Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals

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2 JOHANNES KAUFMANN Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals A Diagnostic Manual Springer Basel AG

3 Author Dr. J. Kaufmann Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen Sektion Tierversuche und Alternativmethoden Schwarzenburgstr. 161 CH-3097 LiebefeldIBern Switzerland This publication was sponsored by the Ciba-Geigy Foundation for Cooperation with Developing Countries, Basel, Switzerland, the Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Animal Health Division, Basel, Switzerland and the Swiss Development Cooperation, Berne, Switzerland A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kaufmann, Johannes: Parasitic infections of domestic animals : a diagnostic manuav Johannes Kaufmann. - Basel; Boston; Berlin : Birkhäuser, 1996 ISBN The publisher and editor can give no guarantee for the information on drug dosage and administration contained in this publication. The respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other sources of reference in each individual case. The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication, even if not identified as such, doe not imply that they are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations or free for general use. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use permission of the copyright owner must be obtained Springer Basel AG Originally published by Birkhäuser Verlag in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF 00 Typography and book design: Markus Etterich, Basel ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

4 The author would like to dedicate this manual to his teacher and friend Prof. Bernd Hörning Bernd Hörning was Professor of Parasitology at the Veterinary Faculty of Berne, Switzerland. He retired in His extensive knowledge and commitment to Veterinary Parasitology and his amicable attitude towards students and colleagues should be honored with the present manual.

5 Contents Foreword xv Introduction I Methods 1 Examination of faecal specimens 1.1 Detection of helminth eggs, larvae, oocysts, and sporocysts of protozoa in faeces Collection and examination offueces Direct smear method Flotation method Sedimentation method McMaster method Baermann method Culture and recovery of third-stage larvae Identification of third-stage larvae of nematodes Staining Cryptosporidia spp. in faecal smears Scotch tape method Sodium Acetate Formaldehyde (SAF) method Examination of material for Trichinella spiralis 2.1 Demonstration of encysted larvae of T. spiralis in muscle fibre (Compressorium method) Digestion of muscle for the release of encysted larvae of T. spiralis Haematology 3.1 Bloodsmear and Giemsa-stain Diff-Quick QBC Dark ground / phase contrast buffycoat method Entomology 4.1 Skin scraping Immunological methods 5.1 Introduction Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELlSA) Immunoblotting (Western blot) Complement Fixation Test (CFT) Molecular biological techniques by Dirk Dobbelaere and Isabel Roditi 6.1 Introduction Recombinant antigens Detection and identification of parasites using nucleic acid probes

6 .~ Teehniques based on DNA probes Deteetion of parasites by PCR Random Amplification of Polymorphie DNA (RAPD)-PCR Concluding remarks Glossary of terms Locomotory system Muscles PROTOZOA Cestoda larvae found in the muse/es.. 88 Nematoda larvae and adult 11 Parilsites of Cattle nematodes found in the muse/es PROTOZOA Protozoa oocysts found in the faeces Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of Dietyocaulus viviparus Insecta larvae found in the muscles Tendons Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the tendons Liver Trematoda found in the liver Cestoda found in the liver Respiratory system Cestoda found in the lungs and trachea Nematoda found in the lungs and trachea PROTOZOA Abdominal cavity RICKETISIALES Cestoda found in the abdominal cavity Nematoda found in the abdominal Trematoda found in the blood and cavity circulatory system Nematoda larvae (microfilariae) found 4.5 Pancreas in the blood and adult nematodes living in the circulatory system Trematoda found in the pancreas Central nervous system PROTOZOA PROTOZOA Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system

7 5 Stages on the body surface Trematoda found in the blood and 5.1 Skin and coat circulatory system PROTOZOA Nematoda found in the blood and circulatory system Nematoda found in the skin Stages in the urogenital system Arachnida found in/on the skin - Ticks Stages In internaiorgans - Mites Locomotory system Insecta found on the skin - Lice Muscfes - Fleas PROTOZOA Dipterida Eyes Cestoda larvae found in the muscles Parasites of Sheep and Goats Tendons Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the tendons Liver PROTOZOA Trematoda found in the liver Cestoda found in the liver..., 79 Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of lungworms Respiratory system Cestoda found in the respiratory system Nematoda found in the lungs and trachea Insecta larvae found in the respiratory system Abdominal cavity 2 Stages in the blood and circulatory system Cestoda found in the abdominal PROTOZOA cavity Nematoda found in the abdominal RICKETISIALES cavity

8 Contenu 4.5 Pancreas Trematoda found in the pancreas Central nervous system Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi and Probsmayria vivipara PROTOZOA Insecta found in the gut Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system PROTOZOA Stages on the body surface 5.1 Skin and coat Trematoda found in the blood and PROTOZOA circulatory system Nematoda larvae and microfilariae found in the blood Nematoda found in the skin Stages in the urogenital system Arachnida found in/on the skin - Ticks PROTOZOA Mites Insecta found on the skin 4 Stages In Internaiorgans - Lice Fleas Locomotory system - Dipterida Muscles 5.2 Eyes PROTOZOA IV Parasites of Horses and Donkeys Tendons Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the tendons Liver PROTOZOA Trematoda found in the liver Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Cestoda found in the liver Nematoda found in the liver Respiratory system Cestoda found in the respiratory system

