Effects of Elevated Temperatures on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Three Medicinal Plants

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1 Interntionl Journl of Agriulture n Crop Sienes. Aville online t IJACS/14/7-4/ ISSN 7-67X 14 IJACS Journl Effets of Elevte Tempertures on See Germintion n Seeling Growth in Three Meiinl Plnts S Sit Jmin 1, Kml St Asiln 1,*, Segh Mehrni 1, Avishn Therkhnhi Trizi, Alirez Gohrin 1. Deprtment of Agriulturl Sienes (Agronomy Engineering), Pyme Noor University, Krj, Irn. Deprtment of Agronomy n Plnt Breeing, Aoureyhn Cmpus, University of Tehrn, Irn Corresponing uthor emil: kml.siln@gmil.om ABSTRACT: The ojetives of this survey were to etermine the effet of temperture on germintion n seeling growth of of Psyllium (Plntgo psyllium), Mrshmllow (Althe offiinlis) n Fennel flower (Nigell stiv) regring germintion ehvior n seeling growth hrteristis. Tempertures onsiere for this stuy were: 5, 1, 15,, 5, 3 n 35 ºC. Results inite tht temperture ffete germintion perentge n germintion rte of these meiinl plnts. All spets of seeling growth lso ffete y ifferent tempertures. Optimum therml rnge for germintion of psyllium ws higher thtn two other plnts. The optimum tempertures for germintion of psyllium were from 1 to 3 ºC, for mrshmllow, from 1 to 3, for Fennel flower from 1 to 5 ºC. In generl, s it is expete, germintion response of these meiinl plnts to temperture ws orrelte with the nture of growth of these plnts. At higher tempertures, psyllium s high temperture tolernt plnt showe higher germintion perentge ompre to mrshmllow n fennel flower. Key wors: Germintion, Seeling growth, Temperture, Meiinl plnts INTRODUCTION Suessful growth n estlishment of plnts onsierly epens on optimum germintion (Gori n Neffti, 7). Germintion is ruil stge in the life yle of plnts n tens to e highly unpreitle over spe n time. Severl environmentl ftors suh s temperture, slinity, light, n soil moisture simultneously influene germintion (Ungr, 1995; Hung et l., 3; 6; Gori n Neffti, 7). Temperture is mjor limiting ftor ffeting germintion in the ri n semiri res. (Hung et l., 3; Tlig et l., 8). Initil estlishment of plnt speies in high temperture re is relte to germintion response of sees to temperture n erly estlishment usully etermines if popultion will survive to mturity (Toe et l., ; Hung et l., 3; Song et l., 5). Crinl tempertures (minimum, optimum n mximum) etermine the rnge of tempertures t whih prtiulr plnt sees n germinte. Speies ispersion re, suitle time n ple for growing n e evlute y knowing rinl tempertures (Song et l., 5). Aromti plnts hve wie rnge of eonomi uses for mny enturies; ooking, meiine, osmeti, fuel re some of them (Mijni, 13). Knowing germintion proeure will e very useful in growing meiinl rops s this informtion will help in omestition n suessful estlishment of the seelings prtiulrly when there re wil speies. Plntgo psyllium L. ommonly known s Psyllium hs reporte s herl meiine roun the worl ue to its meiinl properties. Reently it hs otine griulturl importne euse of its wie use in phrmeutil n foo gre inustries worlwie (Li et l., 5). Morphologilly psyllium is ushy her growing in sny, slty soil, is elieve to e ntive to Asi, the Meiterrnen region n North Afri. Psyllium sees hve hrteristi of muilge formtion on thing humiity (Li et l., 5). Psyllium is lxtive, ntiiureti, soothing, hrmless, ntiii, emollient, emulesent n stilizer. Due to these properties it is lrgely use in phrmeutil inustry, foo preprtions, yurvei meiine, preprtion of rue rugs, et (Li et l., 5).

