PEPSIN SECRETION DURING DAMAGE BY ETHANOL AND SALICYLIC ACID
|
|
- Julia Parker
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyriht 1972 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 62. No. 3 Printed in U.S. A. PEPSIN SECRETION DURING DAMAGE BY ETHANOL AND SALICYLIC ACID LEONARD R. JOHNSON, PH.D. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Previous reports from this laboratory have demonstrated that pepsin secretion increases when hydrogen ions back diffuse through the gastric mucosa of the canine Heidenhain pouch. Pepsin output was measured in the effluent from the pouches of 4 dogs during irrigation with 15% ethanol plus or minus HCI and during irrigation with 20 mn salicylic acid. Ethanol by itself damaged the pouches as evidenced by large net fluxes of Na+ and K + into the pouch and the appearance of protein in the fluid. Pepsin secretion, however, was not stimulated. The combination of ethanol and 100 mn HCI produced the same effects on Na+, K+, and protein and also increased pepsin secretion 4-fold. Small amounts of HCI (10 mn) in combination with ethanol also increased pepsin secretion 2- or 3-fold. Salicylic acid (20 mn) plus 100 mn HCI caused severe damage and increased pepsin output from 3 mg per 15 min during control periods to 26 mg per 15 min. It is concluded that: (1) damage alone does not stimulate pepsin secretion; acid must be present; (2) pepsin secretion during damage is independent of the appearance of total protein in the irrigation fluid; (3) small amounts of acid are effective stimulators of pepsin secretion in the presence of a damaged barrier; and (4) damage by ethanol and salicylic acid in the presence of H+ results in a significant stimulation of pepsin secretion. The gastric mucosa contains a barrier to the free diffusion of H +. If, however, the barrier is weakened, back diffusion of acid occurs and damage results. Numerous studies from Davenport's laboratory have described the physiological consequences of disrupting this barrier. 1-4 During injury H+ moves out of the lumen toward the serosal side and the Na+ flux in- Received August 9, Accepted September 24, Address requests for reprints to: Leonard R. Johnson, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 800 Northeast 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma This study was supported by a grant from the G. A. Manahan Trust Fund and by National Institutes of Health Grant AM The. expert technical assistance of Louise H. Wyss is gratefully acknowledged. 412 creases in the opposite direction. Cells are disrupted and K + moves into the fluid bathing the mucosa. In addition, fluid accumulates in the pouch along with plasma protein. Recent studies from this laboratory have shown that pepsin output from the canine Heidenhain (vagally denervated) pouch increases when the pouch mucosa is damaged with hydrochloric or acetic acid. 5, 6 The amount of pepsin appearing in the pouch contents is directly related to the next flux of H + out of the pouch. 6 Since the increased output of pepsin can be blocked by atropine, this output is probably due to secretion triggered at some point by a cholinergic reflex. 6 This study investigates the following questions: (1) does pepsin secretion increase when the mucosa is damaged by alcohol which
2 March 1972 DAMAGE AND PEPSIN SECRETION 413 does not need acid to cause injury; (2) can the increased pepsin output be separated from the general appearance of protein which occurs during damage; (3) are low concentrations of H+ effective stimulators of pepsin secretion when the barrier is damaged; (4) what is the effect of salicylic acid and Hel on pepsin secretion. Methods Four dogs were surgically prepared with a gastric fistula drained by a Thomas 7 cannula and a vagally denervated pouch with a Gregory' cannula. These particular experiments were begun about 3 years after surgery. The animals were fasted for a least 18 hr prior to an experiment. At the start of an experiment the dogs were placed on tables where they stood quietly supported, in part, by slings. The gastric fistula was opened and the stomach rinsed with saline. The fistula was left open for the duration of the experiment to prevent gastric juice from entering the duodenum. The metal cannula of the Heidenhain pouch was connected by rubber tubing to a reservoir with 50 ml of a control solution which, depending on the experiment, contained either 0.03 M phosphate buffer ph 7.5 or 50 mn NaCI plus 100 mn HCI. The solution was allowed to enter and leave the pouch influenced only by gravity and pouch contractions. The level of fluid in the reservoir was about 20 cm above the pouch. At the end of each 15-min period the reservoir and the pouch were drained and the solution replaced. Volumes of recovered fluid ranged from 48 to 51 ml, and after the first two 15-min periods, which were not included in the experiment, were usually 50 ml. The control solution used during