NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDER-5 CHILDREN IN BANGLADESH
|
|
- Della Richardson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 South Asian Journal of Population and Health 2(1) 2009, 1-11 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDER-5 CHILDREN IN BANGLADESH AZIZUR RAHMAN 1 and SOMA CHOWDHURY BISWAS 2 Abstract Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a major health problem in Bangladesh and it affects the physical growth and logical development of children. Data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) was used in this study to explore nutritional status of children aged 0-59 months. The prevalence of malnutrition is assessed by three standard anthropometric indicators: underweight, stunting and wasting, following the WHO guidelines and cut-off points. The distributions of Z-scores for the study children showed considerably far downward distributions for all indicators from the reference population mean zero. In addition, total stunting, wasting and underweight were observed in 44%, 10% and 47% (among them 18%, 1% and 13% were severely stunted, wasted and underweight) of the children respectively and the trends in prevalence of malnutrition are increasing after the BDHS. The study points out that, malnutrition is one of the most critical components for child health that affects almost 56.5% Bangladeshi children. Reassessment of current policies and further appropriate interventions should be formulated to improve socioeconomic and maternal conditions to reduce the overall burden of malnutrition. Key words: PEM, Z-score, WHO, Malnutrition Introduction Child nutrition status is an important measure of poverty in a population; and poverty, malnutrition and disease are interlinked with each other. Malnutrition in children is the consequence of a range of factors, which are often related to poor food quality, insufficient food intake, and severe and repeated infectious diseases; or frequently it involves some combination of the three (de Onis et al., 1993). These conditions, in turn, are closely linked to the overall standard of living and whether a population can meet its basic needs, such as access to food, housing and health care (WHO, 1997). Therefore, child nutritional status assessment not only serves as a means for evaluating the health condition and survival of children but also provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. According to WHO (1997), malnutrition is synonymous with protein-energymalnutrition (PEM) signifying an imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body s demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function. This 1 National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, University of Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia, Azizur.Rahman@natsem.canberra.edu.au 2 Department of Statistics, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh, soma_chow@hotmail.com
2 2 Rahman & Biswas imbalance of protein and energy intake leads to malnutrition in the form of stunting, wasting and underweight. In practice, stunting is defined as a height-for-age measurement of below minus two-standard deviation of the median National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference values, and is generally considered a marker of chronic malnutrition (Mitra et al., 2001). By contrast, acute malnutrition, termed as wasting is defined by a weight-for-height indicator. In addition, a composite form of malnutrition, known as underweight or under-nutrition is defined with a weightfor-age indicator. Each kind of malnutrition can be classified as - severe and moderate levels according to the cut-off points. However, as different forms of malnutrition have different causes and consequences and require substantially different treatments, a clear and appropriate nomenclature to differentiate them is needed (Collins et al., 2006). Although an inverse relationship exists between anthropometric indicators of nutritional status and mortality, several studies have documented that severely malnourished children are at a much greater risk of dying than others (Gomez et al., 1956; Schofield and Ashworth, 1996). But, an elevated risk of mortality has also been observed by Pelletier (1994) for children at moderate level of malnutrition. When considering the relative proportions of severe versus moderate malnutrition in populations, authors revealed that the majority of nutrition related deaths were significantly associated with moderate level, rather than severe level, malnutrition. For instance, moderate wasting is associated with a mortality rate of per 1000 children per year (Chen et al., 1980; Pelletier, 1994) and severe wasting is associated with a mortality rate of per 1000 children per year (Pelletier, 1994). This equates to over 1 5 million child deaths associated with severe wasting and 3 5 million with moderate wasting every year. Therefore, information for both severe and moderate levels of malnutrition is important for policy makers to develop strategies to reduce the overall burden of malnutrition. Bangladesh, a very densely populated country, is one of the poorest developing countries in the world; more than three-fifths of its population are living below the poverty line. As a result of overcrowding, unemployment, poverty and poor access to adequate food as well as health services, infectious diseases and malnutrition are common in this society. It is noted that, increased morbidity among children living in poverty is strongly linked to malnutrition and an inadequate diet. PEM leads to disturbance in growth and increases morbidity and mortality rate and also decreases psychological and intellectual development (Pollitt et al., 1993). Researchers have revealed that malnutrition leads to more severe infection and higher case fatality in Bangladeshi children (Black et al., 1984), and it is one of their major causes of morbidity and mortality (Alam et al., 1989; Bairagi and Chowdhury, 1994). The government of Bangladesh, UNICEF, and the World Bank are collaborating to launch major projects designed to improve nutrition status of the nation and reduce
3 Nutritional Status of under-5 Children in Bangladesh 3 childhood morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study are to explore the levels and trends in malnutrition of Bangladeshi children aged under-5 years and reveal their overall nutritional status using a comparison between anthropometric health indicators. This information should help to reassess the current policies of child development and plan for significant new interventions to assist the better health of these children. Materials and Methods A nationally representative survey, the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), was used in this study. The survey has collected data during the period early November 1999 to mid March 2000 as a part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys program, which is designed to collect information on fertility, family planning, infant and child mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge of AIDS. A two-stage probability sample of 10,544 ever-married women below age 50 years were interviewed, providing a complete birth history for all live births. Moreover, in-depth information, such as detailed information on breast-feeding practices, immunization practices were