 33.5% N in two equal oses at 6 an 8 weeks after sowing), together with foliar appliation of potassium (applie as potassium sulfate ontaining 48% K2O at 0.0, 400, 800 or 1200 ppm K2O, applie twie: 70 an 95 ays after sowing) an the plant growth retarant (PGR) Pix (applie twie: 75 ays after sowing at 0.0 or 50 ppm an 90 ays after sowing at 0.0 an 25 ppm) on see, protein an oil yiels an oil properties of Egyptian otton ultivar Giza 86 (Gossypium araense). The higher N-rate, as well as the appliation of potassium at ifferent onentrations an plant growth retarant Pix resulte in an inrease in ottonsee yiel/ha, see inex, see protein ontent, oil an protein yiel/ha, see oil refrative inex, unsaponifiale matter an total unsaturate fatty ais (olei an linolei). Those treatments erease, though oil ai value, saponifiation value an total saturate fatty ais. The see oil ontent tene to erease when the high N-rate was applie, ut tene to inrease with the appliation of potassium at ifferent onentrations an Pix. There were some ifferenes etween potassium onentrations regaring their effets on the stuie haraters. Key wors: Cottonsee yiel nitrogen oil fatty ais omposition plant growth retarant potassium see protein ontent see oil ontent see oil properties INTRODUCTION rop yiels in orer to e profitale an onsequently math population growth with high eman for foo. Cotton is not only the most important fier rop in Crop proution an e improve through improving the the worl, it is also the seon est potential soure metaoli ativity an nutritional status of rop plants. for plant proteins after soyean an the fifth est There are several fators, whih an ause suh high oil-prouing plant after soyean, palm-tree, olza an yiels, i.e., evelopment of new high yieling varieties, sunflower [1]. Cotton oupies a prominent position in ontrol of pests an the appliation of appropriate Egyptian agriulture. It is the main raw material for the agronomi praties are potential solutions. Researhers largest national inustry, the textile inustry, as well as trying some ompouns have hormonal effets, while the main soure of loally proue ottonsee oil. Also, others are nutritions (the proper use of fertilizers, in terms ottonsee meal is lasse as a protein supplement in the of the quantity an nutrients use an the metho of fee trae. In Egypt, the nee to inrease the national appliation), whih an play an important role in supply, partiularly oil an protein, in quantity an inreasing rop proution an the quality [2]. quality is a hallenge to agriultural researhers. Oil In otton ulture, hemial fertilizers, partiularly quality is etermine y oth nutritional an funtional nitrogen (N), are one of the greatest proution inputs. aspets, whih are, in turn, primarily etermine y the Nitrogen is an essential nutrient in reating the plant fatty ai profile (i.e., fatty ai omposition) of the oil. ry matter, as well as many energy-rih ompouns Eonomi onitions in moern agriulture eman high that regulate photosynthesis an plant proution [3]. Corresponing Author: Prof. Dr. Zakaria M. Sawan, Cotton Researh Institute, Agriultural Researh Center, Ministry of Agriulture an Lan Relamation, 9 Gamaa Street, 12619, Giza, Egypt 56

2 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, 2006 Synthesis of fat requires oth N an aron skeletons uring the ourse of see evelopment [4]. The fatty ai omposition of see oil rops is mainly uner geneti ontrol, ut an affete to some extent y N nutrition [5]. Nitrogen plays the most important role in uiling the protein struture [6]. Exess N in omination with aequate moisture an high plant populations an inrease mutual leaf shaing that ereases light intensity in anopy, leaing to erease photosynthate supply an susequent square she [7]. Early in evelopment, N efiieny is assoiate with elevate levels of ethylene, suggesting ethylene proution in response to N-efiieny stress [8]. Researh in this area has resulte in a erease in the levels of unesirale long-hain fatty ais. Another enefiial hange in fatty ai omposition woul e an inrease in the linolei an olei ai ontents. Potassium (K) is one of the most important elements in plant nutrition. All living organisms require in large amounts for normal plant growth an evelopment. This attriute to the role of K in iohemial pathways in plants. Potassium inreases the photosyntheti rates of rop leaves, CO 2 assimilation an failitates aron movement [9]. Potassium has favorale effets on metaolism of nulei ais, proteins, vitamins an growth sustanes [10, 11]. These are manifeste in metaolites forme in plant tissues an iretly influene the growth an evelopment proesses. Furthermore, K has an important role in the transloation of photosynthates from soures to sinks [12]. Notale improvements in otton yiel an quality resulting from K input were reporte y Mullins et al., [13] an Cassman et al., [14]. These may e reflete in istint hanges in see weight an quality. Pettigrew [15], state that the elevate arohyrate onentrations remaining in soure tissue, suh as leaves, appear to e part of the overall effet of K efiieny in reuing the amount of photosynthate availale for reproutive sinks an therey prouing hanges in yiel an quality seen in otton. Several approahes have een trie rise to otton onutivity. Appliation of plant growth regulators, partiularly growth retarants (PGR) may maintain internal hormonal