2 Intl J Agri Crop Si. Vol., 7 (4), , 14 Mrshmllow (Althe offiinlis) is speies tht origintes from Afri, whih is use s meiinl n ornmentl plnt (Elmsts et l., 4). The leves, flowers n the root of A. offiinlis ll hve meiinl properties. Mrshmllow is tritionlly use s tretment for the irrittion of muous memrnes, inluing use s grgle for mouth n throt ulers, n gstri ulers (Elmsts et l., 4). Fennel flower (Nigell stiv) is n nnul flowering plnt, ntive to south n southwest Asi. Nigell stiv oil ontins n unne of onjugte linolei (18:) i, thymoquinone, nigellone (ithymoquinone), melnthin, nig illine, msenine, n tnnins (Al-Ghmi, 1). Thymoquinone, foun in the see oil extrt of N. stiv, hs een shown to hve ntineoplsti effets in rts n in ulture humn ells from severl types of ner, inluing pnreti utl enorinom (Al-Ghmi, 1). Sine rinl temperture is very importnt for see germintion n there is not ny omprehensive investigtion out rinl tempertures n the response of see germintion to vrying tempertures for psyllium, mrshmllow n fennel flower plnts, the im of present stuy ws to evluting the effets of temperture on see germintion n seeling growth n lso to fin the est rnge for germintion n seeling growth of these three plnts. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experiment, the sees of Psyllium (Plntgo psyllium), Mrshmllow (Althe offiinlis) n Fennel flower (Nigell stiv) were use for the germintion n seeling growth stuy uner ifferent tempertures. The sees h een kinly otine from the Ntionl See Gene Bnk, Krj, Irn. Before initition of the experiment, sees were sterilize with solution of 3% soium hypohlorite for five minutes. The inutor prior to use ws thoroughly wshe with tp wter followe y rinsing with istille wter n then sterilize t 17 ºC for 4 hours. The experimentl esign rrnge in ompletely rnomize esign (CRD) with three replitions. Germintion response of these plnts to temperture ws stuie over the rnge 35 C, t 5 C intervls using rk germintors with 6 7% reltive humiity for 5 ys. Thirty seelings from eh tretment were rnomly selete for fresh n ry weight etermintion. Seelings were rie t 65 ºC for 7 hours. The moisture ontents of seelings were etermine on oven ry sis. The numer of germinte sees ws reore ily n in the lst y trits suh s: root length, shoot length, root to shoot length rtio, root to shoot ry weight rtio, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight n root to shoot fresh weight rtio were mesure using five smples from eh replites. Root n shoot lengths were mesure using ruler. Germintion perentge (GP) n germintion rte (GR) were lulte using following formuls: Germintion perentge (GP) = S/T 1 Germintion rte (GR) = (Σ Ni/Di)/S S: Numer of germinte sees T: Totl of numer sees Ni: The numer of germinte sees in Di (y) Anlysis of vrine ws rrie out using SAS softwre, Men omprison ws performe using Dunn s test t the 5% level of signifine (P <.5). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During the life yle of plnt, sees hve the highest resistne to verse environmentl onitions, wheres seelings re often more sensitive, n this is espeilly true for most plnt speies (Guttermn, 1993). Therefore, suessful estlishment of plnt speies is epenent to ptive mehnisms of see germintion n of seeling growth (Mijni, 13). Flores n Briones (1) stuie germintion responses of six esert speies to elevte tempertures n oserve tht long with inresing temperture, germintion initite erlier n the men germintion time ws reue. In this experiment, germintion perentge response t ifferent tempertures ws vrie mong ifferent pln sees (Fig. 1). Mximum germintion perentge n germintion rte were t rnge of 1 n 3 C tempertures in psyllium n mrshmllow sees, lthough the highest germintion perentge n germintion rte of mrshmllow ws foun t 5 n 1 C, respetively. The highest germintion perentge n germintion rte of fennel flower lso oserve t 1 C (Fig. 1). This mens tht, moerte n wrm tempertures re suitle for germintion of ll speies. 174

3 Intl J Agri Crop Si. Vol., 7 (4), , 14 Psyllium Mrshmllow Psyllium Mrshmllow Fennel flower Germintion perentge Fennel flower Germintion rte Figure 1. Effet of ifferent tempertures on germintion perentge n germintion rte of three meiinl plnts. Trizi et l. (4) stte tht germintion rte ws more sensitive inex thn germintion perentge whih n ffets see germintion of psyllium sees. Their results re in orne with the results of present experiment. It hs een reporte tht meiinl plnt speies often re wil plnts tht still hve not een omestite like moifie rops n hve mny unesirle hrteristis tht must e overome throughout the time. Some reserhers reporte tht wil plnts presente lower germintion rte n germintion perentge thn reeing plnts (Evns, 1996; Otero-Arniz et l., 3; Mijni, 13). In generl, inresing temperture hs een reporte to inrese totl germintion perentge n germintion rte ut exposure to ny temperture eyon the optimum rnge for germintion n negtively ffet see germintion n seeling growth (Finh- Svge n Leuner-Metzger, 6). The highest levels of root length ws foun in the rnge of 1 to 3 C in psyllium sees with signifint erese t 5 C (Fig. ). The responses of mrshmllow n fennel flower seelings ws similr to some extent, s the highest root length oserve t C. Responses of shoot length ws reltively ifferent in these three meiinl plnts, so tht there ws no signifint ifferent in psyllium plnts t the rnge of 1 to 35 C (Fig. ). Root length (m) Psyllium Mrshmllow Fennel flower Shoot length (m) Psyllium Mrshmllow Fennel flower Figure. Effet of ifferent tempertures on root n shoot fresh weight of three meiinl plnts. The longest root length in mrshmllow sees ws foun t 3 n 5 C, respetively (Fig. ). Fennel flower sees lso showe longest shoot length t n 5 C (Fig. ). The highest root to shoot length rtio lso ws t the rnge of 1 to 5 C in ll the plnts (Fig. 3). However, highest root to shoot length in psyllium, mrshmllow n fennel flower ws t 15, 1 n C respetively (Fig. 3). Similr trens were foun for root fresh weight in psyllium n mrshmllow seelings, so tht they showe highest root fresh weight t n 1 C respetively (Fig. 4). While, fennel flower seeling showe the highest root fresh weight t 5 n, respetively. In the results of shoot fresh weight to ifferent tempertures lso otine similr tren in psyllium n mrshmllow seelings, so tht the highest shoot fresh weight in them reore t 5 n 1 C, respetively (Fig. 4). Fennel flower plnts lso showe highest shoot fresh weight t 5 n C, respetively (Fig. 4). The response of psyllium seelings ws ifferent from two other plnt seelings, s the highest root ry weight ws 175