the first series of experiments with ethanol was phosphate buffer, ph 7.5. Collections of the control solution continued for four 15-min periods after the beginning of an experiment. The pouches were then irrigated (periods 5 to 8) with either 100 mn HCI plus 50 mn NaCI, 15% ethanol plus phosphate buffer, or 15% ethanol plus 100 mn HCI and 50 mn NaC!. A final hour of collections with the control solution ended the experiment. Some control experiments consisted entirely of irrigating the pouches with phosphate buffer. In the other series of alcohol experiments periods 1 to 4 and 9 to 12 consisted of irrigations with 15% ethanol in phosphate buffer. In some studies this was continued through periods 5 to 8. In the other tests either phosphate buffer alone or 15% ethanol plus 10 mn HCI and 50 mn NaCI was substituted for the buffer and alcohol. During the experiments with salicylic acid the pouches were irrigated with 50 mn NaCI plus 100 mn HCI throughout. On some days the irrigation fluid during periods 5 to 8 contained 20 mn salicylic acid as well. Following each 15-min collection the volume of the sample was measured and an aliquot taken for pepsin determination. This aliquot was either diluted or had HCI added to it so that it contained 50 mn HC!. This was done immediately after collecting the fluid from the dog. The pepsin concentration was determined using a modification 9 of the Anson lo hemoglobin method and expressed as milligrams of pepsin per milliliter by reading the trichloroacetic acid supernate at 280 mil and comparing it with solutions incubated with different pepsin standards (Hog pepsin, three times crystallized, Pentex Biochemicals, Kankakee, II!,). Pepsin outputs were calculated, taking into consideration the dilution of the assay, and expressed as milligrams of pepsin per 15 min. The Na+ and K+ concentrations of each sample were determined by flame photometry (IL, Model 143). Total amounts ofna+ and K + in the recovered fluid were calculated for each period. The net flux of each ion was determined by subtracting the amount put in the pouch from the amount recovered and expressed as microequivalents per 15 min. Positive numbers indicate a net gain of an ion by the fluid in the pouch. The total protein content of some samples was determined by direct reading on the spectrophotometer at 280 mil and comparison with standards of bovine serum albumin. Protein was expressed as milligrams per 15 min. Experiments were carried out on alternate days and no more than three times a week. The order of studies within each series of experiments was randomly assigned. Except for the salicylate series all the results are expressed as the means and standard errors of the means of three observations in each of 4 dogs. Salicylic acid damaged the pouches severely and since the results were clear cut the experiment was repeated only once (means ± SEM of two observations in each of 4 dogs). P values were determined by t-test for unpaired data. Results Irrigation of the pouches with 15% ethanol in combination with 100 mn Hel caused a 6- or 7-fold increase in pepsin secretion (fig. 1). Ethanol by itself had no significant effect or pepsin output. Hel by itself caused a significant stimulation of
3 414 JOHNSON Vol. 62, No J % EtOH. '" E z iii w , 2.0 1,, z.e iii E 1-'" E ;;:; E <no!!, FIG. 1. Pepsin secretion in response to 15% ethanol and 100 mn Hel. Pouches were irrigated with phosphate buffer, ph 7.5, periods 1 to 4 and periods 9 to 12. The pepsin responses to ethanol and Hel during periods 5, 6, and 7 are significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those to either Hel or ethanol alone. Means and standard errors of the means of three observations in each of 4 dogs. IS"*' PEFOOOS FIG. 4. Large increase in protein output during damage with ethanol alone with no significant effect on pepsin secretion. Means and standard errors of the means of three observations in each of 4 dogs. ' '" w "- 200,. ::> i5 s: l "I 100. _. 4 EIOH+HCI L 1 EtOH 1 -'"I ! 4.0 } EtOH+ tomn Hel 1.0 ""' 1!5 min PERIOOS E'OH+ Pa. Butt. FIG. 5. Pepsin secretion in response to 15% ethanol plus 10 mn Hel. Pepsin outputs during periods 5, 6, 7, and 8 are significantly higher than comparable control periods with buffer alone or buffer plus ethanol. Means and standard errors of the means of three observations in each of 4 dogs. FIG. 2. Net fluxes of Na+ into the pouches during the experiment described in figure on "-,. 20 ::> iii <n ;! FIG. 3. Net fluxes of K + into the pouches during the experiments described in figure 1. i 20 l 16 :. i: IS min PERIODS FIG. 6. Pepsin secretion in response to 20 mn salicylic acid in combination with 100 mn Hel. During periods 5 to 8, pepsin secretion was significantly higher (P < 0.001) when the pouches were irrigated with the combination than when they were exposed to Hel alone. Means and standard errors of the means of two observations in each of 4 dogs.
