Necessity of Mineral Supplement to Fish Meal Based Red Sea Bream Feed*1
|
|
- Leslie Robinson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SUISANZOSHOKU 46(4), (1998) Necessity of Mineral Supplement to Fish Meal Based Red Sea Bream Feed*1 Shuichi SATOH*2, Ryotaro ISHIDA*2, Toshio TAKEUCHI*2, Takeshi WATANABE*2, and Tadahisa SEIKAI*3 (Accepted September 9, 1998) Abstract: A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate whether it was necessary to supplement minerals to fish meal based feed for red sea bream or not. Phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), or manganese (Mn) was excluded respectively from the complete mineral mixture. The mineral mixtures were formulated to the fish meal based experimental diet. The experimental diets were fed to the red sea bream (2.4 g on average) for nine weeks. The growth was lowest in the fish fed the diet without P supplementation, the growth of the fish fed the diet without Zn supplement was significantly lower than the control group. However, influence of excluding Mg or Mn supplementation on the growth was very small. Zn content in vertebrae was lowest in the fish on the diet without Zn supplement, and Mn content in vertebrae was also lowest in the fish on the diet without Mn supplement. When red sea bream were fed the diet without P, Mg, Mn, or Zn, their growth and mineral composition in carcass were influenced. The results of the experiment suggested that availability of minerals contained in fish meal for red sea bream was not high, and it was necessary to supply minerals even to fish meal based feed. Key words: Diet; Red sea bream; Fish meal; Mineral supplement Recent investigations on mineral nutrition in fresh water fish such as rainbow trout, common carp, and tilapia have demonstrated that the availability of minerals contained in fish meal varies amongst fish species1-3). The optimum supplemental levels vary according to the kind of minerals and the digestive systems of fish species. It was reported that juvenile red sea bream ( g), a major aquaculture species in Japan, requires only phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) at the levels 6.8 mg/g and 150 ƒêg/g, respectively4,5), even in semi-purified casein based diet and that trace element supplementation to the casein diet is not essential when aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and iodine (I) exist at levels exceeding 2 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively6). Excluding the supplementation of some minerals which are normally added to fish meal based feed of red sea bream did not produce any negative effects in the case of fish weighing 45g*4. Therefore, necessary it was considered that it may not be to supply minerals to red sea bream feed which contained fish meal as the main component. Satoh et al. 7) reported that mineral contents of whole body of rainbow trout becomes hardly change after body weight reached 2 g, and recommended to conduct the feeding experiment on smaller than 2 g. Thus, this study was con- *1 Mineral Nutrition in Fish-XXXIṾ *2 Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan, Minato, Tokyo , Japan. *3 Fisheries Experimental Station, Kyoto University, Maizuru, Kyoto 625, Japan. *4 M. Furuichi, S. Kosho, S. Matsui, and C. Kitajima: Necessity of mineral supplement to marine fish feed. Abstract of Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, p. 533, 1994.
2 536 S. Satoh, R. Ishida, T. Takeuchi, T. Watanabe, and T. Seikai ducted to investigate whether mineral supplement was necessary to fish meal based feed for very small red sea bream. The juveniles of red sea bream were fed the fish meal based diet supplemented with or without minerals. Experimental Diets Materials and Methods The formulations of the experimental diets are shown in Table 1. White fish meal was used as a sole protein source. Diet 1 was a control supplemented with a complete mineral mixture which fulfils mineral requirements of fresh water fish, such as rainbow trout and carp at a level of 5%. Diets 2 to 5 were supplemented with the mineral mixtures in which Zn, Mn, magnesium (Mg), or P was excluded, respectively. The other contents of the diets 2 to 5 were the same as that of the diet 1(control diet). The mineral compositions of the experimental diets are shown in Table 2. Crude protein and lipid contents were the same among the experimental Table 1. Composition of the experimental diets used for red sea bream (%) diets, which were 45% and 20%, respectively. Crude ash content was lowest in the diet (diet 5) without phosphates supplementation. Calcium (Ca), P, potassium (K), and sodium (Na) contents were also lowest in diet 5, but the contents were similar in the other diets. Mg, Zn, and Mn contents were lower in the diet without Mg, Zn or Mn supplementation, respectively, and in the supplemented groups the contents of these elements were similar to each other. The quantum of P derived from fish meal in diet 5 seemed to satisfy the P requirements of red sea bream5). Feeding Experiment Juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major were used as the experimental animals. Red sea bream larvae were transported from the Energy Research Institute of Kansai Denryoku K. K. to the Fisheries Experimental Station of Kyoto University and kept on a commercial red sea bream feed until the feeding experiment. The juvenile red sea bream (2.4 g on average) were divided into five tanks of 25 fish each, and the diets shown in Table 2 were fed to satiety for nine weeks. Water temperature ranged 20 to 24 Ž. Water was supplied at the rate of 0.8 to 1.0 l/m. At the termination of feeding experiment, all the fish were weighed individually, and kept in a freezer until analyses of proximate and mineral compositions in whole body and vertebrae. Preparation of samples and analytical conditions for proximate and mineral compositions were the same as those described *Same as the pre vious paper7). previously7). Final body weight of the fish in each tank was subjected to one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference test to determine difference in means (p<0.05)8). Table 2. Mineral composition of the experimental diets used for red sea bream
