Classes of Nutrients. Regional Hay School Mountain Grove, MO 3/27/2014. Cattle Nutrition and Forage Quality. Things to Remember When Feeding Ruminants

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1 Cattle Nutrition and Forage Quality Animal nutrition in its broadest sense is the gathering of food, a source of nutrients, and the digestion and subsequent action of those nutrients on respective body tissue. ed Probert egional airy Specialist Hartville, O probertt@missouri.edu Classes of Nutrients I X Forage igestible Nutrient Content = otal Usable Nutrient Beef Production ilk nergy Carbohydrates Fiber NFC Fats Protein inerals Vitamins Water aintenance Lactation Body Functions Nutrient Partitioning Growth Fattening hings to emember When Feeding uminants 1. hey are ruminants 2. he majority of their diet will consist of forage 3. Since the diet consists largely of forage, the forage should supply the majority of the animals nutrient requirements 4. If forage is to supply the majority of nutrients the forage (hay) needs to be of the appropriate quality to do so 1

2 Sample I.. #1 Legume Hay #2 Legume Hay As Is ry As Is ry Forage Quality oisture % ry atter % Crude Protein % A.. Fiber % N.. Fiber % N % N Lact CAL/LB N Gain CAL/LB N aint CAL/LB igst CAL/LB Nitrogen % Nitrate (NO#-) % Negative Negative FV Name John oe Address tn. Grove, O Custom Laboratory Inc. onty ade custom@keinet.net P.O. Box 391, 204 C Street Golden City, O Sample ate 02/10/05 Sample I.. Orchardgrass Hay As Is ry Plant cell with forage quality components of the cell wall. oisture % ry atter % Crude Protein % A.. Fiber % N.. Fiber % N % N Lact CAL/LB N Gain CAL/LB N aint CAL/LB igst CAL/LB Nitrogen % Nitrate (NO#-) % Negative FV 99 Name John oe Address tn. Grove, O Hay As Fed 2

3 Cell Contents 38% Y ry atter 88% Highly igestible Sugars Starches Some Proteins Other Carbohydrates NPN Fats A Cell Contents 38% Y Cell Contents 38% Y NF 55% oughage or Bulk decreases as this component increases. Hemicellulose igestible A NF 55% AF 35% Slowly digestible, digestibility decreases as this component increases. Cellulose Slowly igestible Lignin Not digestible A Cell Contents 38% NF 55% AF 35% Ash 7% Y A Ash Calcium Phosphorus agnesium Potassium Sodium Sulfur Iron Copper anganese Zinc Aluminum olybdenum Selenium 3

4 Cell Contents 38% igestible 58% N igestible NF 20% AF 35% Ash 7% Y A oisture 12% Cell Contents 38% igestible NF 20% otal NF 55% AF 35% Ash 7% 58% N I G S I B I L I Y oisture 12% 48% N Cell Contents 28% igestible NF 20% otal NF 65% AF 45% Ash 7% 580# /1000# bale 480# /1000# bale 580/480=1.208 or 20% more in the better hay. Also 18% less fiber in the better hay. What rives Forage Quality? NF AF N-m N-g Forage % % % cal/ cal/ Alfalfa Vegetative idbloom Full Bloom all Fescue Vegetative idbloom Full Bloom What is the primary factor influencing fiber content? Plant maturity Comparative Fiber Characteristics of Grasses and Legumes z % NF %AF Alfalfa (early bloom) Orchardgrass (early vegetative) z 4

5 stimating ry atter FV A easure of Overall Forage Quality 2.0% 3.0% BW 1.2 % 1.3% BW in NF FV of Full Bloom Alfalfa = 100 FQ An Improved Index FQ Calculations FV estimates digestibility based on AF A better approach would be to actually measure digestibility his is what is done when calculating FQ FQ utilizes 48 hour in vitro NF digestibility (I legume, % of BW) X (N legume, % of ) FQ = 1.23 I leg. = 120 NF + (NF 45) X.374 / 1350 X 100 N leg. = (NFC*.98) + (*.93) + (FA*.97*2.25) + (NFn) X (NF/100) 7 Utilizing Hay in Cattle iets Undersander, Wisconsin 5