9 Nematoda found in the respiratory system Insecta larvae found in the respiratory system Abdominal cavity Cestoda found in the abdominal cavity Nematoda found in the abdominal cavity Central nervous system PROTOZOA Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system V Parasites of Dromedaries PROTOZOA Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Trematodes whose eggs may appear in the faeces Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of Oictyocau/us {i/aria Stilge~ on the body surface PROTOZOA Skin and coat PROTOZOA RICKETISIALES Trematoda found in the blood and Nematoda found in the skin circulatory system Nematoda found in the blood and circulatory system Arachnida found in/on the skin - Ticks Mites Stages in the urogenital system Insecta found on the skin - Lice Fleas Stages in internaiorgans - Dipterida Locomotory system 5.2 Eyes Nematoda found in the eyes Muscles PROTOZOA Cestoda larvae found in the muscles

10 Contenu Tendons Insecta found on the skin - Lice Nematoda larvae and adult - Fleas nematodes found in the tendons Dipterida Liver 5.2 Eyes Trematoda found in the liver Cestoda found in the liver VI Parasites of Swine 4.3 Respiratory system Cestoda found in the lungs and trachea Nematoda found in the lungs and trachea Insecta larvae found in the respiratory system Abdominal cavity Cestoda found in the abdominal cavity Pancreas Trematoda found in the pancreas Central nervous system Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system Stages on the body surface 5.1 Skin and coat Nematoda found in the skin and subcutis Arachnida found in/on the skin - Ticks Mites PROTOZOA Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Eggs of the following trematodes may occasionally be found in the faeces of pigs Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of lungworms (Meta strongylus spp.) Stages In the blood and circulatory system PROTOZOA RICKETISIALES Nematoda larvae (microfilariae) found in the blood and circulatory system Stages in the urogenital system Nematoda found in the urogenital system

11 4.1 Locomotory system Muscles PROTOZOA Cestoda larvae found in the muscles Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the muscles Liver Trematoda found in the liver Cestoda found in the liver Nematoda found in the liver Respiratory system Nematoda found in the lungs and trachea Abdominal cavity Nematoda found in the abdominal cavity Pancreas Trematoda found in the pancreas Central nervous system PROTOZOA Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system Nematoda found in the central nervous system Arachnida found in/on the skin - Ticks Mites Insecta found on the skin - Lice Fleas Dipterida VII ' Poultty PROTOZOA Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Cestoda eggs and proglottids found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract Nematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract PROTOZOA RICKETISIALES Trematoda found in the urogenital system Skin and coat Nematoda found in the skin

12 .. ~. Bibllography locomotory system.further Readlng Muse/es Acknowledgement PROTOZOA liver PROTOZOA Respiratory system PROTOZOA Index HElMINTHS Nematoda found in the respiratory system Arachnida found in the respiratory system Skin and feathers HElMINTHS Trematoda found in the subcutaneous tissue Arachnida found in/on the skin - Ticks Mites Insecta found on the skin - Lice Heteroptera Fleas Dipterida Eyes HElMINTHS Nematoda found in the eyes

13 Foreword It is a great pleasure for me to introduce this manual for the diagnosis of parasites of domestic animals. It is a unique publication in many respects. Books concerning parasitic anima I diseases - comprehensive textbooks, but also field manuals - abound. These generally deal with aetiology, c1inical signs and pathology, as weil as control and treatment. However, while methods for diagnosis are often mentioned, these are rarely sufficiently practical and specific to allow the person ne I in field laboratories to reach a concise, rapid dia gnosis of the parasite species involved in any particular case. Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals succeeds in redressing these shortcomings. That such a work ever ca me to fruition at all is to the credit of its principal author Dr. Johannes Kaufmann, head of the Diagnostic Section of the Institute of Parasitology at the University of Berne, Switzerland. In the late 1980s Dr. Kaufmann worked in a field laboratory of the International Trypanotolerance Centre in Gambia. While there he became acutely aware of the need for practicalliterature on parasite diagnosis. After returning to Switzerland he took on the gargantuan task of compiling such a work hirnself. Supplementing the material gleaned from his field work, Dr. Kaufmann has brought together a great deal of information from various institutes and universities. The result is an impressively comprehensive, beautifully illustrated and, above all highly serviceable manual. It is easy to consult. Its systematic and colour-coded layout allows the user to steer swiftly and surely through a vast amount of information. Clinical pictures and figures show the parasite stage of diagnostic interest, facilitating a rapid and accurate diagnosis. The book has been designed to be used by veterinarians and technicians, by teachers and students - in fact, by anyone dealing with the diagnosis of diseases in domestic animals. On another practicallevel, it will enable meat inspectors and other public health officials to identify parasites of animals wh ich may infect humans. While originally meant for use primarily in Africa, the book's relevance is by no means Iimited to this continent, since most of the economically important parasites considered in detail (e.g. coccidia of poultry, gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, strongyles of horses, Ascaris and trichinellosis of swine etc.) occur world-wide. But what good is a well-conceived manual, intelligently and copiously illustrated if it fails to reach those workers in need of it most? The expense of publishing a work of this type, xv

14 accompanied as it is by approximately 320 color and 400 black and white illustrations is dose to prohibitive. That the price has nonetheless been set at a very reasonable level is only possible thanks to generous financial aid from ciba Basle, Switzerland, the Swiss Devel- opment Cooperation, Berne, Switzerland and the University of Berne, Switzerland. This is the final factor to assuring that Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals will become a wellthumbed bench book in many laboratories world-wide. Gerrit Uilenberg Cargese, September 1995 XVI

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