available for each live birth that occurred during a 5-year period before the interview date. For anthropometric data, all living children aged up to five years and their mothers were eligible for height and weight measurement. About eighty four percent of 6,430 eligible children under-5 years were weighed and measured. A total sample of 5,333 children was recruited for this study whose anthropometric measurements were provided. Details of the survey methodology, sample and the principal findings have been published elsewhere (Mitra et al., 2001). Three standard indices of physical growth that describe the nutritional status of children were considered for the anthropometric analyses, those were Weight-for-age (underweight), Height-for-age (stunting) and Weight-for-height (wasting). Each of these indices is expressed in terms of the number of standard deviation units (Zscore) from the median of the NCHS/WHO international reference population and provides somewhat different information about the nutritional status of children. A drop in wasting reflects an acute problem; that is, one that occurred recently. A drop in stunting signals a chronic problem, one that has persisted for several months, but is not necessarily present when the measurement is taken. A decline in underweight may be connected with one or both of the above-mentioned explanations, since it expresses an overall situation (Rahman, 2002). The report of WHO working group (1986) on measuring nutritional status of children recommended the use of Z-scores as it has some important advantages over other measures. According to this recommendation, the prevalence of malnutrition can be calculated on the basis of the proportion of individuals in the observed population whose index
4 4 Rahman & Biswas is below minus 2 standard deviation of the index for the reference population. The total prevalence of malnutrition can be classified as severe and moderate if children with Z-scores below minus 3 standard deviations (-3SD) and children with Z-scores between minus 3 standard deviations (-3SD) and below minus 2 standard deviation (- 2SD) from the median of the NCHS reference population respectively (Mitra et al., 2001; Rahman and Chowdhury, 2007). Thus, for analytic purposes, this study used those cut-off points recommended by WHO for defining malnutrition. The general approach adopted in the analysis is to differentiate among children who were relatively well-nourished (Z-scores >= -2SD), those who were moderately malnourished (-3SD <= Z-scores < -2SD) and those who were severely malnourished (Z-scores < -3SD). Results The distributions of Z-scores for different health indicators of under-5 children in Bangladesh are presented in figure 1. All three Z-scores based indicators appear to be distributed normally with the mean values located to the far left of the WHO/NCHS reference mean zero. Frequency of children Height-for-age Weight-for age Weight-for-height Z-scores Fig. 1: Z-scores distributions of different health indicators The Height-for-age indicator has relatively wide distribution around the mean value and higher standard deviation 1.4 compared to other indices. The distribution of weight-for-age criterion has mean and standard deviation However, the weight-for-height Z-scores distribution shows a high density around the mean value
5 Nutritional Status of under-5 Children in Bangladesh 5 (-0.94) with a standard deviation (0.93) very close to the NCHS reference population standard deviation (SD). The mean values of Z-scores for height-for-age and weightfor-age indices are found to be slightly higher than -2 Z-score with high standard deviations. Therefore, average value of Z-scores for Bangladeshi children is nearly 2 Z-score below the reference population mean value zero. Table 1 shows nutritional status of children by three anthropometric indicators: stunting, wasting and underweight. Results reveal that nearly half of the preschool children in Bangladesh are living with underweight and one in three children (34%) is moderately undernourished. The prevalence of stunting in children was 44%, of whom 18% were observed to be severely stunted. Moreover, although 90% children were free from acute malnutrition, 1% and 9% children were severely and moderately wasted, respectively which add up the total prevalence of wasting in the high severity prevalence percentage range (WHO, 1995). Table 1: Nutritional status of children in Bangladesh, BDHS a Nutritional Status Indicators Malnutrition Severe Moderate Total Well nourished Stunting Wasting Underweight a Figures are in percentage Trends in different levels of malnutrition for Bangladeshi children aged 0-59 months are presented in graphs 2-4. Statistics of year are considered from the report of BDHS (BDHS, 2004). The level of severe stunting has decreased dramatically by 10% between the and BDHSs and then only 1% during next three years. However, the moderate stunting rate declined by only 1% during these time periods. Both the levels of severe and moderate wasting declined somewhat rapidly between the first two surveys (in fig. 3). Additionally, between the and surveys, the prevalence of severe wasting was unchanged but the rate of moderate wasting increased by about 2%. By contrast, the level of moderate underweight was the lowest in the survey (34%) and the prevalence rate of severe underweight decreased by about 8%, from about 21% in to 13% in , and then remained unchanged to the BDHS. Figure 5 shows the trend in total prevalence of malnutrition by different health indicators. The bar graph reveals that only the prevalence of stunting has declined, i.e., the total prevalence of stunting decreased by 12%, from 55% in to 44%
6 6 Rahman & Biswas in , and then to 43% in BDHS; and the most marked decline in the prevalence of severe stunting was within the survey (see, fig. 2). The other two forms of malnutrition, underweight and wasting, show fluctuating trends with the lowest prevalence rates in the BDHS. Stunting (% ) Severe Moderate Year Wasting (% ) Severe Moderate Year Fig.2 Fig.3 Underweight (% ) Severe Moderate Year Fig.4 Children (% ) Underweight Stunting Types of Malnutrition Fig.5 Wasting The selected overall nutritional status of Bangladeshi children is presented in diagram 6. Almost 30% children are stunted and underweight, more than 5% of children are in an extremely malnourished condition i.e., they undergo all three forms of malnutrition, that is underweight, stunted and wasted. There is no child that both stunted and wasted because of the fact that wasting signals an acute growth disturbance that has occurred recently whereas stunting signals a chronic problem that has occurred over several months. Nearly 8% of children are underweight only,