3 Necessity of Mineral Supplement to Red Sea Bream Feed 537 Table 3. Effect of excluding certain mineral supplementation from fish meal based diet on the growth performance of red sea bream * 1 g gro wth/g feed. * 2 Values within a column followed by the same superscript letter are not significantly different (p>0.05). Table 4. Effect of excluding certain mineral supplementation from fish meal based diet on the proximate and mineral compositions of whole body of red sea bream Feed efficiency showed a trend similar to Fig. 1. Influence of excluding certain mineral supplementation from fish meal based diet on the growth of red sea bream. Results The results of feeding experiment are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 1. Growth became lower from the third week in the fish fed the diet without P or Zn supplement compared to the rest, and at termination it was lowest in the fish on the P unsupplemented diet, followed by the Zn unsupplemented diet, being significantly lower than the control group. However, the growth of the group fed the diet without Mn supplement was equivalent to the control group. growth. Survival was not influenced by dietary treatments during the feeding period. External symptoms of mineral deficiency observed in rainbow trout and common carp such as eye lens cataracts and short body dwarfism were not recognized in the current study. Proximate and mineral compositions of whole body are shown in Table 4. Moisture content was slightly higher in the fish fed the diet without P or Mn supplementation than that of the control group. Lipid content was also lower in the fish fed the diet without Mg or Mn supplementation than that of the control group. Ash content was markedly lower in the fish on the diet without P supplementation than the other groups. There were no marked differences in Ca, Na, K, Mg, and Fe contents of whole body amongst any dietary groups. Zn and Mn contents were
4 538 S. Satoh, R. Ishida, T. Takeuchi, T. watanabe, and T. Seikai lower in the fish fed the diets without Zn or Mn supplement respectively than the fish on the control diet. P content was higher in the fish on the diet without Mn or Mg supplements than that of the control group. Mineral compositions of vertebrae are shown in Table 5. There were no marked differences in P, Ca, and Na contents amongst the treatments. Zn content was lowest in the vertebrae fish fed the diet without of the Zn supplementation amongst the experimental groups, and was also lower in the fish on the diets without P or Mg than the control group. Mn content was much lower in the fish fed diet without Mn supplementation than the control group, and Mn content in the fish fed the diet without P or the Mg supplementation was slightly lower than the control. The Mn content of the fish on the control diet was much higher than that was reported for rainbow trout9). Discussion It was reported that supplementation with mg P/g diet was required by red sea bream when the fish were fed the casein based diets supplemented with graded levels of P from 0 to 9.1 mg/g by mono-basic sodium phosphate5). The fish meal based diet without P supplementation used in the current study contained 20 mg P/g derived from the fish meal satisfying the P requirement. However, these fish had low growth and feed efficiency. The supplementation with 8 mg P improved the growth and increased ash content. Ogino et al.10) reported that rainbow Table 5. Effect of excluding certain mineral supplementation from fish meal based diet on the mineral compositions of vertebrae of red sea bream trout was able to absorb 60-70% of P contained in fish meal, whereas common carp could absorb only 0-10% of P from fish meal. Yone and Toshima11) also reported that black sea bream, Acanthopagrus shlegeli, could utilize 30% of P contained in fish meal. Red sea bream is a species closely related to black sea bream, and seems to possess an absorption pattern similar to black sea bream. Recently, Shimeno and coworker12,13) reported that the requirement of yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, for dietary P was 6.7 mg/g diet, which could attain by supplementing P at a level of 3.4 mg/g to fish meal based feed. They also suggested that yellowtail could utilize P contained in fish meal partially. As the red sea bream fed the fish meal based diet without P supplementation showed lower growth than that on the diet with P supplementation the current study, it seemed in that red sea bream could not absorb P in fish meal completely. Thus, it is necessary to supply P even to fish meal based diet. It was reported that tricalcium phosphate derived from fish meal inhibits the absorption of Zn and Mn in fresh water fish such as rainbow trout2,3). In the current study, the external Zn deficiency symptom such as eye lens cataracts and short body dwarfism was not induced by the diet without supplemental Zn. However, the fish fed the diet without Zn supplement lower growth, induced feed efficiency, and Zn contents in carcass. Thus, it is suggested that the availability of Zn in fish meal to red sea bream is not high, and it is necessary fish meal based diet for red sea bream. to supplement Zn to The diet without Mn supplement did not lower the growth of red sea bream, however it induced lower Mn contents in carcass. When the fish meal based diet without Mn supplement was fed to common carp, it lowered growth, decreased Mn and Zn contents, and induced short body dwarfism and eye lens cataractsl4). In current study, for sea bream fed the diet without Mn supplement, decreased, Mn content in carcass but Zn content was not influenced. Further, Mn content of red sea bream was higher than that of the rainbow trout and common carp. The external deficiency symptoms
5 Necessity of Mineral Supplement to Red Sea Bream Feed 539 were not observed in this study, however, it is recommended to supply Mn to red sea bream feed as well. As for Mg, significant influence was not observed in the growth of the fish fed the diet without Mg supplement. Sakamoto and Yone15) also reported that it was not necessary to supplement Mg to red sea bream diet when they were fed the semi-purified diet. However, Zn content was lowered in vertebrae of the fish fed the diet without Mg supplementation, similar to the results of rainbow trout9). Satoh et al.16) reported that rainbow trout required Mg supplement even for fish meal based feed at a level of 0.5 mg/g diet. Therefore, it is suggested that Mg supplement is necessary for red sea bream feed too. The fish meal based diet contains apparently sufficient amount of minerals derived from the ingredients, and those levels of minerals seemed to satisfy the mineral requirement of red sea bream. However, when red sea breams were fed the diet without P, Mg, Mn, or Zn, the growth and mineral content in whole body and vertebrae