4 March 1972 DAMAGE AND PEPSIN SECRETION 415 pepsin secretion in periods 6 and 8 when compared with control periods 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). Although it did not stimulate pepsin secretion, ethanol alone caused as much damage as ethanol plus acid for the Na + and K + fluxes were essentially the same in both experiments (figs. 2 and 3). There was an exchange of Na + for H + during the first period the pouches were exposed to 100 mn Hel (fig. 2), but this concentration of acid failed to damage the mucosa as evidenced by the normal Na+ fluxes in the following periods and the failure of the intracellular K + to appear in the irrigation fluid (fig. 3). Figure 4 presents results demonstrating that even though alcohol alone caused no stimulation of pepsin output the increased appearance of protein, an integral result of damaging the barrier, still occurs. Ethanol in combination. with as Iowa concentration of Hel as 10 mn resulted in a significant stimulation of pepsin secretion (fig. 5). It, therefore, is readily a pparent why buffering was necessary during the control periods to observe this stimulation. Salicylic acid in amounts equivalent to a normal dose of aspirin is one of the most injurious substances to the gastric mucosal barrier. In the current set of experiments the combination of salicylic acid with 100 mn Hel injured the pouches severely as evidenced by bleeding and a large increase in the volume of fluid collected. As might be predicted pepsin secretion increased significantly in the presence of both agents (fig. 6). Pepsin secretion remained higher than control levels during the periods following the removal of salicylic acid from the 100 mn Hel solution, indicating that H+ was still moving across the damaged barrier. Discussion Earlier work by Davenport 11 showed that ethanol in concentrations of 8% or less did not break the gastric mucosal barrier, while 14 and 27% solutions disrupted the barrier as evidenced by large increases in the net fluxes of H+, Na +, and K +. Davenport 11 also showed that alcohol was no more damaging when given in 100 mn Hel than it was when the solution was buffered to ph 7.5. The current experiments reproduced this finding for the fluxes of Na + and K + (figs. 2 and 3) were essentially identical whether the 15% ethanol was given in 100 mn Hel or phosphate buffer. Therefore, the large increase in pepsin output which was observed only in the presence of acid (fig. 1) cannot be thought of as a general consequence of damaging the mucosa. Hydrogen ion must be present to back diffuse through the mucosa and stimulate pepsin secretion. A previous report has indicated that this is indeed a secretor:y phenomenon for the appearance of pepsin is blocked by atropine. 6 The conclusions mentioned in the preceding paragraph, namely, that the increased pepsin output is due to secretion and not a part of damage in general, are reinforced by the finding (fig. 4) that ethanol alone causes a large output of protein into the pouch without any increase in pepsin output. This indicates that pepsin does not appear in the irrigation fluid to any appreciable extent as part of the protein which usually appears when the barrier is damaged. Figure 1 shows that 100 mn Hel in the presence of 15% ethanol stimulates pepsin secretion significantly. While 100 mn Hel must be considered a physiological concentration of acid, the question arises as to the sensitivity of the mechanism which when triggered by H+ results in increased pepsin production. The results depicted in figure 5 show that once the barrier to diffusion of H+ is broken a low concentration of acid is sufficient to stimulate pepsin secretion. Salicylic acid in combination with 100 mn Hel damages the barrier severely. The experiments in figure 6 were terminated earlier than expected, for it was evident that the mucosa had not been fully repaired between experiments. This is probably the explanation for the relatively high levels of pepsin output during the control periods when the mucosa was exposed to Hel alone. These experiments were done primarily for the sake of completeness for salicylic acid is routinely used in experiments with the barrier. We