alane, effiient sink soure relationship an thus enhane rop proutivity [16]. Mepiquat hlorie (Pix) has een foun to restrit the vegetative growth an thus enhane reproutive organs [2]. Fan et al., [17] iniate that higher photosyntheti effiieny, goo population type an anopy struture with warf plants, short sympoia, smaller leaves an igger olls oul e otaine y hemial regulation (Pix). Tale 1: Mehanial an hemial analysis of soil samples Season I II Mehanial analysis a Clay (%) Silt (%) Fine san (%) Coarse san (%) Texture Clay loam Clay loam Chemial analysis Organi matter (%) Calium aronate (%) Total solule salts (%) ph (1:2.5) Total nitrogen (%) Availale nitrogen (mg/kg soil) Availale phosphorus (mg/kg soil) Availale potassium (mg/kg soil) Calium (meq/100 g) a Aoring to Kilmer an Alexaner [18], Aoring to Chapman an Pratt [19], Note: The fiel was ivie into uniform soil areas; eight soil samples to plow epth 30 m were ollete at ranom over the fiel an mixe to give a omposite sample In the present stuy, an attempt was mae to investigate the effets of nitrogen fertilization rate an foliar appliation of potassium an Pix, uring square initiation an oll setting stage on ottonsee, protein an oil yiels an on oil properties an fatty ai profiles of oil in the see of Egyptian otton (Gossypium araense L., v. Giza 86), eause a suitale management pratie for appliation of N, K an Pix to optimize these traits has not yet een evelope. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two fiel experiments were onute at the Agriultural Researh Center, Ministry of Agriulture in Giza (30 N, 31 :28'E an 19 m altitue), Egypt using the otton ultivar "Giza 86" (Gossypium araense L.) in two suessive seasons. The soil type in oth seasons was a lay loam. Average mehanial analysis [18] an hemial harateristis [19], for soil in oth seasons is illustrate in Tale 1. Eah experiment inlue 16 treatment ominationsof the following: (i) Two nitrogen rates (95.2 an kg of N/ha) were applie as ammonium nitrate with lime (NH4NO 3+ CaCO 3, 33.5% N) at two equal oses, 6 an 8 weeks after sowing. Eah appliation (in the form of pinhes esie eah hill) was followe immeiately y irrigation. (ii) Four K rates (0.0, 400, 800 an 1200 ppm of K2O) were applie as potassium sulfate (K2SO 4, "48% K2O"). Eah was foliar spraye twie, 70 an 95 ays after planting (uring square initiation an olling stage) an the solution volume was 960 L/ha. (iii) Two rates from the PGR, 1,1-imethylpiperiinium hlorie (mepiquat hlorie or 57

3 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, 2006 Tale 2: Treatments numer an summary Treatment No N rate (kg/ha) K2O rate (ppm) Pix rate (ppm) & & & & & & & & 25 "Pix") were foliar spraye twie, (75 ays after planting i.e., refrative inex, ai value, saponifiation value, at 0.0 or 50 ppm an 90 ays after planting at 0.0 an unsaponifiale matter an ioine value were etermine 25 ppm), where the solution volume was also 960 L/ha. aoring to methos esrie y AOCS [22] an (iv) The K2O an PGR were oth applie to the leaves with ientifiation an etermination of oil fatty ais y uniform overage using a knapsak sprayer. The pressure gas-liqui hromatography. The lipi materials were 2 use with the sprayer utilize in the stuy was 0.4 kg/m, saponifie, unsaponifiale matter was remove an the resulting in a nozzle output of 1.43 L/min. The appliation fatty ais were separate after aiifiation of the was arrie out etween an h. A summary of saponifiale materials. The free fatty ais were all treatments is shown in Tale 2. methylate with iazomethane [23]. The fatty ai A ranomize omplete lok esign with four methyl esters were analyze y a Hewlett Pakar repliations was use. Sees were plante in plots moel 5890 gas hromatograph (Palo Alto, CA) 1.95 m x 4.0 m. (after the preaution of orer effet was equippe with ual flame-ionization etetors. The taken into onsieration) on April 3r an 8th in the separation proeures were similar to those reporte first an seon seasons, respetively. The size onsiste y Ashou et al., [24] as follows: The hromatograph was of three riges. Hills were spae at 25 m apart on one fitte with an FFAP (rosslinke) 30 m (length) x 0.32 mm sie of the rige an seelings were thinne to two (olumn i..) x 0.25 µm (film thikness) apillary olumn plants/hill 6 weeks after planting, proviing plant ensity oate with polyethylene glyol. The olumn oven of 123,000 plants/ha. Total irrigation amount uring the temperature was programme at 7 C/min from 50 to 240 C 3 growing season (surfae irrigation) was aout 6,000 m /ha. an kept finally to 30 min. Injetor an etetor The first irrigation (after sowing irrigation) was applie temperatures were 250 an 260 C, respetively. Gas flow 3 weeks after sowing an the seon one was 3 weeks rates were 33, 30 an 330 ml/min for N 2, H 2 an air, later. Thereafter, the plots were irrigate every 2 weeks respetively, with N 2 flow rate insie olumn of 2 ml/min. until the en of the season, thus proviing a total of nine Uner these onitions, all peaks from C8 to 20 irrigations. On the asis of soil test results, phosphorus homologous series were well efine. Peak ientifiation 1 fertilizer was applie at the rate of 54 kg P2O5 ha as was performe y omparison of the relative retention alium superphosphate uring lan preparation an time (RRT) for eah peak with those of stanar potassium fertilizer was applie at the rate of 