4 Intl J Agri Crop Si. Vol., 7 (4), , 14 foun t 3 C in psyllium; while, mrshmllow seelings showe the highest signifint level of root ry weight t the rnge of 1 to 3 C (Fig. 5). The highest levels of root ry weight in fennel flower seelings lso foun t 5 n then, t 5 C, respetively (Fig. 5). Root length / Shoot length Psyllium Mrshmllow Fennel flower Figure 3. Effet of ifferent tempertures on root to shoot length rtio of three meiinl plnts. Psyllium Mrshmllow Fennel flower Root fresh weight (g) Shoot fresh weight (g) Psyllium Mrshmllow Fennel flower Figure 4. Effet of ifferent tempertures on root n shoot ry weight of three meiinl plnts. It hs een eluite tht high tempertures signifintly inrese the rte of respirtion, whih le to in epresse levels of ellulr ATP n rohyrte metolisms (Lok n Oosterhuis, 1). Crinl tempertures often signifintly hnge etween speies n vrieties (Phrtyl et l., 3). It is ruil to onsier tht see germintion within nturl see nks is importnt, it is the ility of germinte sees to estlish s helthy, vigorous seelings tht will ultimtely etermine the persistene of nturl popultions (Grie n Westoy, 1987). Seefelt et l. ( 4) mentione tht the ility of plnt to germinte uner su-optiml tempertures oul onvey n estlishment vntge in environments where iel germintion onitions re rre (Mijni, 13). Root ry weight (g) Psyllium Mrshmllow Fennel flower Shoot ry weight (g) psyllium Mrshmllow Fennel flower

5 Intl J Agri Crop Si. Vol., 7 (4), , 14 Figure 5. Effet of ifferent tempertures on root n shoot length of three meiinl plnts. The highest levels of shoot ry weight in mrshmllow seelings oserve t the rnge of 1 to 5 C with signifint erese t 15 C. However, two other plnts showe ifferent responses. So tht, highest levels of shoot ry weight reore t the rnge of 1 to 5 C (Fig. 5). Fennel flower seeling lso showe highest shoot ry weights t 5 n, respetively (Fig. 5). For mjority of plnt speies, optimum tempertures hve reporte from rnges of 15-3 C n 3-4 C, respetively (Copeln et l., 1995). Jme n Cutforth (4) hve use Bet funtion for quntifying the reltionship etween temperture n germintion rte. They reporte tht fst germintion proly inreses ril emergene from see n more ville wter for plnt n s well help to etter growth, evelopment n estlishment of seeling. It n e onlue tht plnt sees nees lower temperture in temperte environment ompre with tropil onitions n wil speies lso nee lower temperture ompre with omestite plnts (Srmni, 1996). Optimum temperture for most of the sees is etween 15 n 3 ºC n the mximum temperture is etween 3 to 4 ºC. Trizi et l.(4) foun tht with inresing temperture from 5 to 15ºC, see germintion, root n shoot iomss of Plntgo ovt ws inrese n there ws elining tren fterwrs (Trizi et l, 4; Mijni, 13). This ws lso the se for Plntgo Psyllium ut the highest perentge of germintion ourre t ºC. Kooheki n Zrif Keti (1996) lso foun tht the mximum perentge of germintion for some meiinl plnt speies ws t 15ºC n y inresing or eresing temperture eyon this level perentge of germintion ws erese signifintly n the lowest vlue ws otine t 5ºC whih ws 7 perent lower thn the vlue otine for 15ºC (Kooheki n Zrif, 1996). 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