7 Nutritional Status of under-5 Children in Bangladesh 7 which is 1% less and 7% more than the percentages of children stunted only and wasted only respectively. Moreover, about 44% children are free from protein-energy malnutrition which indicates that more than half of the children consistently failed to receive proper nutrition, identifying a serious public health problem in the country. Discussion Fig. 6: Selected overall nutritional status of children in Bangladesh, The World Health Organization working group s report on measuring the nutritional status of children recommends the use of Z-scores system as they have significant advantages over other approaches. In brief, Z-scores indices are linear, sex independent and allow for further computation of summary statistics such as means and standard deviations to directly classify a population s nutritional status (Rahman and Chowdhury, 2007). For instance, an average value of Z-scores significantly lower than the mean value zero of the reference distribution typically means that the entire distribution of the study objects has shifted downward, suggesting that most, if not all, individuals have been affected. The findings of this study show that the average values of Z-scores for all indices are considerably lower than zero - especially for the average values of height-for-age and weight-for-age indicators and their distributions are shifted far to the left side. The distribution of Z-scores may vindicate the severity of health and nutrition condition within the entire community instead of only malnourished group according to the cut-off points (Yip and Scalon, 1994). Moreover, the observed standard deviation value of the Z-scores distribution is very useful for assessing data quality. With accurate anthropometric measurements
8 8 Rahman & Biswas and age assessment, the SDs of the observed height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age Z-scores distributions should be relatively constant and close to the expected value of 1 for the reference distribution. Any observed standard deviation for a Z-scores distribution above 1.3 suggests inaccurate data due to measurement error or incorrect age reporting (WHO, 1997). The observed SD of 1.4 for the heightfor-age index in this study may hint errors in measurement of height or incorrect age reporting in the survey data. Therefore, the distribution of Z-scores not only predicts the severity of health and nutritional problems, requiring an increased awareness and intervention for the community, but is also useful to assess the data quality of a survey. This study provides further insight into the nutritional status of children, generally categorised as protein-energy malnutrition and good health, by redefining malnutrition into different forms and levels according to different anthropometric indicators, stunting, wasting and underweight. It is noted that "stunting" indicates reduced linear growth compared to the expected growth in a child of the same age, and reflects a chronic form of malnutrition with failure to receive adequate nutrition over a long period, that may be also caused by recurrent and chronic illness; wasting means a deficit body weight compared to the expected weight for the same height, and reflects an acute form of malnutrition that has association with inadequate food intake over a short period or recent episodes of illness; and underweight indicates a deficit in body weight compared to expected weight for the same age and hight, and signifies a complex form of malnutrition which takes into account both the chronic and acute forms of malnutrition (Rahman, 2002). In addition, each form of malnutrition can be classified as severe and moderate based on the cut-off points (Mitra et al., 2001). As different forms as well as levels of malnutrition have different causes and consequences, they require substantially different treatments, and hence a clear and appropriate nomenclature to differentiate them is needed (Collins et al., 2006). The results revealed that the total prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight were 44%, 10% and 47% respectively, of which 26%, 9% and 34% of children were moderately stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. These findings indicate that the severity of stunting and underweight are within a very high range and wasting has a high prevalence rate according to WHO-classification (Gorstein et al., 1994; WHO, 1997), which confirm malnutrition is a serious public health problem. Moreover, studies in Bangladesh reveal that a set of factors are significantly associated with different levels of malnutrition assessed by different indicators (Rahman, 2002; Rahman and Chowdhury, 2007), and that demographic characteristics appeared to be the most significant factors for stunting (Rahman and Chowdhury, 2007). A high prevalence of stunting is generally associated with low
9 Nutritional Status of under-5 Children in Bangladesh 9 socioeconomic status (Gorstein et al., 1994; Rahman and Chowdhury, 2007), and poor maternal health and lower birth size (Rahman and Chowdhury, 2007). Hence, intervention may focus on those factors to improve the nutritional status of children. Trends in severe and moderate levels of malnutrition revealed that between the and BDHSs, the prevalence of severe malnutrition accessed by all three indicators, has rapidly declined, and after this period the prevalence rates remained unchanged. The prevalence of moderate level malnutrition showed significant change only in wasting. A rapid drop was observed in prevalence rate of moderate wasting between the and BDHSs and then a dramatic increase in the BDHS. Although the total prevalence rate of stunting was stable around 44% after BDHS, the total prevalence rates of wasting and underweight are increasing. There are reasons for this increasing trend in wasting and underweight and this issue requires more attention to evaluate the current child development programmes and to develop significant future interventions. The findings of the selected overall nutritional condition of Bangladeshi children assessed by a combination of the three indicators, show that one of three Bangladeshi children are in a stunted and underweight condition; more than 5% are in an extremely deficient nutrition condition i.e. they have all three kinds of malnutrition, underweight, stunting and wasting. In addition, there is no child that is both stunted and wasted as wasting signals an acute growth disturbance that has occurred recently whereas stunting signals a chronic problem that has occurred over several months. Keller and Fillmore (1983) have shown that these two indicators are independent, and measure completely different nutritional conditions. Use of weight-for-age criteria cannot distinguish acute malnutrition from chronic malnutrition (Waterlow et al., 1977). This analysis suggests that more than half of the children consistently failed to receive proper nutrition. Of these, 5.3% of children had very severe starvation, identifying a serious public health problem in Bangladesh. In conclusion, the distributions of Z-scores for the study children show considerable downward distributions for all indicators from the reference population. About 44%, 10% and 47% Bangladeshi pre-school children are stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. This signifies a very high severity levels in different forms of malnutrition. Moreover, trends between the and BDHSs show the prevalence of malnutrition is increasing. This study reveals that the overall nutritional status of Bangladeshi children is very poor and more than 56% pre-school children in this country are in some form of malnutrition. Therefore, policy makers should be concerned about the high prevalence of severe and moderate malnutrition and its recent increasing trends. This knowledge can be used to assess the function of running child development programmes and plan for future interventions to improve the overall nutritional status of children.