57 kg K2O hromatograms. The RRT of olei ai was given a value 1 ha as potassium sulphate efore the first irrigation of 1.0. Results were expresse as an area perentage of (the reommene level for semi-fertile soil). Pest an hromatograms. wee management were arrie out uring the growth season, aoring to loal pratie performe at the Statistial analysis: Data otaine for the ottonsee experimental station. yiel an see inex were statistially analyze fatorially Total otton yiel/plot was etermine y first aoring to proeures outline y Sneeor an han-piking on Septemer 20 an 27 with final piking Cohran [25] an the least signifiant ifferene (LSD) on Otoer 5 an 12 in the first an seon seasons, was use to etermine the signifiane of ifferenes respetively. At harvest, total otton yiel/plot was etween treatment means at 0.05 level. As for the hemial etermine. Following ginning, the ottonsee yiels properties onsiere in the stuy, the t-test ompute in were etermine in kg/ha, along with see inex weight in aorane with stanar eviation was utilize to verify g/100 sees. See samples of the four repliates/treatment the signifiane etween every two-treatment means at were omine for hemial analyses. The following the 0.05 level of signifiane. hemial analyses were onute: (i) see rue protein ontent aoring to AOAC stanars [20]; (ii) see oil RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ontent in whih oil was extrate three times with hloroform/methanol (2:1, vol/vol) mixture aoring to Cottonsee yiel: See yiel per hetare signifiantly the metho outline y Kates [21]; (iii) oil quality traits, (p<0.05) inrease (as muh as 13.03%) ue to raising the 58

4 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, 2006 Tale 3: Effet of N rate an foliar appliation of K an a plant growth retarant Pix on ottonsee yiel, see inex, see oil, see protein, oil an protein yiels Cottonsee See inex See oil Oil yiel See protein Protein yiel Treatments a yiel (kg/ha) a (g) (%) (kg/ha) (%) (kg/ha) N-rate (kg/ha) LSD SD K2O-rate (ppm) 0, ontrol LSD SD Pix-rate (ppm) 0, ontrol & LSD SD acomine statistial analysis from the two seasons, Mean ata from a four repliate omposites for the two seasons, LSD = Least signifiant ifferenes, SD = Stanar eviation was use to onut t-test to verify the signifiane etween every two treatment means at 0.05 level, Signifiant at 0.05 level N-rate from 95.2 to kg of N/ha (Tale 3). This oul state that, the elevate arohyrate onentrations e attriute to the fat that N is an essential nutrient in remaining in soure tissue, suh as leaves, appear to e reating the plant ry matter, as well as many energy-rih part of the overall effet of K efiieny in reuing ompouns whih regulate photosynthesis an plant the amount of photosynthate availale for reproutive proution [3]. There is an optimal relationship etween sinks an therey prouing hanges in oll weight. the nitrogen ontent in the plant an CO 2 assimilation Cakmak et al., [12] foun that, potassium nutrition ha [26], where ereases in CO 2 fixation are well oumente pronoune effets on arohyrate partitioning y for N-efiient plants. Nitrogen efiieny is assoiate affeting either phloem export of photosynthates with elevate levels of ethylene (whih inrease oll (surose) or growth rate of sink an/or soure organs. sheing), suggesting ethylene proution in response Mullins et al., [30] evaluate otton (Gossypium to N-efiieny stress [8]. These results agree with hirsutum) yiel uner a long-term surfae appliation those otaine y Brar et al., [27], when N was applie up of K at l K2O/are an foun that K appliation to 150 kg/ha an Ram et al., [28], when N was applie up to 100 kg/ha. inrease yiel. The otaine results onfirme those of Howar et al., [31] an Gormus [32]. Potassium appliation signifiantly inrease Appliation of the plant growth retarant Pix ottonsee yiel per hetare, where the three onentrations applie (400, 800 an 1200 ppm of K2O) prove to exel the ontrol (y %). Nevertheless, the ifferenes etween the effets of the three onerne K2O rates were statistially insignifiant; with the exeption of the 1200 ppm onentration whih prove to proue signifiantly higher ottonsee yiel per hetare (5.66%) than the 400 ppm onentration. In general, it oul e state that the highest K2O onentration (1200 ppm) was numerially etter than the other two onentrations (400 or 800 ppm). These inreases oul e ue to favorale effets of this nutrient on yiel omponents suh as numer of opene olls/plant, oll weight, or oth, leaing to higher otton yiel. Zeng [29] iniate that, K fertilizer reue oll sheing. Pettigrew [15] 59 signifiantly inrease see yiel per hetare (y 9.72%), as ompare with untreate plants. Suh inreases oul e ue to that, appliation of Pix may maintain internal hormonal alane, effiient sink soure relationship an thus enhane rop proutivity [16]. Pix have een foun to restrit the vegetative growth an thus enhane reproutive organs y allowing plants to iret more energy towars the reproutive struture [2]. Also, suh inreases may e ue to inrease photosyntheti ativity of leaves when this sustane is applie [33]. This means that olls on treate otton plants woul have a larger photosynthetially-supplie sink of arohyrates an other metaolites than i those on untreate otton plants. Results agree with those otaine y Mekki [34], when Pix was applie at 100 ppm an Ram et al., [28], when Pix was applie at 50 ppm.

