Effects of Dietary Protein and Energy on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Betong Chickens (Gallus domesticus) During Growing Period
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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (5): , 2010 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2010 Effects of Dietry Protein nd Energy on Growth Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of Betong Chickens (Gllus domesticus) During Growing Period Tun Vn Nguyen, Chiypoom Bunchsk nd Somchi Chntsvng 1 Thinguyen University of Agriculture nd Forestry, Thinguyen City, Vietnm Deprtment of Animl Sciences, Fculty of Agriculture, Ksetsrt University, Bngkok 10900, Thilnd 2 Astrct: The ojective of this study ws to investigte the requirements of protein nd energy level of the Betong chicken during growing period (42-84 dys of ge). Totl of dys old of Betong chickens were used in 4 x 2 fctoril experiment with completely rndomized design. Two fctors re included in the experiment design: 1) four dietry protein levels (15, 17, 19 nd 21% CP) nd 2) two dietry energy contents (3,000 nd 3,200 ME kcl/kg). The chicks were llocted in floored pen. Feed nd wter were provided to the chicks d liitum through n experimentl period. There ws no significnt interction effect etween protein nd energy levels on growth performnce nd crcss yields of the irds. Dietry protein level of 19-21% CP nd energy content of 3,000 ME kcl/kg were sufficient for the est performnce nd crcss qulity of the Betong chicken. In conclusion, dietry protein levels of 19% CP nd energy content of 3,000 ME kcl/kg re recommended for the irds. Key words: Betong chicken, protein, energy, productive performnce INTRODUCTION The improvement in growth performnce of the poultry hs resulted in n excessive ft deposition tht is undesirle for oth producer nd consumer. Therefore, there is gret ttention to improve the crcss met nd reduce crcss ft deposition. Mny nutritionists hve ttempted to reduce the crcss ftness y modifiction of feeding progrms nd nutrients concentrtion in the diet such s limiting feed intke, reduced energy consumption, vritions of protein nd energy levels s well s restriction of feed. Among them, crcss composition is the most esily influenced y the levels of protein nd energy (Summers et l., 1992; Leeson nd Summers, 2000). However, it is generlly known tht the most importnt fctor influenced to crcss composition is the potentil genetics of the niml. Nordstrom et l. (1978) found tht strin nd sex hve greter influence on ft deposition thn dietry requirement. Our previous study on growth development of the Betong hd showed tht the growth pttern of the Betong chicken could e divided into strter (0-6 weeks of ge), grower (6-12 weeks of ge) nd finisher periods (Nguyen nd Bunchsk, 2005). At strter period, it ws found tht protein nd energy requirement of 17-18% CP nd 3,000 ME kcl/kg, respectively (Nguyen nd Bunchsk, 2005). Thus, the oject of this study ws therefore imed to investigte the protein nd energy requirements of the Betong chicken during grower period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animl nd mngement: Two hundred nd eighty eight of Betong chickens (42-dys old) were individul weighed nd rndomly divided into eight tretment groups with four replictes in ech group nd rndomly llocted in floored pens. According to tretment groups energy level. Leclercq et l. (1980) hve shown tht (8 comintions), the chicks were rrnged in 4 x 2 fmily selection for dominl ftness of silings is n fctorils in completely rndomized design. Two fctors effective experimentl mens of producing len nd ft re included in the experiment design: 1) four dietry lines of chicken. protein levels (15, 17, 19 nd 21% CP) nd 2) two dietry The Betong chicken is met type strin, which is energy contents (3,000 nd 3,200 ME kcl/kg). Light nd populr in the Southern region of Thilnd. Since the temperture were kept ccording to conventionl rering Betong is considered to produce high met qulity (low prctice. crcss ft nd high len met). Moreover, the Betong