were influenced. Filk et al.17) reported that Ca is actively absorbed through gill epithelium in freshwater, whereas Ca is transported across the intestinal epithelium in seawater. There is no information available concerning the other minerals in seawater. If the minerals are transported as same as Ca, seawater fish may not absorb the minerals from ambient water. The results of the experiment demonstrated that the availability of minerals contained in fish meal to red sea bream was not sufficient enough, necessitating supplementation to improve performance of this fish, which is one of the major species cultivated in sea water. The optimum supplemental levels of minerals to fish meal based diet of red sea bream will be described soon. Acknowledgments We express here our sincere thanks to the Energy Research Institute of Kansai Denryoku K.K., which kindly provided juvenile red sea bream. Our thanks also extend to Dr. Viswanath Kiron, Tokyo University of Fisheries, who kindly read the manuscript and gave valuable suggestions. References 1) Watanabe, T.,S. Satoh, and T.Takeuchi (1988): Availability of minerals in fish meal to fish. Asian Fisheries Science, 1(2), ) Satoh, S. (1994): Studies on the availability of trace elements to fish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 60(2), ) Watanabe, T., V. Kiron, and S. Satoh (1997): Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture, 151(1-4), ) Sakamoto, S. and Y. Yone (1978): Requirement of red sea bream for dietary iron-ii. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 44(3), ) Sakamoto, S. and Y. Yone (1978): Effect of dietary phosphorus level on chemical composition of red sea bream. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 44(3), ) Sakamoto, S. and Y. Yone (1979): Requirement of red sea bream for dietary trace elements. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 44(12), ) Satoh, S., T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe (1987): Changes of mineral compositions in whole body of rainbow trout during growing stages. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53(2), ) Duncan, D. B. (1955): Multiple-range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11, ) Satoh, S., H. Yamamoto, T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe (1983): Effects on growth and mineral composition of rainbow trout of deletion of trace elements or magnesium from fish meal diet. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 49(3), ) Ogino, C., L. Takeuchi, H. Takeda, and T. Watanabe (1979): Availability of dietary phosphorus in carp and rainbow trout. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 45(12), ) Yone, Y. and N. Toshima (1979): The utilization of phosphorus in fish meal by carp and black sea bream. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 45(6), ) Shimeno, S. (1991): Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, in ghandbook of Nutrient Requirements of Finfish h(ed. by R. P. Wilson), CRC Press, Boston, pp ) Shimeno, S., A. Hashimoto, and M. Ukawa (1994): Effects of supplemental levels of dietary monopotasium phosphate on growth, feed conversion, and body composition of fingerling yellowtail. Suisanzoshoku, 42(2), ) Satoh, S., H. Yamamoto, T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe (1983): Effects on growth and mineral composition of carp of deletion of trace elements or magnesium from fish meal diet. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 49(3), ) Sakamoto, S. and Y. Yone (1979): Requirement of red sea bream for Mg. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 45(1), ) Satoh, S., T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe (1991):
6 540 S.Satoh, R.Ishida, T.Takeuchi, T.Watanabe, and T.Seikai Availability of manganese and magnesium contained in white fish meal to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 57(1), ) Flik, G., P. M. Verbost, and S. E. Wendelaar Bonga (1995): Calcium transport processes in fishes, in gcellular and Molecular Approaches to Fish Ionic Reg-ulation. Fish Physiology, Vol.14 h(ed. by C. M. Wood T. and J. ShuA
AG - 1 AQUACULTURE: A TRACE MINERAL PERSPECTIVE FOR FISH AND CRUSTACEANS
AG - 1 AQUACULTURE: A TRACE MINERAL PERSPECTIVE FOR FISH AND CRUSTACEANS AQUACULTURE: TRACE MINERALS AVAILABILITY OF TRACE MINERALS TO FISH AND SHRIMP FROM WATER ENVIRONMENT Fish Appear to Be More Tolerant
More informationUse of Alternative Protein Sources as Substitutes. for Fish Meal in Red Sea Bream Diets
Use of Alternative Protein Sources as Substitutes for Fish Meal in Red Sea Bream Diets Hideo AOKI1), Takeshi WATANABE2), Masayuki FURUICHI3), and Heizo TSUDA1), * 1) Owase Branch, Fisheries Research Institute
More informationUse of Non-fish Meal Diets for Yellowtail: Second Trial
SUISANZOSHOKU 48(1), 7379 (2000) Use of Nonfish Meal Diets for Yellowtail: Second Trial Hideo AOKI*1,2, Kanako WATANABE*3, Shuichi SATOH*3, Yoichi YAMAGATA*1, and Takeshi WATANABE*3 (Accepted November
More informationUtilization of Alternative Protein Sources as Substitute for Fish Meal in a Newly Developed Soft-dry Pellet for Yellowtail
Utilization of Alternative Protein Sources as Substitute for Fish Meal in a Newly Developed Soft-dry Pellet for Yellowtail Takeshi WATANABE1), Voranop VIYAKARN1), Hideo Aogi2), Heizo TUDA2), Hiroshi SAKAMOTO3),
More informationImproved carp diets based on plant protein sources reduce environmental phosphorus loading
Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UK FISFisheries Science0919-92682003 Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd 69 611 Less polluting carp diets with plant proteins P Jahan et al. 10.1046/j.0919-9268.2002.00611.x Original
More informationPartial or Complete Replacement of Fish Meal by Alternate Protein Sources in Diets for Yellowtail and Red Sea Bream
SUISANZOSHOKU 48(1), 53-63 (2000) Partial or Complete Replacement of Fish Meal by Alternate Protein Sources in Diets for Yellowtail and Red Sea Bream Hideo AOKI*1,6, Yasuhiro SANADA*2, Masayuki FURUICHI*3,
More informationM. S. A. Sarker* and S. Satoh 1 School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bangladesh Open University Gazipur-1705, Bangladesh ABSTRACT
Progress. Agric. 20(1 & 2) : 183 192, 2009 ISSN 1017-8139 EFFECT OF DIETARY PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC LEVELS ON HEMATOCRIT VALUE, PLASMA MINERAL CONTENT AND PLASMA ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF FINGERLING
More informationBalancing protein ingredients in carp feeds to limit discharge of phosphorus and nitrogen into water bodies
Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UK FISFisheries Science0919-92682003 Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd 69 612 Multi-ingredient less-polluting carp diets P Jahan et al. 10.1046/j.0919-9268.2002.00612.x Original
More informationRequirements of Prawn, Penaeus japonicus, for Essential Fatty Acids
Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima Univ. Vol. 28 pp. 27-33 (1979) Requirements of Prawn, Penaeus japonicus, for Essential Fatty Acids Akio Kanazawa, Shin-ichi Teshima and Minoru Endo* Abstract Feeding trials using
More informationSubstituting De-hulled Soybean Meal for Fish Meal in Diets for Hybrid Tilapia Rearing in Water Re-circulating System
Substituting De-hulled Soybean Meal for Fish Meal in Diets for Hybrid Tilapia Rearing in Water Re-circulating System 2004 Principle investigator: Chen-Huei Huang, Ph.D. Professor of Aquaculture Nutrition
More informationShunsuke Koshio Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, , Shimoarata, Kagoshima , Japan
Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major Shunsuke Koshio Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, -0-20, Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-006, Japan Introduction The red sea bream, Madai in Japanesex, is one of the most
More informationUtilization of Waste Porphyra Products as Eco-friendly Feed Ingredients
Utilization of Waste Porphyra Products as Eco-friendly Feed Ingredients 19 Tsuyoshi SUGITA *1, Takeshi YAMAMOTO *1, and Takao YASHIMATSU *2 Abstract We investigated the growth and hepatopancreatic enzyme
More informationRanchers Choice AN -18%
Ranchers Choice AN -18% All Purpose For Cattle, Sheep, Horses Guaranteed Analysis CRUDE PROTEIN, not less than... 18.0% CRUDE FAT, not less than... 4.00% CRUDE FIBER, not more than... 1.00% CALCIUM (Ca),
More informationFeeding of Rainbow Trout with Non-Fish Meal Diets
Fisheries Science 63(2), 258-266 (1997) Feeding of Rainbow Trout with Non-Fish Meal Diets Takeshi Watanabe, Visuthi Verakunpiriya, Kanako Watanabe, Viswanath Kiron, and Shuichi Satoh Department of Aquatic
More informationEnrichment of rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis with calcium
Bangladesh Fish. Res., 11(1), 2007: 51-56 BFRI Enrichment of rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis with calcium M.A. Hossain* 1, M.S. Rahman' and M. Furuichi 3 Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University,
More informationEnclosed are the tissue analysis results for the samples from the greens at Golf Club.
Enclosed are the tissue analysis results for the samples from the greens at Golf Club. The results for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and sodium are reported on a percent
More informationChannel Catfish Production in 4-m 3 LVHD Cages with a Soy-Based Feed, Jiangxi Province, China
Key Words: Channel catfish, soybean meal, LVHD cage technology, China Channel Catfish Production in 4-m 3 LVHD Cages with a Soy-Based Feed, Jiangxi Province, China Michael C. Cremer, Zhou Enhua and Zhang
More informationUse of Crystalline Amino Acids Coated with Casein in Diets for Carp
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 47(4), 523-527 (1981) Use of Crystalline Amino Acids Coated with Casein in Diets for Carp Takeshi MURAI*1, Toshio AKIYAMA*l, and Takeshi NOSE* 1(Received
More informationInfluence of Dietary Protein Levels on Hepatic Cysteine Dioxygenase Activity in Rainbow Trout
Fisheries Science 60(2), 229-233 (1994) Influence of Dietary Protein Levels on Hepatic Cysteine Dioxygenase Activity in Rainbow Trout Masahito Yokoyama, Miho Udagawa, and Jun-ichi Nakazoe National Research
More informationGrass Carp Exhibit Excellent Growth and Feed Conversion on Cost Efficient, Soy-Based Diet
Key Words: Grass carp, soybean meal, soy hulls, 80:20 pond technology, China Grass Carp Exhibit Excellent Growth and Feed Conversion on Cost Efficient, Soy-Based Diet Michael C. Cremer, Zhou Enhua and
More informationEPA and DHA Requirements in Early Juvenile Red Sea Bream Using HUFA Enriched Artemia Nauplii*1
Fisheries Science 62(2), 246-251 (1996) EPA and DHA Requirements in Early Juvenile Red Sea Bream Using HUFA Enriched Artemia Nauplii*1 Hirofumi Furuita,*2 Toshio Takeuchi, Masanori Toyota,*3 and Takeshi
More informationSoy Protein Concentrate as a Substitute for Fishmeal in the Feed for Black Carp
Key Words: Black carp, soy protein concentrate, soybean meal, 80:20 pond technology, China Soy Protein Concentrate as a Substitute for Fishmeal in the Feed for Black Carp INTRODUCTION Results of the 2008
More informationEffect of dietary potassium diformate (KDF) on growth performance of juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) reared under freshwater conditions
Effect of dietary potassium diformate (KDF) on growth performance of juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) reared under freshwater conditions J. Arreza, O. Jintasataporn, N. Areechon, K.-J. Kühlmann
More informationEffects of different carnitine isomers on growth feed utili8ation and body composition of shrimp. ZH0U Qi-Cun 1 ZHENG Shi-xuan 2
13 1 Vol.13 No.1 2004 3 J0URNAL 0F SHANGHAI FISHERIES UNIVERSITY MarCh 2004!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1004-7271 2004 01-0041 - 06 1 2 1. 524025 2. 524002 L- 100 200 300mg
More informationSongpu Variety Common Carp Exhibit Rapid Growth on Soy-Based Diet in Harbin Feeding Trial
Key Words: Common carp, soybean meal, 80:20 pond technology, China Songpu Variety Common Carp Exhibit Rapid Growth on Soy-Based Diet in Harbin Feeding Trial Michael C. Cremer, Zhou Enhua and Zhang Jian
More informationLesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance
Unit B Understanding Animal Body Systems Lesson 3 Understanding Nutrients and Their Importance 1 Terms Balanced ration Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Disaccharides Essential nutrients Ether Fat Fat-soluble
More informationThe influence of astaxanthin supplemented dry pellets on spawning of striped jack
FISHERIES SCIENCE 2001; 67: 260 270 Original Article The influence of astaxanthin supplemented dry pellets on spawning of striped jack ROBERT VASSALLO-AGIUS, 1 HITOSHI IMAIZUMI, 2 TAKESHI WATANABE, 1,
More informationExample: Ammonium Sulphate (also called Sulphate of Ammonia) is composed of the following:
Atoms are made up of smaller particles that are held together by electrical or magnetic forces. Each atom is, in effect, like a mini solar system with a cluster of particles called electrons orbiting it.