5 416 JOHNSON Vol. 62, No. 3 have now demonstrated increased pepsin secretion when the mucosa is exposed to acetic acid 6 and Hel in combination with salicylic acid and ethanol. High (300 mn) concentrations of Hel break the barrier when administered alone with similar effects on pepsin secretion. 5, 6 From the data presented here it can be concluded that (1) increased pepsin secretion is not a product of breaking the barrier per se but that H+ must be present to produce the effect; (2) the increased pepsin output does not come from pepsinogen released by damaged chief cells; (3) low concentrations of H+ are sufficient to stimulate pepsin secretion if the barrier has been damaged; and (4) pepsin secretion increases in the presence of Hel and either salicylic acid or ethanol. Earlier work has shown that pepsin secretion is stimulated by exposing the mucosa to concentrations of Hel (100,200, 250 mn) below those necessary to damage the barrier and that the increased pepsin secretion can be blocked by atropine, 6 This indicates the possible presence of a mechanism for the regulation of pepsin secretion under physiological conditions. In light of the results reported here with a low concentration of Hel (10 mn) it will be interesting to note the effects of small amounts of acid in the intact mucosa. REFERENCES 1. Davenport HW: Gastric mucosal injury by fatty and acetylsalicylic acids. Gastroenterology 46: , Davenport HW: Damage to the gastric mucosa: effects of salicylates and stimulation. Gastroenterology 49: , Davenport HW: Potassium fluxes across the resting and stimulated gastric mucosa: injury by salicylic and acetic acids. Gastroenterology 49: , Davenport HW: Fluid produced by the gastric mucosa during damage by acetic and salicylic acids. Gastroenterology 50: , Johnson LR: Pepsin output from the damaged canine Heidenhain pouch. Am J Dig Dis 16: , Johnson LR: Pepsin stimulated by topical hydrochloric and acetic acids. Gastroenterology 62: 33-38, Thomas JE: An improved cannula for gastric and intestinal fistulas. Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med 46: , Gregory RA: Gastric secretory responses after portal venous ligation. J Physiol (Lond) 144: , Northrup JH, Kunitz M, Herriot RM: Crystalline Enzymes. Second edition. New York, Columbia University Press, 1948, p Anson ML: The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain and cathepepsin with hemoglobin. J Gen Physiol 22:79-89, Davenport HW: Ethanol damage to canine oxyntic glandular mucosa. Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med 126: , 1967
PEPSIN STIMULATED BY TOPICAL HYDROCHLORIC AND ACETIC ACIDS
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1972 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 62, No.1 Printed in U.S.A. PEPSN STMULATED BY TOPCAL HYDROCHLORC AND ACETC ACDS LEONARD R. JOHNSON, PH.D. Department of Physiology and
More informationRELEASE OF HISTAMINE INTO GASTRIC VENOUS BLOOD FOLLOWING INJURY BY ACETIC OR SALICYLIC ACID
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1967 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 52, No.3 Printed in U.S.A. RELEASE OF HISTAMINE INTO GASTRIC VENOUS BLOOD FOLLOWING INJURY BY ACETIC OR SALICYLIC ACID LEONARD R. JOHNSON
More informationACETYLSALICYLIC ACID AND IONIC FLUXES ACROSS THE GASTRIC MUCOSA OF MAN
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1968 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 54, No.4, Part 1 of 2 Parts Printed in U.S.A. ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID AND IONIC FLUXES ACROSS THE GASTRIC MUCOSA OF MAN BERGEIN F. OVERHOLT,
More informationGASTROENTEROLOGY. Official Publication of the American Gastroenterological Association
GASTROENTEROLOGY Official Publication of the American Gastroenterological Association COPYRIGHT 1970 THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS CO. VOLUME 58 March 1970 NUMBER 3 GASTRIC MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW FOLLOWING DAMAGE
More informationGASTROENTEROLOGY. Official Publication of the American Gastroenterological Association. COPTBIGHT 1969 THE W,LLIAMS & W,LDN8 Co.