met is softer nd the tste is etter thn other Thi Experimentl diets: All experimentl diets were ntive chicks, ut it is not fly s roiler s met formulted to provide similr nutrients content ccording (Gongruttnnun nd Chotesngs, 1996). Recently, to the roiler s nutrients requirement for growing period the Betong is getting higher in demnd from consumers. suggested y NRC (1994), except protein nd energy Nonetheless, informtion of nutrients requirement of the levels (Tle 1). According to the experimentl design, Betong re limited, prticulrly energy nd proteins these diets were consisted four dietry protein levels Corresponding Author: Chiypoom Bunchsk, Deprtment of Animl Sciences, Fculty of Agriculture, Ksetsrt University, Bngkok 10900, Thilnd 468
2 Tle 1: Feed ingredients nd compositions of experimentl diets Tretments diets (%) Ingredients Corn Rice rn Rough rice rn Plm oil Soyenmel (44% CP) Fishmel (55% CP) Oyster shell mel Diclcium phosphte P Slt Premix* Totl Compositions CP (clculted) CP (nlyzed) ME (clculted) 3,000 3,200 3,000 3,200 3,005 3,200 3,000 3,200 GE (nlyzed) 3,652 3,785 3,655 3,823 3,685 3,825 3,696 3,855 Clcium (clculted) Aville P. (clculted) *Content per kg premix: Vitmin A 4,800,000 IU; Vitmin D3 960,000 IU; Vitmin E 3.20 g; Vitmin K g; Vitmin B1 0.4 g; Vitmin B2 0.6 g; Vitmin B6 1.2 g; Vitmin B g; Pntothenic cid 3.8 g; Nicin 6 g; Folic cid 0.2 g; Biotin g; Selenium 0.04 g; Iron 24 g; Mngnese 24 g; Zinc 16 g; Copper 2.4 g; Iodine 0.14 g (15, 17, 19 nd 21 %CP) nd two energy contents (3,000 significntly incresed growth performnce nd nd 3,200 ME kcl/kg), thus there were 8 comintions improved FCR (p<0.05). The est ody weight gin (four levels of protein in ech energy level). occurred t the chicks fed the highest protein levels (21% CP); lthough the chicks fed with 19% CP ws not Dt record: Body weight nd feed consumption were significntly differ mong experimentl groups (Fig. 1). recorded weekly. At 84 dys of ge, fter finl weighing, In contrst, the chicks fed the lowest levels of protein diet one mle nd one femle from ech repliction tht hd used lrgest mount of feed for gin (p<0.05), ody weight closed to the replicte men were chosen menwhile FCR tends to improve with incresing of to evlute crcss qulity. Before the evlution, these protein level. There ws no difference in feed intke, ut chicks were nded nd moved for n overnight without protein intke ws significntly incresed (p<0.05) with of feed (pproximtely 12 h) while wter ws offered d dietry protein level incresed. However, there ws no liitum. The crcss weight, dominl ft pd, liver, significnt different of dietry proteins on Protein gizzrd, hert, rest met, thigh, wing nd legs were Conversion Rtio (PCR) nd energy intke (Tle 2). immeditely excised, weighed nd recorded. Incresing dietry energy content from 3,000-3,200 ME kcl/kg leds to improve ody weight gin from Sttisticl nlysis: The dt were nlyzed y two-wy g/ nd incresed energy intke from 9,097-10,126 ME ANOVA using Generl Liner Model (GLM). Dt in kcl/kg (p<0.01). However, energy levels did not show percentge ws tested for normlly distriuted efore significnt effect on feed intke, FCR, CP intke nd nlysis of vrince. A proility level of p<0.05 ws PCR of the experimentl irds. considered significnt. Significnt tretment mens Incresing dietry protein significntly improved growth were further nlyzed y using Duncn s multiple rnge performnce of the Betong chicks, since ody weight tests. 2 ws closely relted with protein contents in the diet (R = 0.99) (Fig. 1). The results re greed with severl RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There ws no significnt interction effect etween protein nd energy levels on ny prmeters oserved on the Betong chicken. Therefore, only min effects of protein levels nd energy contents were considered to determine the requirements of dietry protein nd energy levels on growth performnce nd crcss qulity of the Betong chicken. investigtors who showed tht incresed dietry protein content resulted in n improvement of growth performnce (Jckson et l., 1982; Smith nd Pesti, 1998; Temim et l., 2000). Prsons nd Bker (1982) lso reported significnt liner reduction in oth rte nd efficiency of gin of roilers chicks when dietry protein level ws decresed from 24-16%. Sterling et l. (2002) found tht roiler chicks fed low protein diet grew slower thn the chicks fed higher protein diet. The Growth performnce: Tle 2 shows the growth performnce nd feed utiliztion of the Betong chicks during dys of ge. Dietry protein levels growth performnce of the Betong chicken in present study is lso greed with the performnces of other Thi indigenous chicken t 6-16 weeks of ge (Choprkrn 469