10 10 Rahman & Biswas Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Professor S. Ahmed and Drs D. Hossain and C. Matthews for their insightful comments in reviewing the earlier version of the manuscript. References Alam, N., Wojtyniak, B. and Mohammed M. Rahaman (1989). Anthropometric Indicators and Risk of Death, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49(5): Bairagi R. and Mridul K. Chowdhury (1994). Socioeconomic and Anthropometric Status, and Mortality of Young Children in Rural Bangladesh, International Journal of Epidemiology 23(6): BDHS (2004). Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey , Dhaka: NIPORT and Mitra &Associates. Black, Robert E., Brown, Kenneth H. and S. Becker (1984). Malnutrition is a Determining Factor in Diarrheal Duration, but not Incidence, among Young Children in a Longitudinal Study in Rural Bangladesh, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37(1): Chen, Lincoln C., Chowdhury, Alauddin K.M.A. and Sandra L. Huffman (1980). Anthropometric Assessment of Energy-Protein Malnutrition and Subsequent Risk of Mortality among Preschool Aged Children, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33(8): Collins, S., Dent, N., Binns, P., Bahwere, P., Sadler, K. and A. Hallam (2006). Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Children, Lancet 368(9551): deonis, M., Monteiro, C., Akre J. and G. Clugston (1993). The Worldwide Magnitude of Protein- Energy Malnutrition: An Overview from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 71(6): Gomez, P., Galvan, Ramos R., Frenk, S., Munoz, Cravioto J., Chavez, R. and J. Vazquez (1956). Mortality in Second and Third Degree Malnutrition, Journal of Tropical Paediatrics 2(2): Gorstein, J., Sullivan, K., Yip, R., deonis, M., Trowbridge, F., Fajans, P. and G. Clugston (1994). Issues in the Assessment of Nutritional Status Using Anthropometry, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 72(2): Keller, W. and M. Fillmore (1983). Prevalence of Protein-Energy Malnutrition, World Health Statistics Quarter 36: Mitra, Satindra N., Al-Sabir, A., Saha, T. and S. Kumar (2001). Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey , Dhaka: NIPORT and Mitra & Associates. Pelletier, David L. (1994). The Relationship Between Child Anthropometry and Mortality in Developing Countries: Implications for Policy, Programs and Future Research, Journal of Nutrition 124(10 Suppl): 2047S-2081S. Pollitt, E., Gorman, Kathleen S., Engle, Patrice L., Martorell, R. and Juan A. Rivera (1993). Early Supplementary Feeding and Cognition: Effects Over two Decades, Monograph of Social Research: Child Development 58(7): 1-99.
11 Nutritional Status of under-5 Children in Bangladesh 11 Rahman, A. (2002). Factors Associated with Nutritional Status of Children in Bangladesh: Levels, Patterns and Determinants, Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Statistics, University of Chittagong, Chittagong. Rahman, A. and S. Chowdhury (2007). Determinants of Chronic Malnutrition among Pre-school Children in Bangladesh, Journal of Biosocial Science 39(2): Schofield, C. and A. Ashworth (1996). Why have Mortality Rates for Severe Malnutrition Remained so High?, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 74(2): Waterlow, John C., Buzina, R., Keller, W., Lane, Michael J., Nichaman, Milton Z. and James M. Tanner (1977). The Presentation and Use of Height and Weight data for Comparing the Nutritional Status of Groups of Children Under the Age of 10 Years, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 55(4): WHO (1986). Use and Interpretation of Anthropometric Indicators of Nutritional Status, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 64(6): WHO (1995). Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry, Report of a WHO Expert Committee, Technical report series 854: WHO (1997). WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition, Geneva: World Health Organization. World Bank (2002). Poverty in Bangladesh: Building on Progress, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region: The World Bank - Report no BD: Yip, R. and K. Scalon (1994). The Burden of Malnutrition: A Population Perspective, Journal of Nutrition 124(10 Suppl): 2043S-2046S.
Acute Malnutrition in Bangladeshi Children: levels and determinants
1 Acute Malnutrition in Bangladeshi Children: levels and determinants by A Rahman (MSc, UC; MPhil, USQ) *,, S Chowdhury (MA, ANU; PhD, DU) ** and D Hossain (MSc, BAU; PhD, MSU) * * Centre for Rural and
More informationNUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN RURAL SARAWAK, MALAYSIA
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN RURAL SARAWAK, MALAYSIA Andrew Kiyu], Bibiana Te02, Stalin Hardin] and Flora Ong] ] Medical Department, Sarawak; 2Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract.
More informationMeasuring nutritional status in relation to mortality Mercedes de Onis 1
Public Health Classics This section looks back to some ground-breaking contributions to public health, reproducing them in their original form and adding a commentary on their significance from a modern-day
More informationPrevalence of Malnutrition among Preschool Children in Northeast of Iran, A Result of a Population Based Study
Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2013 ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Prevalence of Malnutrition among Preschool Children in Northeast
More informationNutritional Status : Anthropometric Perspective of Pre-School Children
Kamla-Raj 2005 Anthropologist, 7(2): 99-103 (2005) Nutritional Status : Anthropometric Perspective of Pre-School Children Ginjinder Kaur, Harmander Singh Kang, Pushpa Singal and S.P. Singh Department of
More informationDeterminants of child malnutrition in Bangladesh - A multivariate approach
ORIGINAL ARTICLE ASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Determinants of child malnutrition in Bangladesh - A multivariate approach Ahbab Mohammad Fazle Rabbi 1, Shamal Chandra Karmaker 2 1 Bangladesh University
More informationMalnutrition among Pre-school Children in Alexandria, Egypt
J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2001 Dec;19(4):275-280 2001 ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research ISSN Malnutrition 1606-0997 among $ pre-school 5.00+0.20children 275 Malnutrition among Pre-school Children
More informationDeterminants of Under Nutrition in Children under 2 years of age from Rural. Bangladesh
RESEARCH BRIEF Determinants of Under Nutrition in Children under 2 years of age from Rural Bangladesh AM SHAMSIR AHMED, TAHMEED AHMED, SK ROY, NURUL ALAM AND MD IQBAL HOSSAIN From the Centre for Nutrition
More informationTHE PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A REVIEW ABSTRACT
THE PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A REVIEW Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed, Noor Fathima Khanum, S. V. Mamatha, Mahima Jyothi, Zabiulla,Fares Hezam Al-Ostoot and Shaukath Ara Khanum
More informationWHO Child Growth Standards
WHO Child Growth Standards Implications for everyday practice Dr Mercedes de Onis Department of Nutrition World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years WHO Child
More informationDevelopment of a complementary feeding manual for Bangladesh
TERMS OF REFERENCE #14 For the research proposal to be funded under NFPCSP Phase II Development of a complementary feeding manual for Bangladesh 1. Background and Rationale Inappropriate infant and young
More informationMALNUTRITION. At the end of the lecture students should be able to:
MALNUTRITION 1 MALNUTRITION OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lecture students should be able to: Define and classify malnutrition Enumerate causes and effects of malnutrition Identify strategies for prevention
More informationUnnayan Onneshan Policy Brief December, Achieving the MDGs Targets in Nutrition: Does Inequality Matter? K. M.