5 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, 2006 See inex: See inex signifiantly inrease y aing K2O onentrations on the see oil ontent an with the high N-rate (Tale 3). This may e ue to inrease K appliation at all the three onentrations on the oil photosyntheti ativity whih inreases aumulation yiel per hetare. The highest rate of K (1200 ppm K2O) of metaolites, with iret impat on see weight. showe the highest numerial values of see oil ontent Rey et al., [35], in a pot experiment uner natural an oil yiel per hetare ompare with the other two environmental onitions, where 20-ay ol otton onentrations (400 an 800 ppm K2O). This oul e plants reeive 0, 0.5, 1.5 or 6 mm NO 3, foun that, net attriute to the role of K in iohemial pathways photosyntheti rates, stomatal onutane an in plants. Pettigrew [15] state that, the elevate transpiration were positively orrelate with leaf N arohyrate onentrations remaining in soure onentration. Similar finings were reporte y tissue, suh as leaves, appear to e part of the overall Palomo et al., [36], when N was applie at kg/ha effet of K efiieny in reuing the amount of an Ali an El-Saye [37], when N was applie at photosynthate availale for reproutive sinks an kg/ha. therey prouing hanges in yiel an quality seen See inex signifiantly inrease with K appliation in otton. Maraimov [42] iniate that, inreasing at all the three onentrations, over the ontrol. The the rates of applie K2O from 0 to 150 kg/ha proue highest rate of K2O (1200 ppm) showe the highest linear inreases in ottonsee oil ontents. Previously, numerial value of see inex although it iffer favorale effets of K on see oil ontent an oil signifiantly from the value of the lower rate (400 ppm). yiel were mentione y Fan et al., [17] an Possile explanation for inreasing see inex ue to Aou El-Nour et al., [43]. They reporte that inreasing the appliation of K may e ue in part to its favorale K supply to maternal otton plants inrease rue effets on photosyntheti ativity rate of rop leaves [11] fat ontent of see. an CO 2 assimilation, whih improves moilization of Appliation of Pix resulte in an insignifiant photosynthates an iretly influenes oll weight that inrease in see oil ontent over that of the ontrol. Also iretly effet see weight. This fining orroorate the signifiantly inrease the see oil yiel per hetare results otaine y Saino et al., [38] an Ghoura et al., ompare with the untreate ontrol (y 38.3 kg oil/ha). [39]. Appliation of Pix, signifiantly inrease see inex These results oul e attriute to the inrease of over the untreate ontrol. Inrease see weight as a total photoassimilates (e.g., lipis) an the transloate result of Pix appliations may e ue to inrease in assimilates to the sink as a result of applying Pix [17]. This photosyntheti ativity whih stimulates photosyntheti result agree with those otaine y Mekki an El-Kholy ativity an ry matter aumulation [33] an in turn [44], in rape. inreases formation of fully-mature see an thus inreases see weight. This fining was in goo See protein ontent an yiel: High N-rate inrease aorane with those otaine y Mekki [34]. signifiantly the see protein ontent an yiel per hetare (y 58.0 kg protein/ha) (Tale 3). Stitt [45] See oil ontent an yiel: See oil ontent was slightly iniate that nitrate (NO 3 ) inues genes involve in erease when aitional N was applie, ut oil yiel ifferent aspets of aron metaolism, inluing the per hetare (total proution) signifiantly inrease synthesis of organi ais use for amino ai synthesis. (y 45.5 kg oil/ha), whih is attriute to the signifiant These results suggest that the high N rate inreases the inrease in ottonsee yiel (Tale 3). Nitrogen is an amino ais synthesis in the leaves an this stimulate the essential nutrient in reating the plant ry matter, as well as many energy-rih ompouns whih regulate photosynthesis an plant proution [3], thus influening oll evelopment, inreasing the numer of olls/plant aumulation of protein in the see. The present results onfirme the finings of Patil et al., [46]. Potassium tene to inrease insignifiantly the see protein ontent ompare with untreate ontrol, an oll weight. Synthesis of fat requires oth N an when applie at 800 an 1200 ppm K2O. Applie K at all aron skeletons uring the ourse of see evelopment [4]. Similar results were otaine y Froment et al., [40], in linsee an Zuillaga et al., [41], in sunflower. Appliation of K at all the three onentrations tene to inrease numerially the see oil ontent an oil rates also, inrease numerially the protein yiel per hetare (y kg protein/ha), resulting from an improvement in oth ottonsee yiel an see protein ontent. The inrease in protein yiel per hetare was statistially signifiant when applie the 800 an yiel per hetare over the ontrol (y kg oil/ha), 1200 ppm K2O onentrations. Best protein yiel was ut was statistially signifiant only for 800 an 1200 ppm otaine at the high K onentration (1200 ppm K2O) 60