GASTROENTEROLOGY Official Publication of the American Gastroenterological Association COPTBIGHT 1969 THE W,LLIAMS & W,LDN8 Co. VOLUME 56 April 1969 NUMBER 4 EFFECT OF THE VAGUS NERVE AND SALICYLATE ADMINISTRATION
More informationEFFECT OF CARBENOXOLONE ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL BARRIER IN MAN AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF TAUROCHOLIC ACID
GASTROENTEROLOGY 64: 1101-1105, 1973 Copyright 1973 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 64 No.6 Printed in U.S.A. EFFECT OF CARBENOXOLONE ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL BARRIER IN MAN AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF TAUROCHOLIC
More informationEFFECT OF VAGOTOMY ON PANCREATIC SECRETION STIMULATED BY ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS SECRETIN
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright,. 1971 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 60, No. 3 P>-inted in U. S. A. EFFECT OF VAGOTOMY ON PANCREATIC SECRETION STIMULATED BY ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS SECRETIN HARRIS J.
More informationto food and histamine
Gut, 97,, 53-57 Maximal acid response of Pavlov pouches to food and histamine A. MARVIN BROOKS AND MORTON I. GROSSMAN From the Veterans Administration Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Departments of
More informationSTUDIES OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS ON ANTRAL MUCOSA
GASTROENTEROLOGY 66: 56-62, 1974 Copyright 1974 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 66, No.1 Printed in U.S.A. STUDIES OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS ON ANTRAL MUCOSA ALLAN R. COOKE,
More informationEFFECT OF BILE SALTS AND ASPIRIN ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW
GASTROENTEROLOGY 64: 246-253, 1973 Copyright 1973 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 64, No.2 Printed in U.S.A. EFFECT OF BILE SALTS AND ASPIRIN ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW PAUL O'BRIEN, M,B., AND
More informationEFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON ION TRANSPORT BY ISOLATED GASTRIC AND ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA
GASTROENTEROLOGY 70:220-225, 1976 Copyright 1976 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 70, No.2 Printed in U.S.A. EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON ION TRANSPORT BY ISOLATED GASTRIC AND ESOPHAGEAL MUCOSA DAVID FROMM,
More informationDiversion of bile and pancreatic juices from the duodenum to the jejunum has
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1969 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 56, No.4 Printed in U.S.A. EFFECT OF EXCLUSION, ACIDIFICATION, AND EXCISION OF THE DUODENUM ON GASTRIC ACID SECRETION AND THE PRODUCTION
More information(Received 16 July 1976)
J. Phyeiol. (1977), 270, pp. 29-36 29 With 5 text-ftgure8 Printed in Great Britain THE SECRETION OF PEPSIN BY T. KONDO* AND D. F. MAGEEt From the Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of
More informationMECHANISM BY WHICH FAT IN THE UPPER SMALL INTESTINE INHIBITS GASTRIC ACID