3 Tle 2: Effects of dietry protein nd energy levels on growth performnce nd feed utiliztion of Betong chicks t growing period (42-84 dys of ge) Weight Feed FCR ME CP PCR 1 gin intke (Feed:gin) intke intke (Protein:gin) CP (%) (g/) (g/) (g/g) (kcl/) (g/) (g/g) , , , , , , , P-vlue ME (kcl) 3, , , , , , P-vlue ME*CP c-d 1 Mens followed y different superscripts within column re significntly different. PCR = Protein Conversion Rtio Fig. 1: Mens of Betong weight gin of the experimentl irds ffected y four levels of protein diet (%CP) during dys of ge. Verticl rs indicted ±SEM et l., 2002). When pplied dietry protein levels of 23, 27 nd 31% CP on roilers, Brown nd Crtney (1982) found the significnt effect on FCR, while totl mount of feed intke ws similr. This oservtion lso supported our significnt result in FCR. The feed intke is similr mong tretments throughout the experimentl period. However, when dietry energy incresed from 3,000-3,200 kcl ME/kg, the energy intke ws lso significntly incresed. Morris (1968) found tht the hen tended to over consume energy on high nutrient density diets. This indictes tht the chicks were over consuming on energy nd therefore eting towrd dietry protein levels (Brown nd McCrtney, 1982). In present study, this is indicted the significnt effect of protein levels on FCR nd CP intke, ut not of energy levels. Crcss yield: Reltive crcss prt yields of Betong were clculted sed on crcss weight. Vrying protein levels did ffect only the dominl ft yield of the Betong (p<0.01). The dominl ft of the chicks fed with dietry protein lower thn 19% CP were significntly incresed (p<0.01) (Tle 3). On the other hnd, dietry protein levels did not show significnt effect on crcss weight, rest met, thigh, wing nd legs nd gilet yields. The results re greed with Leeson et l. (1996); Smith nd Pesti (1998) nd Renden et l. (1992) who found tht levels of protein in diet did not ffect crcss yield nd protein deposition. Since, dominl ft yields of chick fed 19 or 21% CP were not significntly differed etween ech other, Leeson nd Summers (2000) lso reported tht except very low protein diets re used, dietry protein levels hve no effect on the qulity of protein deposited in the crcss. In ddition, Summers et l., 1992; Smith nd Pesti, 1998; Leeson nd Summers, 2000 showed tht dominl ft pd ws negtively relted to dietry protein levels. Dietry energy level significntly ffected crcss prt yield of the Betong chicken. Higher dietry energy significntly incresed crcss weight (1,168 vs 1,146) (p<0.05), decresed wing nd legs yield nd gilets yield (p<0.05) nd incresed dominl ft yield (p<0.01). However, there ws no significnt effect of dietry energy on rest met nd thigh met (Tle 3). The effect of dietry energy on roilers crcss hs een found y Leeson et l. (1996,) who showed tht growth rte ws reduced, crcss ftness ws incresed while rest met yield ws not ffected when dietry energy ws reduced. The significnt effects of energy content in the yields of wing nd legs weight nd the yield of gilets might due to the fct tht crcss composition is esily influenced y the lnce of energy to protein in the diet. And the fct tht dietry energy to protein rtio is the most widely nutritionl fctor tht ffects crcss component (Leenstr nd Chner, 1991; Wng et l., 1991; Mrks, 1990). Figure 2 shows the comintion of responses of the Betong chicken to dietry protein levels during dys of ge. It consists of four economicl fctors s ody weight gin, FCR, PCR nd dominl ft. As seen in Fig. 2, when dietry protein levels incresed from 15-17% CP, the ody weight gin ws slightly improved, 470