Unnayan Onneshan Policy Brief December, 211 Achieving the MDGs Targets in Nutrition: Does Inequality Matter? K. M. Mustafizur Rahman Introduction The nutritional status of a population is a key indicator
More informationNat.J.Res.Com.Med.,1(2), 2012.
EDITORIAL ARTICLE ISSN - Print: 2277 1522, Online: 2277-3517 Nutritional Assessment of Children in the 3 5 Years of Age Group in Karaikal District, Pudhucherry. Roseline F. William 1, Joel Bijou 2, Mohamad
More informationAchieving the MDGs Targets in Nutrition: Does Inequality Matter?
Achieving the MDGs Targets in Nutrition: Does Inequality Matter? Authors Rashed Al Mahmud Titumir K. M. Mustafizur Rahman Acknowledgement: The report is an output of the programme titled Enhancing the
More informationTuvalu Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Tuvalu Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Tuvalu has experienced a decreasing trend in infant mortality rates, but the country will not meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target.
More informationUndernutrition & risk of infections in preschool children
Indian J Med Res 130, November 2009, pp 579-583 Undernutrition & risk of infections in preschool children Prema Ramachandran & Hema S. Gopalan Nutrition Foundation of India, New Delhi, India Received April
More informationInstitutional information. Concepts and definitions
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture Target 2.2: by 2030 end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving by 2025 the internationally
More informationMethodological issues in the use of anthropometry for evaluation of nutritional status
Methodological issues in the use of anthropometry for evaluation of nutritional status Monika Blössner WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development Methodological issues in the use of anthropometry?
More informationProtein Energy Malnutrition
Protein Energy Malnutrition Cindy Howard, MD, MPHTM Associate Director University of Minnesota November 8, 2008 Time Magazine, August, 2008 The percentage of under five mortality worldwide caused in part
More informationwww. epratrust.com Impact Factor : p- ISSN : e-issn :
www. epratrust.com Impact Factor : 0.998 p- ISSN : 2349-0187 e-issn : 2347-9671 January 2015 Vol - 3 Issue- 1 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN ANDHRA PRADESH NEED FOR TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION IN TRACKING
More informationAt the change of government, South Africa faced important health challenges. The country was bearing
Health Challenges Past and Future Cally Ardington and Anne Case Chapter 41 in The Oxford Companion to the Economics of South Africa, Haroon Bhorat, Alan Hirsch, Ravi Kanbur and Mthuli Ncube (eds.), Oxford
More informationUpdate on the nutrition situation in the Asia Pacific region
Update on the nutrition situation in the Asia Pacific region Mike Toole 13 th National Rural Health Conference, Darwin, 24-27 May 2015 Source: DFAT, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Conceptual framework
More informationIn the recent past, there has been a welcome, if late,
P E R S P E C T I V E Falling Between Two Stools: Operational Inconsistencies between ICDS and NRHM in the Management of Severe Malnutrition V PRASAD, *D SINHA AND **S SRIDHAR From the Public Health Resource
More informationEFFECT OF SHORT TERM COMMUNITY BASED INTERVENTION TO REDUCE THE PREVALENCE OF UNDER NUTRITION IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN
Original article EFFECT OF SHORT TERM COMMUNITY BASED INTERVENTION TO REDUCE THE PREVALENCE OF UNDER NUTRITION IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN Vishal Jamra 1, Vishal Bankwar 2 Financial Support: None declared Conflict
More informationhealthline ISSN X Volume 3 Issue 2 July- December 2012
Original article A study on relationship between various anthropometric measurements used as indicators of acute malnutrition in a slum of Kolkata Ranadip Chowdhury 1, Abhijit Mukherjee 1, Somnath Naskar
More informationAbstract. Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(1): 27-34, 2015 (June)
Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(1): 27-34, 2015 (June) DO INCREASING LEGAL AGE AT MARRIAGE AND INCREASED USE OF CONTRACEPTION WILL MATTER TO ACHIEVE DEMOGRAPHIC GOAL: REVISITING THE ROLE OF PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS
More informationISSN X (Print) Research Article. *Corresponding author Dr. JP Singh
Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS) Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2013; 1(6):769-773 Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher (An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources)
More informationFailure to Thrive Severity Determination by New Design Curves in Standard Growth Charts
Failure to Thrive Severity Determination by New Design Curves in Standard Growth Charts Firouzeh Hosseini *1, Babak Borzouei *2, and Mehrangiz Vahabian 2 1 Department of Pediatrics, Besat Hospital, Hamedan
More informationPressurized Population Growth with Progressive Health facility, Life Expectancy and Declining Death in Bangladesh
International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 3565 Vol. 4(1), 1-1, October (215) Pressurized Population Growth with Progressive Health facility, Life Expectancy and Declining Death in Bangladesh
More informationMyanmar Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Myanmar Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Myanmar has experienced growth in Dietary Energy Supply (DES). Dietary quality remains poor, low on protein and vitamins and with high carbohydrates.
More informationBangladesh Breastfeeding Foundation
Dealing with Child Undernutrition Using Local Foods: Experience from Bangladesh WBC 2012 New Delhi Dr. S. K. Roy MBBS, MSc. Nutri., Dip-in-Biotech, PhD, FRCP, Chairperson, Bangladesh Breastfeeding Foundation
More informationNUTRITION LITERATURE OF BANGLADESH: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY. S. M. Zabed Ahmed 1 and Md. Anisur Rahman 2
Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol. 13, no.1, July 2008: 35-43 NUTRITION LITERATURE OF BANGLADESH: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY S. M. Zabed Ahmed 1 and Md. Anisur Rahman 2 1 Department of
More informationNauru Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Nauru Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Nauru has remained stationary in health and child survival outcomes and will not achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on child mortality.