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1969 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 56, No.3 Printea in U.S.A. MECHANISM BY WHICH FAT IN THE UPPER SMALL INTESTINE INHIBITS GASTRIC ACID H. T. DEBAS, M.D., B. S. BEDI, M.B.,
More informationHISTAMINE EFFECTS ON H+ PERMEABILITY BY ISOLATED GASTRIC MUCOSA
GASTROENTEROLOGY 70:1076-1081,1976 Copyright 1976, by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 70, No.6 Printed in U.S.A. HISTAMINE EFFECTS ON H+ PERMEABILITY BY ISOLATED GASTRIC MUCOSA DAVID FROMM, M.D., MARK
More informationEffect of acid infusion into various levels of the intestine on gastric and pancreatic secretion in the cat
Gut, 1969, 10, 749-753 Effect of acid infusion into various levels of the intestine on gastric and pancreatic secretion in the cat S. J. KONTUREK, J. DUBIEL, AND B. GABRY9 From the Department of Medicine,
More informationGASTROENTEROLOGY. Official Publication of the American Gastroenterological Association
GASTROENTEROLOGY Official Publication of the American Gastroenterological Association COPYRIGHT 1968 THE WILLIAMS & WILKIN. CO. VOLUME 54 February 1968 KU:VIBER ~ DESTRUCTION OF THE GASTRIC MCCOSAL BARRIER
More informationGastrin derivatives investigated for secretory potency and for changes in gastric mucosal histamine formation
Br. J. Pharmac. (1970), 38, 473-477. Gastrin derivatives investigated for secretory potency and for changes in gastric mucosal histamine formation ELSA ROSENGREN AND S. E. SVENSSON Institute of Physiology,
More informationTHE EFFECT OF CIMETIDINE ON BASAL AND STIMULATED PEPSIN SECRETION IN THE ISOLATED WHOLE STOMACH OF THE RAT
Br..1. Pharmac. ( 1 981). 73, 4146 THE EFFECT OF CIMETIDINE ON BASAL AND STIMULATED PEPSIN SECRETION IN THE ISOLATED WHOLE STOMACH OF THE RAT K.T. BUNCE', M. GREWAL & M.E. PARSONS The Research Institute,
More informationA RADIAL DIFFUSION ASSAY FOR PEPSINOGEN AND PEPSIN
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1969 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 56, No.1 Printed in U.S.A. A RADIAL DIFFUSION ASSAY FOR PEPSINOGEN AND PEPSIN I. MICHAEL SAMLOFF, M.D., AND MARTIN S. KLEINMAN, M.D. Gastroenterology
More informationCRYSTALLINE PEPSIN V. ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM BOVINE GASTRIC JUICE BY JOHN H. NORTHROP
CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN V. ISOLATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM BOVINE GASTRIC JUICE BY JOHN H. NORTHROP (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J.) (Accepted
More informationEFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON GASTROINTESTINAL SECRETIONS
GASTRONTROLOGY Copyright @ 1971 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 60, No.6 Printed in U. S. A. FFCTS OF NCOTN ON GASTRONTSTNAL SCRTONS STANSLAW J. KONTURK, M.D., TRAVS. SOLOMON, W. GORG MCCRGHT, LONARD
More informations. J. RUNE, M.D., AND F. W. HENRIKSEN, M.D.
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1969 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 56, No.4 Printed in U.S.A. CARBON DOXDE TENSONS N TlE PROXMAL PART OF THE CANNE GASTRONTESTNAL TRACT s. J. RUNE, M.D., AND F. W. HENRKSEN,
More informationDAVID J. COWLEY, M.D., CHARLES F. CODE, M.D., PH.D., AND RENE FIASSE, M.D.