6 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, 2006 Tale 4: Effet of N rate an foliar appliation of K an a plant growth retarant Pix on see oil properties a Treatments Refrative inex Ai value Saponifiation value Unsaponifiale matter (%) Ioine value N-rate (kg/ha) SD K2O-rate (ppm) 0, ontrol SD Pix-rate (ppm) 0, ontrol & SD amean ata from a four repliate omposites for the two seasons, SD = Stanar eviation, Signifiant at 0.05 level ompare with the other two onentrations (400 ompare with the untreate ontrol, espeially when an 800 ppm K2O). This oul e attriute to the role applie K at the high onentration (1200 ppm K2O). The of K in iohemial pathways in plants. Potassium effet was signifiant for the two onentrations 800 an has favorale effets on metaolism of nulei ais an 1200 ppm K2O on ai value an unsaponifiale matter proteins[10, 11]. These are manifeste in metaolites an for all ifferent onentrations on ioine value. The forme in plant tissues an iretly influene the growth effet of K2O-onentrations on oil refrative inex were an evelopment proesses an therey prouing very limite. Potassium is an essential nutrient an an hanges in yiel an quality seen in otton. These integral omponent of several important ompouns in results were in goo agreement with those otaine plant ells. This attriute to the role of K in iohemial Aou El-Nour et al., [43] an Ghoura et al., [39]. pathways in plants, where K ats as an ativator for See protein ontent was inrease insignifiantly, several enzymes involve in arohyrates metaolism while see protein yiel per hetare was signifiantly [50]. These may e reflete in istint hanges in see oil inrease (y 42.3 kg protein/ha) in plants treate with Pix quality. Mekki et al., [51] state that, foliar appliation ompare with the untreate ontrol. The inrease in see with K (0 or 3.5% K2O) on sunflower at the see-filling protein ontent may e ause y the role of Pix in protein stage, erease oil ai value. Froment et al., [40] in synthesis, enouraging the onversion of amino ais linsee foun that, the ioine value, whih iniates the into protein [47]. Also, for the favorale an signifiant egree of unsaturation of the final oil, was highest in effet of Pix on ottonsee yiel. These results were treatment reeiving extra K. onfirme y Ael-Al et al., [48]. Appliation of Pix tene to inrease signifiantly There was no lear relationship etween protein an the oil refrative inex, unsaponifiale matter an ioine oil, in this whih may e ue to low appliation oses not value, while tene to erease insignifiantly the oil ai suffiiently great enough to allow expression of the value an saponifiation value, ompare with the expete inverse relationship etween oil an protein. untreate ontrol. Appliation of plant growth regulators, partiularly growth retarants may maintain internal See oil properties: The see oil refrative inex, hormonal alane an effiient sink soure relationship unsaponifiale matter an ioine value tene to inrease, [16]. This may e reflete in istint hanges in see oil while the oil saponifiation value an ai value tene to quality. erease insignifiantly y raising N-rate (Tale 4). The inrease in unsaponifiale matter is enefiial as it Oil fatty ais omposition: The oil saturate fatty ais, inreases the oil staility. Narang et al., [49] iniate lauri, myristi, palmiti an the total ones erease, that, N appliation inrease the oil-quality inex (ioine while apri an steari inrease y raising N-rate numer) in rape. (Tale 5). The effet was signifiant only on palmiti ai, Appliation of K at ifferent onentrations tene whih was the ominant saturate fatty ai. Low ontent to inrease the see oil refrative inex, unsaponifiale of saturate fatty ais is esirale for eile uses. matter an ioine value an to erease the oil The total unsaturate fatty ais (olei an linolei) an saponifiation value an ai value, numerially, the ratio etween total unsaturate fatty ais an total 61