6 Comparison of Animal Performance from Hay of Good or Low Quality Animal equirements vs Forage Quality at ifferent aturities Good Grass Hay AF 37.0 NF 58.7 N 58.3 N aint.568 FV 95 Low Quality Grass Hay AF 44.3 NF 73.0 N 51.3 N aint.459 FV Beef Steer, 2.0. AG Nm cal AG /day equirement Good Grass Common Grass Animal equirements vs Forage Quality at ifferent aturities Beef Cow, average milking ability (20#) first 3-4 months post-partum Nm cal equirement Animal equirements vs Forage Quality at ifferent aturities Beef Cow, low milking (10#) first 3-4 months post-partum Nm cal equirement Good Grass Common Grass Good Grass Common Grass Animal equirements vs Forage Quality at ifferent aturities ry Cow Nm cal equirement Good Grass Common Grass Sample I.. #1 ed Clover Hay #2 Alfalfa Hay As Is ry As Is ry oisture % ry atter % Crude Protein % A.. Fiber % N.. Fiber % N % N Lact CAL/LB N Gain CAL/LB N aint CAL/LB igst CAL/LB Nitrogen % Nitrate (NO#-) % Negative Negative FV Name John oe Address Ava, O 6

7 Animal equirements vs Forage Quality at ifferent aturities Beef Cow, avg. milking ability (20#), first 3-4 months post-partum Nm cal equirement Hay # Hay # Forage Quality equirements By Forage Class of Quality Livestock equirements By Class of Livestock Heifer, mo Beef cow/calf Springer heifer ry cow airy, last 200d Heifer, 3 12 mo Stocker cattle airy, first 105 days airy Calf elative Feed Value Supplementation of Forages Supplementation will be necessary in some cases Protein nergy inerals Vitamins nergy Protein Supplementation In most situations, energy (not protein) is the most limiting nutrient nergy sources Grains (corn, milo, wheat, barley, etc) - High in starch - Will depress fiber fermentation in the rumen should be the limit for feeding grain For a 500 calf that is 2.5. nergy Protein Supplementation By-products (CGF, soy hulls, wheat midds, GS) Little or no starch High in energy digestible fiber o not depress fiber digestion like starch 7

8 Some Common By Product Feeds inerals Feedstuff N aint. Ground Corn Corn Gluten Feed ried istillers Grain Hominy Feed ice Bran Soy Hulls Wheat idds Salt ost forages are low in sodium (Na) Supplementing with common white or red salt (either loose or block) is cheap, easy insurance inerals Salt acro-minerals (Ca, P, K, g) Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) will need to be supplemented in most cases Potassium should be adequate in most hay agnesium (g) will be adequate for most cattle but supplementation may be needed for lactating cows: reqt. -.20% of diet Salt acro-minerals icro-minerals Copper Zinc Selenium inerals Vitamin A Vitamins Vitamin A is not found in hay. Hay contains the Vitamin A precursor Beta Carotene that is converted to Vitamin A by the animal. Beta Carotene is present in green plants but is not stable once forages have been harvested. Vitamin A Vitamins Supplement as follows Calves: 20,000 IU per day Pregnant Cows: 30,000 IU per day Lactating Cows: 45,000 IU per day 8

9 Vitamin Vitamins Under normal conditions, cattle receive adequate vitamin from exposure to direct sunlight or from consumption of three to four pounds of sun cured forages daily. Supplementation at 125 IU per pound of diet will alleviate potential shortages. Vitamin Vitamins ost rations fed to beef cattle in issouri are adequate in vitamin Can be supplemented as a precaution Conclusion Any Questions? Forages are the cornerstone of ruminant nutrition Forage quality needs to match production expectations In cases where forage quality is not optimum supplementation will be necessary 9