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1969 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 56, No.4 Printed in U.S.A. GASTRC MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW DURNG SECRETORY NHBTON BY GASTRN PENTAPEPTDE AND GASTRONE DAVD J. COWLEY, M.D., CHARLES
More informationTHE EFFECT OF BILE ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL BARRIER IN THE PRESENCE AND AFTER BLOCKADE OF NORMAL GASTRIC ACIDITY
THE EFFECT OF BILE ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL BARRIER IN THE PRESENCE AND AFTER BLOCKADE OF NORMAL GASTRIC ACIDITY Pages with reference to book, From 231 To 234 Naci Kostakoglu, Ali Mentes, Cemalettin Topuzlu,
More informationInfluence of Desalivation on Acid Secretory Output and Gastric Mucosal Integrity in the Rat
GASTROENTEROLOGY 1981;81:335-9 Influence of Desalivation on Acid Secretory Output and Gastric Mucosal Integrity in the Rat KAROLINA A. SKINNER (nee MENKAL) and BARRY L. TEPPERMAN Department of Physiology,
More informationThe actions of bombesin on gastric secretion of the dog and the rat
Br. J. Pharmac. (1973), 49, 437-444. The actions of bombesin on gastric secretion of the dog and the rat G. BERTACCINI, V. ERSPAMER AND M. IMPICCIATORE Institutes of Pharmacology of the Universities of
More information10/18/2017 ANIMAL NUTRITION ANIMAL NUTRITION ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AN ANIMAL S DIET MUST STUPPLY: AMINO ACIDS
ANIMAL NUTRITION Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores ANIMAL NUTRITION Chapter
More informationpossibility that the "gastric hormone" may not as yet have been extracted investigation of any part of the stomach other than the pyloric mucosa.
234 6I2.32.014.2I :547x78I.5 HISTAMINE IN CANINE GASTRIC TISSUES. BY GERTRUDE GAVIN, E. W. McHENRY AmD M. J. WILSON. (From the Department of Physiological Hygiene, School of Hygiene, University of Toronto.)
More informationPATHOGENESIS OF GASTRIC LESIONS INDUCED BY ASPIRIN IN THE PYLORUS-LIGATED RAT
PATHOGENESIS OF GASTRIC LESIONS INDUCED BY ASPIRIN IN THE PYLORUS-LIGATED RAT Susumu OKABE, Koji TAKEUCHI, Keita NAKAMURA and Keijiro TAKAGI Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
More information(Received 3 June 1974)
J. Phkyiol. (1975), 246, pp. 143-157 143 With 9 text-ftgure Printed in Great Britain HMIAL STIMULATORY MHANISM IN GASTRI SRTION By M. ISZKOWSKI, S. J. KONTURK, W. OBTULOWIZ AND J. TASLR From the Institute
More informationON GASTRIC SECRETION IN DOGS
Gut, 960,, 345. THE EFFECT OF AN ADRENAL INHIBITOR (SU 4885) ON GASTRIC SECRETION IN DOGS BY J. W. McINTOSH, N. ANDERSON, H. L. DUTHIE, and A. P. M. FORREST From the University Department of Surgery, Western
More informationDigestive System Processes
Unit 7 Digestive System Processes ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Processes of the Digestive System Ingestion- getting food into the mouth Propulsion- moving foods through the digestive system
More informationEffect of protein on abomasal secretion of acid in sheep
Br. J. Nutr. (rggo), 4. 37 37 Effect of protein on abomasal secretion of acid in sheep BY J. VAN BRUCHEM Department of Animal Physiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands AND A. TH.
More informationEFFECTS OF THE NON-STEROIDAL ANTIPHLOGISTICS ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL BARRIER AND HEXOSAMINE CONTENT IN RATS. Shigehiko NARUMI and Morio KANNO
EFFECTS OF THE NON-STEROIDAL ANTIPHLOGISTICS ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL BARRIER AND HEXOSAMINE CONTENT IN RATS Shigehiko NARUMI and Morio KANNO Biological Research Laboratories, Central Research Division,
More informationINTESTINAL CALCIUM TRANSPORT: COMPARISON OF DUODENUM AND ILEUM IN VIVO IN THE RAT
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1972 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 62, No.4 Printed in U.S.A. INTESTINAL CALCIUM TRANSPORT: COMPARISON OF DUODENUM AND ILEUM IN VIVO IN THE RAT M. K. YOUNOSZAI, M.D. AND
More informationthe following objectives: 1. Describe the environment of the stomach and its relation to protein digestion.