7 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, 2006 Tale 5: Effet of N rate an foliar appliation of K an a plant growth retarant Pix on the relative perentage of saturate fatty ais a Relative % of saturate fatty ais Treatments Capri Lauri Myristi Palmiti Steari Total N-rate (kg/ha) SD K2O-rate (ppm) 0, ontrol SD Pix-rate (ppm) 0, ontrol & SD amean ata from a four repliate omposite for the two seasons, SD = Stanar eviation, Signifiant at 0.05 level Tale 6: Effet of N rate an foliar appliation of K an a plant growth retarant Pix on the relative perentage of unsaturate fatty ais a Relative % of unsaturate fatty ais TU/TS Treatments Olei Linolei Total ratio N-rate (kg/ha) SD K2O-rate (ppm) 0, ontrol SD Pix-rate (ppm) 0, ontrol & SD a Mean ata from a four repliate omposite for the two seasons, TU/TS ratio = (total unsaturate fatty ais) / (total saturate fatty ais) SD = Stanar eviation, Signifiant at 0.05 level saturate fatty ais (TU/TS) were inrease (y 2.42 an 10.69%, respetively) y raising N-rate (Tale 6). The effet was signifiant only on olei ai. Linolei ai was the most aunant unsaturate fatty ai. Holmes an Bennett [5] ommente that, the fatty ai omposition of rape oil is mainly uner geneti ontrol, ut an e moifie to some extent y N nutrition. Seo et al., [52] foun that, when sesame was given kg N, olei ai ontent was highest at the highest N rates an linolei ai ontent was highest at the intermeiate rates. Khan et al., [53] iniate that, olei ai inrease y inreasing levels of N ae to rapesee-mustar. Kheir et al., [54], in flax, foun that the higher N-rate inrease the perentage of unsaturate fatty ais an erease saturate fatty ais in the see oil. Potassium applie at all onentrations resulte in a erease in the total saturate fatty ais (apri, lauri, myristi, palmiti an steari) ompare with untreate ontrol. Spraying plants with the high K onentration 1200 ppm K2O gave the lowest total saturate fatty ais oil, ompare with the other two onentrations (400 an 800 ppm). The effet was signifiant for the two onentrations 800 an 1200 ppm K2O on apri an palmiti an for all ifferent onentrations on lauri, myristi, steari an the total saturate fatty ais. Potassium applie at all rates inrease the total unsaturate fatty ai (olei an linolei) an TU/TS ratio (y an %, respetively), ompare with untreate ontrol. Applie K at 1200 ppm K2O gave the highest inrement, followe y 800 ppm onentration. The effet was signifiant for all ifferent onentrations on linolei, the total unsaturate fatty ai an TU/TS ratio. Linolei ai was the most aunant unsaturate fatty ai. The enefiial effet of applie K on TU an TU/TS ratio suggests that might e ue to the regulate effet of K whih ats as an ativator on many enzymi proesses, where some of these enzymes may affet the see oil ontent from these organi matters. Seo et al., [52] foun that, when sesame was given kg K2O, olei ai ontent was the highest at the highest K rates an linolei ai ontent was the highest at the intermeiate rates. Salama [55] iniate that, K fertilizer applie to sunflower v. IH-173, favoure fatty ai omposition (high olei ai ontent). Mekki et al., [51] state that, foliar appliation with K on sunflower inrease the olei ai fatty ai. Froment et al., [40] in linsee oil foun that, linolei ai ontent was greatest in treatment reeiving extra K. 62

8 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, 2006 Appliation of Pix resulte in a erease in the total impat on ottonsee yiel, see protein ontent, oil an saturate fatty ais, the aunant saturate fatty protein yiels, oil refrative inex, unsaponifiale matter, ai palmiti, apri, myristi an steari while resulte in ioine value an unsaturate fatty ais. On the other an inrease in lauri saturate fatty ai, ompare to han, there was a erease in ai oil value an untreate ontrol. The effet was signifiant only on saponifiation value. apri, palmiti, steari an the total ones. Appliation of Pix resulte in an inrease in total unsaturate fatty ais REFERENCES (olei an linolei) an TU/TS ratio (y 3.69 an 16.69%, respetively), over the ontrol. The effet was signifiant 1. Texier, P.H., Le-otton, inquieme prouteur only on the total unsaturate fatty ai, olei an the ratio, monial huile alimentaire. Cotton Develop., 8:2-3. etween total unsaturate fatty ais an total saturate 2. Wang ZhenLin, Yin YanPing an Sun XueZhen, fatty ais (TU/TS). The stimulatory resiual effets of The effet of DPC (N,N-imethyl piperiinium appliation Pix on TU an TU/TS ratio was proaly ue 14 hlorie) on the CO2-assimilation an partitioning to its favourale effets on funamental metaoli of 14 C assimilates within the otton plants reations in plant tissues an woul have iret impat interplante in a wheat stan. Photosynthetia, 31: through utilization in growth proesses whih are reflete in istint hanges in see oil quality. Some of 3. Wu FeiBo, Wu LiangHuan an Xu FuHua, these hanges may affet the see oil fatty ais Chlorophyll meter to preit nitrogen sieress omposition, whih may attriute to their enouraging requirement for short-season otton (Gossypium effets on enzymes that atalyze the iosynthesis of hirsutum L.). Fiel Crops Res., 56: the unsaturate fatty ais. Mekki an El-Kholy [44] 4. Patil, B.N., K.C. Lakkineni an S.C. Bhargava, investigate the response of oil see rape to 0, 200 or See yiel an yiel ontriuting haraters as 400 ppm Pix an foun that; palmiti ai was only influene y N supply in rapesee-mustare. J. erease y using 400 ppm Pix as ompare with Agron. Crop Si., 177: ppm treatmrnt or ontrol plants. 