More informationCook Islands Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Cook Islands Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Mortality in children has shown a constant reduction over the years, but unless further acceleration, Cook Islands will not achieve the
More informationMarshall Islands Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Marshall Islands Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Marshall Islands has made significant improvements in health and child survival; nevertheless, it will not achieve the Millennium Development
More informationBangladesh Resource Mobilization and Sustainability in the HNP Sector
Bangladesh Resource Mobilization and Sustainability in the HNP Sector Presented by Dr. Khandakar Mosharraf Hossain Minister for Health and Family Welfare Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
More informationReducing Malnutrition in Zambia: Summary of Estimates to Support Nutrition Advocacy ZAMBIA NUTRITION PROFILES 2017
Reducing Malnutrition in Zambia: Summary of Estimates to Support Nutrition Advocacy ZAMBIA NUTRITION PROFILES 2017 This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the
More informationJOINT FAO/WHO FOOD STANDARDS PROGRAMME
Agenda Item 8 CX/NFSDU 10/32/8 JOINT FAO/WHO FOOD STANDARDS PROGRAMME CODEX COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION AND FOODS FOR SPECIAL DIETARY USES Thirty second Session Crowne Plaza Hotel, Santiago, Chile 1 5 November
More informationMyanmar - Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Myanmar - Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Myanmar has experienced growth in Dietary Energy Supply (DES). Dietary quality remains poor, low on protein and vitamins and with high carbohydrates.
More informationChild undernutrition based on the new WHO growth standards and rates of reduction to 2015
1 Child undernutrition based on the new WHO growth standards and rates of reduction to 2015 Dr Mercedes de Onis SCN Annual Session, Hanoi, Viet Nam 2008 2 Intergenerational cycle of growth failure Child
More informationInternally displaced people at Camp Bentiu in South Sudan collect aid, including sorghum, salt, vegetable oil, and baby food. Many South Sudanese
0 Internally displaced people at Camp Bentiu in South Sudan collect aid, including sorghum, salt, vegetable oil, and baby food. Many South Sudanese have left their villages seeking not only refuge from
More informationSolomon Islands Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Solomon Islands Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Solomon Islands has experienced stagnation in percapita GDP and undernourishment in recent years. Dietary Energy Supply (DES) has continued
More informationUNIT 4 ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
UNIT 4 ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS COMMUNITY HEALTH NUTRITION BSPH 314 CHITUNDU KASASE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PUBLIC HEALTH UNIVERSITY OF LUSAKA 1. Measurement of dietary intake 2. Anthropometry 3.
More informationRISK APPROACH FOR REDUCING MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN FROM A PRIVILEGED COMMUNITY
RISK APPROACH FOR REDUCING MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN FROM A PRIVILEGED COMMUNITY Abstract Pages with reference to book, From 59 To 61 Inayat Hussain Thaver ( Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga
More informationContent. The double burden of disease in México
Can we and Prevent Malnutrition while Addressing the Challenge of NRCD s? Experiences from Mexico Content The double burden of disease in México What is currently being done in México for preventing and
More informationAnalyzing Bongaarts model and its applications in the context of Bangladesh
9th International ongress on Modelling and Simulation, Perth, Australia, 6 December 0 http://mssanz.org.au/modsim0 Analyzing Bongaarts model and its applications in the context of Bangladesh Tanha Mahjabeen
More informationNUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN MINGORA, SWAT ABSTRACT
ORIGINAL ARTICLE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN MINGORA, SWAT Muhammad Faisal Afridi 1, Arshad Khushdil 2, Sara Riaz 3, Azra Ehsan 4 1 Medical Battalion, Swat - 2,4
More informationAssessment of Nutritional Status among Children less than 5 years old in Hilla City
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 8, August 2016 276 Assessment of Nutritional Status among Children less than 5 years old in Hilla City * Ismael Hasan Jawad,
More informationMYANMAR. Data source and type
MYANMAR 4. Prevalence of underweight children (under five years of age) Acronym Daw Cho New Oo. Feeding Practices in young children and infants. Department of Medical Research, Rangoon, Myanmar, 1986 DoMR
More informationReproductive Health status of Women in few villages of Bangladesh
Original article: Reproductive Health status of Women in few villages of Bangladesh Akhi Khatun 1*, Md Kabir 2 1 City Clinic, Dinajpur, Bangladesh 2Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh *Corresponding
More informationMillennium development goal on maternal health in Bangladesh: progress and prospects
Journal of Management and Social Sciences Vol. 4, No. 1, (Spring 08) 55-67 Millennium development goal on maternal health in Bangladesh: progress and prospects * Sanzida Akhter Lecturer, Department of
More informationKey Results November, 2016
Child Well-Being Survey in Urban s of Bangladesh Key Results November, 2016 Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) Statistics and Informatics (SID) Ministry
More informationSocioeconomic Profile and Nutritional Status of Aged Garo Ethnic People
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. III, Issue 7/ October 2015 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Socioeconomic Profile and Nutritional Status of Aged MOHAMMED
More informationNutritional Status of Children Attending First Year Primary School in Derna, Libya in 2007
Nutritional Status of Children Attending First Year Primary School in Derna, Libya in 2007 Foad Al Magri*, Samia S. Aziz,** and Omar El Shourbagy,* Abstract: Background: School-age children attempt to
More informationInvest in Nutrition Now A Smart Start for Our Children, Our Future
Invest in Nutrition Now A Smart Start for Our Children, Our Future For more information, contact: Dr Kavita Sethuraman, USAID FANTA Project, FHI 360 at ksethuraman@fhi360.org A Fact Sheet on Agriculture
More informationInstitutional information. Concepts and definitions
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture Target 2.2: by 2030 end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving by 2025 the internationally
More informationGrowth Faltering: Stunting and Severe Acute Malnutrition. Child Growth Is Assessed by Comparing to a Reference Curve
Growth Faltering Growth Faltering: Stunting and Severe Acute Malnutrition Rebecca Stoltzfus, PhD Professor Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Growth failure can involve linear growth retardation
More informationNutritional Status of Anganwadi Children under the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme in a Rural Area in Goa
Original Article DOI: 10.17354/ijss/015/480 Nutritional Status of Anganwadi Children under the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme in a Rural Area in Goa Vanita G Pinto Silva 1, Savita G Pinto
More informationMONGOLIA - PREVALENCE OF UNDERWEIGHT CHILDREN (UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE)
MONGOLIA 4. Prevalence of underweight children (under five years of age) Kachondham Y. Report of a consultancy on the Mongolian Child Nutrition Survey. Institute of Nutrition. Nakompathom, Thailand; 1992
More informationRisk Factors of Pneumonia in Children A Community Survey
TAJ December 2007; Volume 20 Number 2 ISSN 1019-8555 The Journal of Teachers Association RMC, Rajshahi Original Article Risk Factors of Pneumonia in Children A Community Survey M I Bari 1, A B Siddiqui
More informationChildhood malnutrition in Asia: numbers count but do we care?
