Ch 3 Movement of substances across cell membrane
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1 Ch 3 Movement of substances across cell membrane Practical 3.1 Demonstration of osmosis using dialysis tubing Results (p. 3-2) Set-up Experimental Control Rises Change in liquid level in the capillary tube Lowers until it reaches the liquid level of water in the beaker Questions (p. 3-3) 1 Its small bore gives a more obvious change in liquid level. 2 Sucrose on the outside of the tubing will affect the result. Rinsing the tubing ensures no such sucrose is present. 3 a There is a net water movement from distilled water to sucrose. b Osmosis. c Differential permeability. 4 After a certain period of time, the force produced by the weight of the liquid column balances the force developed by the water potential gradient. 5 a The liquid level will rise faster and higher. b The liquid level will drop and the tubing will eventually shrink. Conclusion (p. 3-3) When sucrose is separated from distilled water by a dialysis tubing, osmosis takes place and there is a net movement of water molecules from distilled water to sucrose. Practical 3.2 Demonstration of osmosis using living animal tissue Results (p. 3-6) Set-up Change in liquid level in the thistle funnel A B Rises Lowers until it reaches that of water in the beaker
2 Questions (p. 3-6) 1 Set-up B is a control. It shows that any change in liquid level in set-up A is due to the concentrated sucrose. 2 Distilled water has a higher water potential than concentrated sucrose, so there is a net movement of water from the distilled water to concentrated sucrose through the differentially permeable animal tissues by osmosis. The volume of liquid inside the thistle funnel increases and the liquid level rises. Conclusion (p. 3-7) Living animal tissues are differentially permeable. When s with different water potential are separated by living animal tissues, osmosis takes place. Practical 3.4 Study of osmosis in living plant cells Results (p. 3-12) In concentrated sucrose In less concentrated sucrose In very dilute sucrose Questions (p. 3-13) 1 To prevent the evaporation of sucrose, which may change its water potential and affect the results. This also provides a flat surface for observation and keeps the objective lens of the microscope clean.
3 2 The cytoplasm swells up gradually until the cell membrane presses tightly against the cell wall. 3 No. This is because the concentration of the content / water potential of each cell varies. Conclusion (p. 3-13) When the surrounding fluid has a lower water potential than the plant cells, water leaves the cells by osmosis. The cells finally become plasmolyzed and flaccid. When the water potential of the surrounding fluid increases, water will enter the cells by osmosis. The cytoplasm expands and the cells become turgid. Practical 3.5 Study of osmosis in living plant tissue Results (p. 3-15) Liquid inside the beaker Initial weight (g) Final weight (g) Percentage Strip Strip Strip Strip Strip Average Strip change in Average 3 weight (%) Distilled Water % 10% sucrose 20% sucrose % % Questions (p. 3-16) 1 Osmosis cannot takes place across the potato peel because the peel is impermeable to water. Any peel left on the potato strips will affect the result. 2 To prevent the evaporation of water which may change the concentration of the liquids in the set-ups and affect the results. 3 To absorb the surplus water on the surface of the potato strips which may increase the weight of the potato strips and affect the results.
4 4 To minimize the water loss from the potato strips by evaporation. Any water loss will decrease the weight of the potato strips and affect the results. 5 The potato strips in distilled water become heavier. This is because the water potential of distilled water is higher than that of the potato cells. Water enters the potato strips by osmosis. 6 The weight of the potato strips in 10% sucrose changes very slightly. This is because the water potential of 10% sucrose is nearly the same as that of the potato cells. There is almost no net movement of water into or out of the potato strips. 7 The potato strips in 20% sucrose become lighter. This is because the water potential of 20% sucrose is lower than that of the potato cells. Water leaves the potato strips by osmosis. Conclusion (p. 3-17) Living plant tissues are differentially permeable. When living plant tissues are placed in s with different water potential, osmosis takes place.
5 Practical 3.6 Examination of phagocytosis in Amoeba Results (p. 3-19) Questions (p. 3-19) 1 Amoeba takes in food particles by phagocytosis: when Amoeba gets close to the food particles, pseudopodium starts to form to surround the food particles. The whole food particles are finally engulfed by the Amoeba. 2 Phagocytosis is important for: 1 the nutrition of some single-celled organisms, e.g. Amoeba engulfs food particles by phagocytosis; 2 body defence against diseases, e.g. in humans and other mammals, certain white blood cells engulf harmful microorganisms by phagocytosis.
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