More informationIMPACT OF PRE-SLAUGHTER WITHDRAWAL OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS ON PIG PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY. conditions was not addressed in the present study.
IMPACT OF PRE-SLAUGHTER WITHDRAWAL OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS ON PIG PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY John F. Patience and Doug Gillis SUMMARY Research reported in last year s Annual Report indicated that withdrawal
More informationCharacteristic of Carcass Refuse Lean Fat Food Energy
Fish Nutrition and Feeding Carcass Characteristics of Various Food Animals Source Dress Out (%) Characteristic of Carcass Refuse Lean Fat Food Energy (%) (%) (%) (kcal/100 g of edible tissue) Channel Catfish
More informationEssential Fatty Acids of Tilapia nilotica
Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima Univ. Vol. 31 pp. 201-204 (1982) Essential Fatty Acids of Tilapia nilotica Shin-ichi Teshima, Akio Kanazawa, and Mineshi Sakamoto*1 Abstract The essential fatty acid requirements
More informationP.P. SRIVASTAVA AND K.K. JAIN
Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association 24, 1994 (Proc. Nat. Symp. Aqu~crQps), 139ul43 139 EFFECT OF VITAMIN E (a.. TOCOPHEROL) ON PROTEIN CONTENT OF LABEO ROHITA (HAM.).FRY P.P. SRIVASTAVA AND K.K.
More informationDevelopment of Alternative Feeds Specifically for Closed Containment Systems
Development of Alternative Feeds Specifically for Closed Containment Systems for EAST COAST SALMON CLOSED-CONTAINMENT WORKSHOP October 10 th and 11 th, 2012 Rick Barrows a, Tom Welker a, Ken Overturf a,
More informationEffect of isoproteinous feed on growth and survival of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(1): 169 174, 2012 ISSN 1810-3030 Effect of isoproteinous feed on growth and survival of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry I. Siddika, M. Das and K. R. Sumi Department of
More informationReplacement of fish meal with MBM and PBM on growth performance of juvenile Black Tiger Shrimp (P. monodon) (2003, Vietnam 2) ABSTRACT
Replacement of fish meal with MBM and PBM on growth performance of juvenile Black Tiger Shrimp (P. monodon) (23, Vietnam 2) 2 Dr. NT. Phuong 1,Yu, Yu 2 1 Dr. NT. Phuong, Cantho University,Dr. Yu Yu 2 National
More informationUnited Soybean Board Final Report Form Technical Bulletin
United Soybean Board Final Report Form Technical Bulletin Project # and Title Organization & Project Leader Reporting Period USB #2463-Use of soybean meal and soy protein concentrate as alternatives to
More informationEffects of dietary phosphorus and zinc levels on growth artd bone mineralization in fingerlings of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Bangladesh 1. Fish. Res., 12 (1), 2008:01-09 Effects of dietary phosphorus and zinc levels on growth artd bone mineralization in fingerlings of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss M.S.A. Sarker* and S.
More informationÇamlı, presents a wide product range with the fish feeds that are produced under BioAqua brand. Besides its feeds that are prepared for sea bass, sea
FISH FEEDS 1 Çamlı, presents a wide product range with the fish feeds that are produced under BioAqua brand. Besides its feeds that are prepared for sea bass, sea bream and trout, feed production is also
More informationGuangzhou Pond Feeding Trial Demonstrates Channel Catfish Production with Soy-Based Feed
Guangzhou Pond Feeding Trial Demonstrates Channel Catfish Production with Soy-Based Feed INTRODUCTION Michael C. Cremer, Zhou Enhua and Zhang Jian ASA-IM/China Aquaculture Program A feeding trial was conducted
More informationDevelopment of a New Type of Fish Diet, Non-Fish Meal Extruded-Pellet
水研センター研報, 第 40 号,39-49, 平成 27 年 Bull. Fish. Res. Agen. No. 40,39-49,2015 Development of a New Type of Fish Diet, Non-Fish Meal Extruded-Pellet 39 Noriko ISHIDA *1, Tomohiko KOSHIISHI *2, Tatsuo TSUZAKI
More information(Received August 20, 1993)
Fisheries Science 60(3), 283-288 (1994) Effects of Dietary Oxidized Oil for Penaeus japonicus Shunsuke Koshio, Shin-ichi Teshima, and Akio Kanazawa Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata,
More informationBioavailability and tissue distribution of amino acid-chelated trace elements in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UK FISFisheries Science0919-92682003 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd 694September 2003 679 Sources of trace elements for rainbow trout MJS Apines et al. 10.1046/j.0919-9268.2003.00679.x
More informationNutrient requirement of marine fish larvae for essential fatty acids and phospholipids
Nutrient requirement of marine fish larvae for essential fatty acids and phospholipids 266071 S96 A 1000-096200611-0075-07 20% n- n- HUFAn-6 n-6 HUFA 1 1.1 1 [1] 1.2 n- HUFA n-9 n-6 n- n-6 AA204n-6 n-
More informationCENTRAL OFFICE. Scheduled Menu Analysis TMS Menu: Serving Size
40030 Period: 900191 Grape Juice 1 4 Ounce 81640 MeatballPennePastasScBrocItalVeg FRZ000657 1 Meal Table: % Energy kcal 685.0000 674.1027 98.4092 Protein g 19.0000 37.3486 22.1620 196.5716 Sodium, Na mg
More informationPROPOSED BEEF CATTLE MANURE EXCRETION AND CHARACTERISTICS STANDARD FOR ASAE