Childhood malnutrition in Asia: numbers count but do we care? Dr Tahmeed Ahmed Director Centre for Nutrition & Food Security, ICDDR,B Professor, Public Health Nutrition James P. Grant School of Public
More informationIMPROVING NUTRITION SECURITY IN ASIA An EU-UNICEF Joint Action
IMPROVING NUTRITION SECURITY IN ASIA An EU-UNICEF Joint Action One billion people in the world suffer from chronic hunger. Two thirds of them live in Asia. This is a crisis with devastating and farreaching
More informationInternational Journal of Research and Review E-ISSN: ; P-ISSN:
International Journal of Research and Review www.gkpublication.in E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Original Research Article Effect of Dietary Intake and Socio-Economic Factor on Nutritional Status
More informationApplication of the WHO Growth Reference (2007) to Assess the Nutritional Status of Children in China
BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 22, 130-135 (2009) www.besjournal.com Application of the WHO Growth Reference (2007) to Assess the Nutritional Status of Children in China YAN-PING LI, XIAO-QI HU,
More informationMeasures of Malnutrition
Measuring food insecurity and assessing the sustainability of global food systems NAS, Washington, DC 16 February 2011 Measures of Malnutrition Lynnette M. Neufeld, Chief Technical Advisor Presentation
More informationMaternal Malnutrition in Urban India: A Study of Indian Cities (Mega, Large and Small)
International Research Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2319 3565 Maternal Malnutrition in Urban India: A Study of Indian Cities (Mega, Large and Small) Abstract Yogendra Musahar * Centre for the Study
More informationStatus of Maternal Nutrition and Its Association with Nutritional Status of Under-Three Children in EAG-States and Assam, India
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 Volume 4 Issue 1 ǁ January. 2015 ǁ PP.30-38 Status of Maternal Nutrition and Its Association
More informationUNMASKING THE INEQUITY OF CHILD SURVIVAL AMONG URBAN POOR IN BANGLADESH
UNMASKING THE INEQUITY OF CHILD SURVIVAL AMONG URBAN POOR IN BANGLADESH By Dr. M. Kabir Professor Department of Statistics Jahangirnagar University Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Email: kabir46@yahoo.co.uk &
More informationNutrition in the Post-2015 Context. Lynnda Kiess Head, Nutrition and HIV Unit, WFP
Nutrition in the Post-2015 Context Lynnda Kiess Head, Nutrition and HIV Unit, WFP Presentation Different Dimensions of Malnutrition Consequences Food Security and Nutrition Looking forward Key Points Nutrition
More informationNutritional Profile of Urban Preschool Children of Punjab
KamlaRaj 2003 Anthropologist, 5 (3): 149153 (2003) Nutritional Profile of Urban Preschool Children of Punjab Inderjit Singh and Kiran Grover Growth retardation and malnutrition are the major public health
More informationVolume 7, Issue 3, July 2018, e-issn:
Volume 7, Issue 3, July 2018, www.ijfans.com e-issn: 2320-7876 e-issn 2320-7876 www.ijfans.com Vol. 7, No. 3, July 2018 All Rights Reserved Research Paper Open Access PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN
More informationA PROBLEM OF MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN'S IN INDIA
A PROBLEM OF MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN'S IN INDIA Dr. Rana Viddhotma Singh, Subject Expert, Department of Social Work, University of Lucknow ABSTRACT Malnutrition is self perpetuating a child nutrition
More informationNutritional status of preschool children and its associates: A Sri Lankan experience of a fishing community
European Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015; 3(2-1): 31-35 Published online February 27, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ejpm) doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.s.2015030201.16 ISSN: 2330-8222 (Print);
More informationBrunei Darussalam - Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Brunei Darussalam Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Brunei Darussalam has one of the highest rates of GDP per capita and of Dietary Energy Supply (DES) per person in the region. For decades,
More informationDIARRHEAL DISEASE MESSAGING
DEFEATDD.ORG DIARRHEAL DISEASE MESSAGING PATH developed these messages for use by anyone interested in communicating the impact of diarrhea on the health and development of children and families around
More informationAssessment of Factors Predisposing to Acute Malnutrition Among Under - Five Children Attending Tertiary Care Hospital.