5. Holmes, M.R.J. an D. Bennett, Effet of Low ontent of saturate fatty ais is esirale for nitrogen fertilizer on the fatty ai omposition of oil eile uses. Also, regaring oil quality, higher levels of from low erui ai rape varieties. J. Si. Foo linolei ai an olei ai are onsiere goo for oil Agri., 30: quality [56]. 6. Frink, C.R., P.E. Waggoner an J.H. Ausuel, During the two growing seasons no signifiant Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospet an prospet. Pro. interations were foun etween the variales in the Natl. Aa. Si., USA., 96: present stuy (N-rate an foliar appliation of K an the 7. Cothren, J.T., Cotton: Origin, History, plant growth retarant Pix) on quantitative an qualitative Tehnology an Proution; Physiology of the haraters uner investigation. Regaring insignifiant Cotton Plant, E., Wayne C. Smith, John Wiley & interation effets, the F ratios worthy exee unity, ut Sons, In.,. pp: within the level of proaility take p 0.05, they i not 8. Lege, K.E., J.T. Cothren an P.W. Morgan, show signifiane. Nitrogen fertility an leaf age effets on ethylene proution of otton in a ontrolle environment. CONCLUSIONS J. Plant Growth Regul., 22: Sangakkara, U.R., M. Frehner an J. Nöserger, From the finings of the present stuy, it seems Effet of soil moisture an potassium fertilizer rational to reommen appliation of N at a rate of on shoot water potential, photosynthesis an kg/ha, omine with spraying otton plants with partitioning of aron in mungean an owpea. K twie (espeially K2O-onentration of 1200 ppm) an J. Agron. Crop Si., 185: appliation of Pix, also twie (at a rate of 50 an 25 ppm, 10. Bisson, P., M. Cretenet an E. Jallas, Nitrogen, respitively). These treatments, woul enefiially affet phosphorus an potassium availaility in the soilnot only the quantity (to otain higher oil an protein physiology of the assimilation an use of these yiels) ut also the quality of oil (as iniate y etter nutrients y the plant, Challenging the Future: fatty ai profile in the oil of otton) of ottonsee. In Proeeings of the Worl Cotton Researh omparison with the orinary ultural praties aopte Conferene-1, Brisane Australia, Feruary 14-17, y Egyptian otton prouers, it is quite apparent that Es., Constale, G.A. an N.W. Forrester, CSIRO, appliations suh treatments oul ring aout etter Melourne, pp:

9 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, Benarz, C.W. an D.M. Oosterhuis, Ashou, A.H., A.E. Basyony an F.A. Ea, Physiologial hanges assoiate with potassium Effet of plant population an nitrogen levels on efiieny in otton. J. Plant Nutr., 22: rapesee oil quality an quantity. Annals Agri. Si., 12. Cakmak, I., C. Hengeler an H. Marshner, Moshtohor, 27: Partitioning of shoot an root ry matter an 25. Sneeor, G.W. an W.G. Cohran, Statistial arohyrates in ean plants suffering from Methos, 7th En., Iowa State University Press, phosphorus, potassium an magnesium efiieny. Ames. J. Exp. Bot., 45: Greef, J.M., Proutivity of maize (Zea mays L.) 13. Mullins, G.L., C.H. Burmester an D.W. Reeves, in relation to morphologial an physiologial Cotton response to the eep plaement of potassium harateristis uner varying amounts of nitrogen on Alaama soils. In Proeeings of the Beltwie supply. J. Agron. Crop Si., 172: Cotton Conferenes, January San Antonio, 27. Brar, Z.S., Anupam Singh an Thakar Singh National Cotton Counil of Ameria, Memphis, Response of hyri otton (Gossypium hirsutum) to pp: nitrogen an anopy moifiation praties. Inian 14. Cassman, K.G., B.A. Roerts an D.C. Bryant, J. Agron., 45: Cotton response to resiual fertilizer potassium on 28. Ram Prakash, Mangal Prasa an D.K. Pahauri, vermiuliti soil, organi matter an soium effets Effet of nitrogen, hlormequat hlorie an Soil Si. So. Am. J., 56: FYM on growth yiel an quality of otton 15. Pettigrew, W.T., Potassium efiieny inreases (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Annals Agri. Res., 22: speifi leaf weights of leaf gluose levels in fiel grown otton. Agron. J., 91: Zeng QingFang, Experimental stuy on the 16. Singh, V.P., M. Singh an S.N. Bharwaj, effiieny of K fertilizer applie to otton in areas Foliage haraters in relation to iomass an see with innamon soil or aqui soil. China Cottons, otton proutivity in Uplan ottons (Gossypium 23: 12. hirsutum L.). Annals Agri. Res., 8: Mullins, G.L., G.J. Shwa an C.H. Burmester, 17. Fan ShuLi, Xu YuZhang an Zhang ChaoJun, Cotton response to surfae appliations of Effets of nitrogen, phosphorus an potassium on potassium fertilizer: a 10-year summary. J. Pro. the evelopment of otton olls in summer. Ata Agri., 12: Gossypii Sinia, 11: Howar, D.D., M.E. Essington, C. Gwathmey an 18. Kilmer, V.J. an L.T. Alexaner, Methos of W.M. Perell, Buffering of foliar potassium making mehanial analysis of soils. Soil Si., 68: 15. an oron solutions for no-tillage otton proution. 