PROPOSED BEEF CATTLE MANURE EXCRETION AND CHARACTERISTICS STANDARD FOR ASAE G. E. Erickson 1 B. Auvermann 2, R. Eigenberg 3, L. W. Greene 2, T. Klopfenstein 1, and R. Koelsch 1 ABSTRACT A committee was
More informationMetabolism of Amino Acids in Aquatic Animals II
Mem. Fac. Fish., Kagoshima Univ. Vol. 26 pp. 45-48 (1977) Metabolism of Amino Acids in Aquatic Animals II The effect of an amino acid supplemented casein diet on the growth rate of carp Yoshito Tanaka,
More informationRuminant Health, Vitamin, Minerals & Nutrition. Presented by Marty Ulrich
Ruminant Health, Vitamin, Minerals & Nutrition Presented by Marty Ulrich Ruminants require a number of minerals for optimal growth and reproduction. Selecting the correct mineral supplement is important
More informationEFFECT OF AN ALUMINUM SUPPLEMENT ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND MINERAL METABOLISM IN THOROUGHBRED HORSES
K.A. Roose et al. 119 EFFECT OF AN ALUMINUM SUPPLEMENT ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND MINERAL METABOLISM IN THOROUGHBRED HORSES K. A. ROOSE, K. E. HOEKSTRA, J. D. PAGAN, R. J. GEOR Kentucky Equine Research,
More informationEnergy and Protein Requirements of Yellowtail: A Winter-based Assessment at the Optimum Feeding Frequency
Fisheries Science 64(5), 744-752 (1998) Energy and Protein Requirements of Yellowtail: A Winter-based Assessment at the Optimum Feeding Frequency Kanako Watanabe,*1 Hideo Aoki,*2 Youichi Hara,*3 Yoshihiro
More informationPOTENTIAL USE OF ORGANIC MINERAL AS MINERAL SOURCE FOR DIET OF JUVENILE VANNAMEI SHRIMP, Penaeus vannamei
POTENTIAL USE OF ORGANIC MINERAL AS MINERAL SOURCE FOR DIET OF JUVENILE VANNAMEI SHRIMP, Penaeus vannamei Asda Laining #, Rachman Syah, and Muslimin Research and Development Institute for Coastal Aquaculture
More informationDescribing Nutritional Requirements of Fish
Lesson C3 3 Describing Nutritional Requirements of Fish Unit C. Animal Wildlife Management Problem Area 3. Fish Management Lesson 3. Describing Nutritional Requirements of Fish New Mexico Content Standard:
More informationEFFECTS OF THE ß-CAROTENE ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SKIN PIGMENTATION OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, W. 1792)
EFFECTS OF THE ß-CAROTENE ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SKIN PIGMENTATION OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, W. 1792) Gülüzar TUNA KELEŞTEMUR *, Özlem EMİR ÇOBAN Fisheries Faculty, Firat University,
More informationREGISTRATION OF MONOGASTRIC ANIMAL FEED
REGISTRATION OF MONOGASTRIC ANIMAL FEED Tebogo Banda Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries AFMA workshop for registration and renewals 1 August 2011 1 REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS A product may
More informationUlva pertusa and Undaria undarioides culture for reducing nitrogen from fish culture area in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
Ulva pertusa and Undaria undarioides culture for reducing nitrogen from fish culture area in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan Hajime Kimura 1 and Masahiro Notoya 2 1 Fish Farming Laboratory, Fisheries Experimental
More informationGrowth Performance of Milkfish Fed Soy-Based Feed in Marine. Cages in Malalag Bay, Mindanao Island, Philippines
Growth Performance of Milkfish Fed Soy-Based Feed in Marine Cages in Malalag Bay, Mindanao Island, Philippines Results of ASA-IM/Soy-in-Aquaculture 2007 Feeding Demonstration Project Lukas Manomaitis and
More informationSupplementation of Low-Calcium and Low-Phosphorus Diets with Phytase and Cholecalciferol
Supplementation of Low-Calcium and Low-Phosphorus Diets with Phytase and Cholecalciferol Introduction O. Adeola, T.R. Cline, J.I. Orban, D. Ragland, and A.L. Sutton Department of Animal Sciences Supplementation
More informationLow-Phosphorus Feeds Development
Low-Phosphorus Feeds Development Impact Statement Western Regional Aquaculture Center United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture 1 impacts highlights Prevented a
More informationFEED MANAGEMENT IN CAGE CULTURE
6 FEED MANAGEMENT IN CAGE CULTURE Karthireddy Syamala, P. A. Khandagale and J. Dias Introduction The sustainability, profitability and well-being of aquaculture systems depend on the feed quality and feeding
More informationProtein requirement of juvenile Manchurian trout Brachymystax lenok
FISHERIES SCIENCE 2001; 67: 46 51 Original Article Protein requirement of juvenile Manchurian trout Brachymystax lenok SANG-MIN LEE, 1, * KYOUNG-DUCK KIM, 1 HUEM GI PARK, 1 CHANG HWA KIM 1 AND KWAN EUI
More informationInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 5 (2016) pp. 934-939 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.505.098
More informationProtein Deposition in Growing and Finishing Pigs
1 Protein Deposition in Growing and Finishing Pigs DETERMINING WHOLE BODY PROTEIN DEPOSITION RATES IN PIGS. Mark L. Lorschy, Doug A. Gillis, John F. Patience and Kees de Lange. Summary There is controversy
More informationProposed Beef Cattle Manure Excretion and Characteristics Standard for ASAE