Quest Journals Journal of Medical and Dental Science Research Volume 3~ Issue 5 (2016) pp: 01-05 ISSN(Online) : 2394-076X ISSN (Print):2394-0751 www.questjournals.org Research Paper Assessment of Factors
More informationAnthropometric Indicators Measurement Guide
FOOD AND NUTRITION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 2003 Revised Edition Anthropometric Indicators Measurement Guide Bruce Cogill This publication was made possible through support provided by the Office of Health,
More informationEnvironmental Health and Child Survival:
Environmental Health and Child Survival: Epidemiology and Economics Presentation by Anjali Acharya Senior Environmental Specialist World Bank What do children die from? Diarrhea kills an estimated 1.6
More informationBrunei Darussalam - Food and Nutrition Security Profiles
Key Indicators Brunei Darussalam Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Brunei Darussalam has one of the highest rates of GDP per capita and of Dietary Energy Supply (DES) per person in the region. For decades,
More informationStop stunting: situation and way forward to improve maternal, child and adolescent nutrition in Afghanistan 1
Commentary DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12288 Stop stunting: situation and way forward to improve maternal, child and adolescent nutrition in Afghanistan 1 Ariel Higgins-Steele *, Piyali Mustaphi *, Sherin Varkey
More informationChild and Adult Nutrition
Children in Egypt 2015 A STATISTICAL DIGEST Chapter 5 Child and Adult Nutrition Children in Egypt 2015 Children in Egypt 2015 is a statistical digest produced by UNICEF Egypt to present updated and quality
More informationEmpowered lives. Resilient Nations. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
Empowered lives. Resilient Nations. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) PROVINCIAL PROFILE / NORTHERN PROVINCE / 2013 Copyright 2013 By the United Nations Development Programme Alick Nkhata Road P. O Box
More informationNutritional Status of 7-12 Years Children from Rural Part of Rangpur City, Bangladesh
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. IV, Issue 10/ January 2017 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Nutritional Status of 7-12 Years Children from ABDULLAH AL
More informationChildhood Undernutrition: a biological perspective
Childhood Undernutrition: a biological perspective Vinod Paul MD, PhD, FIAP, FNNF, FAMS ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, NEW DELHI WHO Collaborating Centre for Training an Research in Newborn Care
More informationMALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN
CHAPTER III MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN 111.1: Introduction Malnutrition Nutrition is defined as the science of food and its relationship to health. Nutrition is one of the determinants of human health
More informationMaternal, infant, and young child nutrition: a global perspective
Maternal, infant, and young child nutrition: a global perspective Kenneth H. Brown, MD Department of Nutrition, and Program in International and Community Nutrition University of California, Davis PICN
More informationSOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
NUTRITION-RELATED NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE (N-RNCD) REGIONAL PROFILE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA This SPRING regional profile provides an overview of early life nutrition status and later life nutrition-related
More informationLAO PDR - PREVALENCE OF UNDERWEIGHT CHILDREN (UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE)
LAO PDR 4. Prevalence of underweight children (under five years of age) Ministry of Public Health. Women and children in the Lao People s Democratic Republic. Results from the LAO social indicator survey
More informationPrevalence and associations of overweight among adult women in Sri Lanka: a national survey
Prevalence and associations of overweight among adult women in Sri Lanka Prevalence and associations of overweight among adult women in Sri Lanka: a national survey Renuka Jayatissa 1, S M Moazzem Hossain
More informationPrevalence of overweight among urban and rural areas of Punjab
Original article : Prevalence of overweight among urban and rural areas of Punjab *Ramandeep Kaur 1, Promila Mehta 2 and Ginjinder Kaur 3 1Department of Human genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab,
More informationSocioeconomic Disparities in Health, Nutrition, and Population in Bangladesh: Do Education and Exposure to Media Reduce It?
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6 (3): 286-293, 2007 ISSN 1680-5194 Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007 Socioeconomic Disparities in Health, Nutrition, and Population in Bangladesh: Do Education
More informationAgbo H.A. (MBBS, FWACP), Envuladu E.A. (MBBS, FWACP), Zoakah A.I. (MBBS, FWACP, PGDM, MBA, PGD HIV/AIDS)
A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALNUTRITION AMONG PUPILS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOL IN JOS NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF PLATEAU STATE 1 1 Agbo H.A. (MBBS, FWACP), Envuladu
More informationMalnutrition, definition, causes, indicators for assessment from a «Public Nutrition» perspective
Master HumanDevelopmentand Food Security, Roma III University, June 2017 Malnutrition, definition, causes, indicators for assessment from a «Public Nutrition» perspective Marie Claude Dop Former IRD researcher,
More informationCONTRACEPTIVES SAVE LIVES
CONTRACEPTIVES SAVE LIVES Updated with technical feedback December 2012 Introduction In the developing world, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, progress in reducing maternal and newborn
More informationThe global evidence-base for what different sectors can do to contribute to undernutrition
The global evidence-base for what different sectors can do to contribute to undernutrition Marie Ruel Director, Poverty, Health and Nutrition, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) October
More informationDoes Economic Growth Reduce Child Malnutrition?
Does Economic Growth Reduce Child Malnutrition? By Rasmus Heltberg Institute of Economics University of Copenhagen Studiestr 6, 1455 København K, Denmark Email: Rasmus.heltberg@econ.ku.dk Contact details
More informationINFANT FEEDING AND CHILDREN S AND WOMEN S NUTRITIONAL STATUS
INFANT FEEDING AND CHILDREN S AND WOMEN S NUTRITIONAL STATUS 10 The 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) included questions about the nutritional status and their mothers, including infant feeding
More informationSeverity of malnutrition and treatment responses in under five children in Bahir Dar Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 2014; 2(3): 93-98 Published online June 10, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jfns) doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.18 Severity of malnutrition and treatment
More informationPrevalence of malnutrition and proportion of anaemia among the malnourished children aged 1-5 years in a rural tertiary care centre, South India
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics Shibily RM et al. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 216 May;3(2):362-366 http://www.ijpediatrics.com pissn 2349-3283 eissn 2349-3291 Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/1.1823/2349-3291.ijcp216838
More information