4 Fig. 2: Response of the Betong chicken to dietry protein levels during grower period Tle 3: Effects of dietry protein nd energy contents on crcss yields of Betong chicken t 84 dys of ge (% Crcss weight) CP (%) Crcss weight (g) Brest met Thigh Wing nd leg Adominl ft Gilets 15 1, , , c , c P-vlue ME (kcl) 3,000 1, ,200 1, P-vlue ME*CP c Mens followed y different superscripts within column re significntly different. 1 2 Crcss = Crcss weight fter leeding nd removing fethers. Gilets = Liver + hert + gizzrd then it ws rpidly incresed from 17-21% CP (p<0.05); Choprkrn, K., I. Slngm, C. Boonmn nd W. the FCR ws drmticlly significntly decresed from 15-19% CP nd then slightly responded from 19-21% CP. The result of dominl ft ws similr to the FCR; in contrst, the PCR ws incresed s protein levels incresed. These results suggest tht when dietry protein levels vrying from 15-21% CP, the protein levels of 19% CP is the most enefit to the Betong performnce. REFERENCES Brown, H.B. nd M.G. MC Crtney, Effects of dietry energy nd protein nd feeding time on roiler performnce. Poult. Sci., 61: Kewleun, Effect of protein levels nd stocking densities on performnce nd crcss composition of Thi indigenous chickens. J. ISSAAS, 7: 1-8. Gongruttnnun, N. nd R. Chotesngs, A study of growth nd crcss yield of Betong chickens compred with those of Ntive nd crossred Betong x Ntive chickens. Ksetsrt J. (Nt. Sci.), 30: Jckson, S., J.D. Summers nd S. Leeson, Effects of protein nd energy on roiler crcss composition nd efficiency of nutrient utiliztion. Poult. Sci., 61:
5 Leclercq, B., J.C. Blum nd J.P. Boyer, Selecting roilers for low or high dominl ft: Initil oservtions. Br. Poult. Sci., 21: Leeson, S., L. Cston nd J.D. Summers, Broiler response to energy or energy nd protein dilution in the finisher diet. Poult. Sci., 75: Leeson, S., L. Cston nd J.D. Summers, Broiler response to diet energy. Poult. Sci., 75: Leeson, S. nd J.D. Summers, Feeding system for poultry. In: Theodoroug, M.K. nd Frnce, J., Eds. Feeding Systems nd Feed Evlution Models. CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, Oxon, UK. Leenstr, F. nd A. Chner, Genotype y environment interctions using fst-growing, len or ft roiler chickens, originting from The Netherlnds nd Isrel, rised t norml or low temperture. Poult. Sci., 70: Mrks, H.L., Genotype y diet interction in ody nd dominl ft weight in roilers. Poult. Sci., 69: Morris, T.R., The effect of dietry energy level on the voluntry cloric intke of lying irds. Br. Poult. Sci., 9: Ntionl Reserch Council (NRC), Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. Edn., Ntionl Acdemy Press, Wshington, DC. Nguyen, V.T. nd C. Bunchsk, Effect of dietry protein nd energy on growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics of Betong chicken t erly growth stge. Songklnkrin J. Sci. Technol., 27: Prsons, C.M. nd D.H. Bker, Effects of dietry protein level nd monensin on performnce of chicks. Poult. Sci., 61: Renden, J.A., S.F. Bilgili nd S.A. Kincid, Effects of photoschedule nd strin cross on roiler performnce nd crcss yield. Poult. Sci., 71: Smith, E.R. nd G.M. Pesti, Influence of roiler strin cross nd dietry protein on the performnce of roilers. Poult. Sci., 77: Summers, J.D., D. Sprtt nd J.L. Atkinson, Broiler weight gin nd crcss composition when fed diets vrying in mino cids lnce, dietry energy nd protein level. Poult. Sci., 71: Sterling, K.G., E.F. Cost, M.H. Henry, G.M. Pestsi nd R.I. Bklli, Response of roiler chickens to cottonseed- nd soyen mel-sed diets fed severl protein levels. Poult. Sci., 81: Temim, S., A.M. Chgneu, S. Guillumin, J. Michel, R. Peresson nd S. Tesserud, Does excess dietry protein improve growth performnce nd crcss chrcteristics in het-exposed chickens? Poult. Sci., 79: Wng, L.Z., I. McMilln nd J.R. Chmers, Genetic correltions mong growth, feed nd crcss trits of roiler sire nd dm popultions. Poult. Sci., 70:
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