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Conference Presentations and White Papers: Biological Systems Engineering Biological Systems Engineering October 2003 Proposed
More informationFree Choice Sheep Mineral
Free Choice Sheep Mineral Sheep on pasture Guaranteed Analysis CALCIUM (Ca), not less than... 12.5 % CALCIUM (Ca), not more than... 13.5 % PHOSPHORUS (P), not less than... 9.80 % SALT (NaCl), not less
More informationOptimum levels of crystalline amino acids in diets for larval red sea bream (Pagrus major)
ICES mar. Sci. Symp., 201: 100-105. 1995 Optimum levels of crystalline amino acids in diets for larval red sea bream (Pagrus major) Julio Löpez-Alvarado and Akio Kanazawa Löpez-Alvarado, J., and Kanazawa,
More informationBROILER. Nutrition Specifications. An Aviagen Brand
BROILER 708 Nutrition Specifications 2014 An Aviagen Brand Introduction Nutrition specifications for Ross 708 broilers are given in the following tables for a range of production and market situations
More informationLinseed oils with different fatty acid patterns in the diet of broiler chickens
Linseed oils with different fatty acid patterns in the diet of broiler chickens J. ZELENKA, D. SCHNEIDEROVÁ, E. MRKVICOVÁ Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech
More informationSubstitution of Golden Apple Snail Meal for Fishmeal in Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) Diets
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 38 : 66-71 (2004) Substitution of Golden Apple Snail Meal for Fishmeal in Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) Diets Orapint Jintasataporn, Prathak Tabthipwon
More informationOPPORTUNITIES FOR RENDERED PRODUCTS IN AQUACULTURE Advancing science & industry through partnership
OPPORTUNITIES FOR RENDERED PRODUCTS IN AQUACULTURE Advancing science & industry through partnership Jesse T. Trushenski CENTER FOR FISHERIES, AQUACULTURE, & AQUATIC SCIENCES THE WORLD IS HUNGRY CGIAR CCAFS
More informationLamb Feedlot Nutrition
Lamb Feedlot Nutrition by T.L. Stanton and S.B. LeValley* (2/14) Quick Facts... Meeting protein, energy, vitamin and mineral requirements is essential for profitable lamb finishing. Feedlot lambs are more
More informationEFFECT OF DIETARY LEVELS OF LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CHEMICAL CONTENTS AND DIGESTIBILITY IN RAINBOW TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS
EFFECT OF DIETARY LEVELS OF LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CHEMICAL CONTENTS AND DIGESTIBILITY IN RAINBOW TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS WALBAUM, 1792 E. GÜMÜŞ AND R. İKİZ Faculty of Fisheries,
More informationIMPACT OF TRACE MINERAL VARIATION WITHIN FORAGES ON THE RATION FORMULATION PROCESS. J. R. Knapp Fox Hollow Consulting, LLC Columbus, Ohio INTRODUCTION
IMPACT OF TRACE MINERAL VARIATION WITHIN FORAGES ON THE RATION FORMULATION PROCESS J. R. Knapp Fox Hollow Consulting, LLC Columbus, Ohio INTRODUCTION While trace mineral (TM) concentrations of forages
More informationBeef Strategies for the Ozarks
Beef Strategies for the Ozarks Presented by Furst-McNess Company J. Willard Lemaster Beef Business Leader & Nutritionist Saturday, October 20, 2018 1 Classes of Nutrients Nutrient chemical that supports
More informationBroiler Nutrition Specifications
Broiler Nutrition Specifications 2 Introduction 3 Table 1: Nutrition Specifications for As-Hatched Broilers - Target Live Weight
More informationGrowth Performance of Common Carp Fed Soy-Maximized Feed in. Low Volume, High Density Cages on Lake Maninjau, Indonesia
Growth Performance of Common Carp Fed Soy-Maximized Feed in Low Volume, High Density Cages on Lake Maninjau, Indonesia Results of ASA/Soy-in-Aquaculture 2003 Feeding Trial Lukas Manomaitis and Michael
More informationPremixes for Growth and Development
Premixes for Growth and Development Heifers weighing 200 pounds or more can be fed a grain mix or ration containing one of our Renaissance Heifer Products. Our Heifer products are formulated to provide
More informationPlan. Aquafeeds. Feed Formulations using rendered animal products for maximising profit in aquaculture diets. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Feed Formulations using rendered animal products for maximising i i profit in aquaculture diets Dr Geoff Allan NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW Australia Discuss
More informationThe influence of dietary protein sources on tissue free amino acid levels of fingerling rainbow trout
FISHERIES SCIENCE 2000; 66: 310 320 Original Article The influence of dietary protein sources on tissue free amino acid levels of fingerling rainbow trout Takeshi YAMAMOTO, 1, * Tatsuya UNUMA 2 AND Toshio
More informationEffects of increasing dietary vitamin C on serum lysozyme activity and antioxidant ability of tissues in Pampus argenteus
9 4 2 0 1 3 8 South China Fisheries Science Vol. 9, No. 4 Aug., 2013 doi: 10. 3969/ j. issn. 2095-0780. 2013. 04. 003,,, ( 200090) : C( ) ( Pampus argenteus), 104. 21 mg kg - 1 455. 33 mg kg - 1 800. 54
More informationMission: Breedlove is unique in that it is the only commercial scale non-profit food processing plant dedicated to providing hunger relief products.