19. Chapman, H.D. an P.E. Pratt, Methos of J. Cotton Si., 4: Analysis of Soils, Plants an Waters, University of 32. Gormus, O., Effets of rate an time of California, Division of Agriultural Siene: Los potassium appliation on otton yiel an quality in Angeles, pp: 60-61, Turkey. J. Agron. Crop Si., 188: Assoiation of Offiial Analytial Chemists, 33. Garner, F.P., Growth an partitioning in peanut (AOAC), Offiial Methos of Analysis, as influene y gierelli ai an aminozie. 14th En., Arlington, VA. Agron. J., 80: Kates, M., Laoratory Tehniques in 34. Mekki, B.B., Effet of mepiquat hlorie on Biohemistry an Moleular Biology, Es., Work, growth, yiel an fier properties of some Egyptian T.S. an E. Work, North-Hollan Pulishing, otton ultivars. Ara Univ. J. Agri. Si., 7: Amsteram. 35. Rey, A.R., K.R. Rey, R. Pajung an H.F. 22. Amerian Oil Chemists Soiety, Offiial Hoges, Nitrogen nutrition an photosynthesis Methos an Reommene Praties of the in leaves of Pima otton. J. Plant Nutr., 19: Amerian Oil Chemists Soiety, E., Walker, R.O., 36. Palomo Gil A., S. Gooy Avila an J.F. Chavez Champaign. Gonzalez, Reutions in nitrogen fertilizers 23. Vogel, A.I., A Textook of Pratial Organi use with new otton ultivars: yiel, yiel Chemistry, 3r En., English Language Book Soiety omponents an fier quality. Agroienia., 33: an Longman Group, Essex

10 Worl J. Agri. Si., 2 (1): 56-65, Ali, S.A. an A.E. El-Saye, Effet of sowing Wang, H.Y. an Y. Chen, A stuy with P ates an nitrogen levels on growth, earliness an on the effet of growth regulators on the istriution yiel of Egyptian otton ultivar Giza 88. Egypt. J. of nutrients with otton plants. China Cottons, 4: Agri. Res., 79: Saino, N.P., N.M. a Silva an J.I. Kono, 48. Ael-Al, M.H., E.T. Ei, M.S. Esmail, M.H. El-Akka Components of proution an fier an A.A.T. Hega, Response of Egyptian quality of otton as a funtion of potassium an otton plants to mepiquat hlorie with varying gypsum. Campina Grane, Brazil; Empresa Brasileira onentrations an time of appliation. Annals e Pesquisa Agropeuáia, Emrapa Algoão, Agri. Si., Ain Shams Univ., Egypt, 31: pp: Narang, R.S., S.S. Mahal an M.S. Gill, Effet of 39. Ghoura, M.H.H., O.M.M. Wassel an N.A.A. Raya, phosphorus an sulphur on growth an yiel of toria Response of otton plants to foliar appliation (Brassia ampestris susp. oleifera var toria). of TM (Pottasin-P) uner two levels of nitrogen Inian J. Agron., 38: fertilizer. Egypt. J. Agri. Res., 78: Taiz, L. an E. Zeiger, Plant Physiology: 40. Froment, M.A., D. Turley an L.V. Collings, Mineral Nutrition, The Benjamin Cummings Effet of nutrition on growth an oil quality in Pulishing Co., In. Rewoo City, CA. linsee. Tests of Agrohemials an Cultivars No., 51. Mekki, B.B., M.A. El-Kholy an E.M. Mohame, 21: Yiel, oil an fatty ais ontent as affete y 41. Zuillaga, M.M., J.P. Aristi an R.S. Lavao, water efiit an potassium fertilization in two Effet of phosphorus an nitrogen fertilization on sunflower ultivars. Egypt. J. Agron., 21: sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) nitrogen uptake an 52. Seo, G.S., J.S. Jo an C.Y. Choi, The effet of yiel. J. Agron. Crop Si., 188: fertilization level on the growth an oil quality in 42. Maraimov, I., Potassium fertilizers an oil sesame (Sesamum inium L.). Korean J. Crop Si., ontent of ottonsees. Khlopkovostvo, 6: : Aou El-Nour, M.S., M.A.Saee an M.A.Morsy, 53. Khan, N.A., H.R. Ansari an Samiullah Effet Effet of potassium fertilization uner two of gierelli ai spray an Basal nitrogen an planting ates on yiel, yiel omponents an some phosphorus on proutivity an fatty ai tehnologial an hemial properties of Giza 80 omposition of rapesee-mustar. J. Agron. Crop otton ultivar. Egypt. J. Agri. Res., 78: Si., 179: Mekki, B.B. an M.A. El-Kholy, Response of 54. Kheir, N.F., E.Z. Har, H.A. Moursi an S.H. yiel, oil an fatty ai ontents in some oil see rape El-Gayar, Effet of salinity an fertilization on varieties to mepiquat hlorie. Bulletin of the flax plants (Linum usitatissimum L.). II. Chemial National Researh Center, Egypt, 24: omposition. Bulletin of Faulty of Agriulture, 45. Stitt, M., Nitrate regulation of metaolism an University of Cairo, Egypt, 42: growth. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2: Salama, A.M., Yiel an oil quality of 46. Patil, D.B., K.T. Naphae, S.G. Wankhae, S.S. sunflowers as affete y fertilizers an growth Wanjari an N.R. Potukhe, Effet of regulators. Növénytermelés, 36: nitrogen an phosphate levels on see protein an 56. Downey, R.K. an S.R. Rimmer, Agronomi arohyrate ontent of otton ultivars. Inian J. improvement in oil see Brassias. Av. Agri., 50: Agri. Res., 31:

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