Breedlove is unique in that it is the only commercial scale non-profit food processing plant dedicated to providing hunger relief products. Mission: To Develop collaborative partnerships that allow the
More information6 Nutrients Essential for Life
6 Nutrients Essential for Life Mind Moo-Ver SWBAT identify the 6 essential nutrients for life QOD: What does ph measure Give an example of an acidic substance, a basic substance and a neutral substance
More informationブリ幼魚用飼料における魚油精製副産物の利用
Journal of Fisheries Technology, 7(2), 69-74, 2015 水産技術,7(2), 69-74, 2015 ブリ幼魚用飼料における魚油精製副産物の利用 古板博文 *1 杉田毅 *2 山本剛史 *3 風直樹 *4 *4 山本浩志 Evaluation of nutritional value of a fish oil by-product in a diet
More informationThe Green Liver Syndrome Is Caused by Taurine Deficiency in Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Fed Diets without Fishmeal
Aquaculture Science 53(3), 279-290 (2005) The Green Liver Syndrome Is Caused by Taurine Deficiency in Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Fed Diets without Fishmeal Shusaku TAKAGI1,*, Hlsashi MURATA2, Takanobu
More informationThe Effect of the Methods of Farming on the Environment and Growth of Cultured Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major
29 The Effect of the Methods of Farming on the Environment and Growth of Cultured Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major Takashi UEDE * Abstract The environment of fish farming areas and aquaculture production are
More informationProtein Sparing Effect of Lipids in Diets for Fingerlings of
Fisheries Science 62(4), 624-628 (1996) Protein Sparing Effect of Lipids in Diets for Fingerlings of Gilthead Sea Bream *1Dpto Jose Manuel Vergara,*1 Lidia Robaina,*2 Marisol Izquierdo,*1 and Manuel De
More informationAlternative protein supplementation. Roberto D. Sainz, Phd Animal Science Dept. UC Davis
Alternative protein supplementation Roberto D. Sainz, Phd Animal Science Dept. UC Davis Outline Normal forage pattern & cow-calf requirements Current situation Drought management options Feeding options
More informationEffect of Different Dietary Nutritional Compositions on Clark's Anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) Growth
Research article erd Effect of Different Dietary Nutritional Compositions on Clark's Anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) Growth BOONTARIKA THONGDONPHUM* Email: Boontarika_T@rmutt.ac.th KITTIMA VANICHKUL SAMING
More informationOptimum Crude Protein Requirement of the Fingerlings Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Optimum Crude Protein Requirement of the Fingerlings Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Abdel-Baset N. Sayed 1* 1 Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
More informationTHE ROLE OF RENDERED PRODUCTS IN AQUACULTURE FEEDS Dr. Jesse Trushenski
THE ROLE OF RENDERED PRODUCTS IN AQUACULTURE FEEDS Dr. Jesse Trushenski Center for Fisheries Aquaculture & Aquatic Sciences Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale, Illinois USA saluski@siu.edu
More informationGrowth Performance of Common Carp Fed Soy-Maximized Feed in. Low Volume, High Density Cages on Lake Maninjau, Indonesia
Growth Performance of Common Carp Fed Soy-Maximized Feed in Low Volume, High Density Cages on Lake Maninjau, Indonesia Results of ASA/Soy-in-Aquaculture 2004 Feeding Trial Lukas Manomaitis and Michael
More informationCows Fed Availa 4 Produce More Milk, Show Better Reproductive Performance
TECHNICAL BULLETIN Cows Fed Availa 4 Produce More Milk, Show Better Reproductive Performance Key Findings Replacing a portion of standard sulfate trace minerals with Availa 4 from Zinpro Performance Minerals
More informationUSER SPECIFICATIONS FOR QUINTOLUBRIC 888 Series DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THE POSSIBLE VARIATIONS AND TOLERANCES
USER SPECIFICATIONS FOR QUINTOLUBRIC 888 Series OVERVIEW The QUINTOLUBRIC 888 Series of fluids are based on a synthetic organic ester, which is the main base component, plus a number of selected additives
More informationCPT David J. Licciardello, DVM Veterinary Advisor
CPT David J. Licciardello, DVM Veterinary Advisor Carbohydrates Fats (Fatty Acids) Minerals Proteins (Amino Acids) Vitamins Water Referred to as Fiber Made up of the forage portion of a diet In a complete
More informationINFLUENCE OF DIETARY MICRONUTRIENTS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID ATLANTIC SALMON
1 2 INFLUENCE OF DIETARY MICRONUTRIENTS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID ATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo salar) PARR Douglas Tocher (UoS) San Seastian, 15 Octoer 214 John F. Taylor 1, Christian
More informationDietary calcium requirement of Oreochromis mossambicus
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 5 (2013) pp. 89-97 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Dietary calcium requirement of Oreochromis mossambicus C. Kandeepan* Fish Nutrition Laboratory, PG and
More informationA Brief Overview of Catfish Nutrition
Vol. 24, No. 16 Research Report September 2015 A Brief Overview of Catfish Nutrition Edwin H. Robinson and Menghe H. Li INTRODUCTION Modern catfish feeds are based on data derived from extensive nutritional
More informationEvaluation of Invertebrates as Protein Sources in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Diets
Evaluation of Invertebrates as Protein Sources in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Sustainable Seed Technology and Nutrient Input Systems/Experiment/13SFT01PU Sebastian W. Chenyambuga, Nazael Madalla,
More informationGrowth Performance of Tilapia Fed Soy-Based Feed in Low. Volume, High Density Cages on Phu Long Reservoir, Dalai, Ninh
Growth Performance of Tilapia Fed Soy-Based Feed in Low Volume, High Density Cages on Phu Long Reservoir, Dalai, Ninh Binh, Yen Khanh District, Vietnam Results of ASA-IM/Soy-in-Aquaculture 2006 Feeding
More informationMineral Supplementation of Grazing Beef Cows in Florida
Mineral Supplementation of Grazing Beef Cows in Florida University of Florida 2010 Beef Cattle Shortcourse John Arthington Professor and Center Director University of Florida IFAS Range Cattle Research
More information