Unit B: Understanding Animal Body Systems Lesson 5: Protein Digestion by Enzyme Action Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives:
More informationDigestive System 7/15/2015. Outline Digestive System. Digestive System
Digestive System Biology 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 15 Outline Digestive System I. Functions II. Layers of the GI tract III. Major parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
More informationThe vagus, the duodenal brake, and gastric emptying
The vagus, the duodenal brake, and gastric emptying Gut, 1975, 16, 331-336 M. SHAHIDULLAH, T. L. KENNEDY, AND T. G. PARKS From the Departmenit of Surgery, Queen's University, and Royal Victoria Hospital,
More informationGastric juice electrolyte secretion in conscious dogs with gastric fistulae and its modification by FPL 52694, a mast cell stabilizing agent
Br. J. Pharmac. (1983), 8,451457 Gastric juice electrolyte secretion in conscious dogs with gastric fistulae and its modification by FPL 52694, a mast cell stabilizing agent S.P. Canfield & B.P. Curwain
More informationThe absorption of water from the whole stomach. or one of its parts has not been demonstrated. Many years ago Pavlov showed that water was a
GASTRIC SECRETION. III. THE ABSORPTION OF HEAVY WATER FROM POUCHES OF THE BODY AND ANTRUM OF THE STOMACH OF THE DOG By OLIVER COPE, HESTER BLATT, AND MARGARET R. BALL (From the Surgical Research Laboratories
More informationTHE ESTIMATION OF TRYPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN
THE ESTIMATION OF TRYPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN BY M. L. ANSON Am) A. E. MIRSKY (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J., and the Hospital of The Rockefeller
More informationProgress report. Acute haemorrhagic gastritis: Modern concepts based on pathogenesis'
Gut, 1971, 12, 750-757 Progress report Acute haemorrhagic gastritis: Modern concepts based on pathogenesis' Acute haemorrhagic gastritis is one of the most frequent causes of severe upper gastrointestinal
More informationINFLUENCE OF ACID SECRETORY STATE ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL TOLERANCE TO BACK DIFFUSION OF H+
GASTROENTEROLOGY 71:760-765. 1976 Copyright@ 1976 by The Williama & Wilkin. Co. Vol. 71. No. fi Printed in U.s.A. INFLUENCE OF ACID SECRETORY STATE ON THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL TOLERANCE TO BACK DIFFUSION OF
More informationconsidering the mechanisms of diarrhoeal states and potential oral fluid
J. Physiol. (1968), 195, pp. 133-14 133 With 3 text-figures Printed in Great Britain WATER AND SODIUM ABSORPTION IN THE HUMAN INTESTINE BY A. H. G. LOVE, T. G. MITCHELL* AND R. A. PHILLIPSt From the Department
More information1) Four main feeding mechanisms of animals a) Suspension feeders i) (1) Humpback whales b) Substrate feeders i)
1 AP Biology March 2008 Digestion Chapter 41 Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal s energy budget. 1) Four main feeding mechanisms of animals Suspension feeders (1) Humpback whales Substrate feeders
More informationEffect of Luminal Sodium Concentration
Effect of Luminal Sodium Concentration on Bicarbonate Absorption in Rat Jejunum KENNETH A. HUBEL From the Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 A B S T R A C T An exchange of
More informationLab #12: Digestive Physiology
Background In order for the nutrients in food to be absorbed, they must first be broken down into particles that are small enough to be transported through carrier proteins into the epithelial cells that
More informationTHE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF STILBOESTROL ON GASTRIC SECRETION IN CATS
Brit. J. Pharmacol. (1950), 5, 3S9. THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF STILBOESTROL ON GASTRIC SECRETION IN CATS BY K. N. OJHA* AND D. R. WOOD From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of
More informationEfflux of Red Cell Water into Buffered Hypertonic Solutions
Efflux of Red Cell Water into Buffered Hypertonic Solutions EDWIN G. OLMSTEAD From the School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks ABSTRACT Buffered NaCI solutions hypertonic to rabbit
More informationChapter 14: The Digestive System
Chapter 14: The Digestive System Digestive system consists of Muscular tube (digestive tract) alimentary canal Accessory organs teeth, tongue, glandular organs 6 essential activities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
More informationCOMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ANTROCOLIC TRANSPOSITION AND ANTRECTOMY ON FUNDIC MUCOSA AND ACID SECRETION OF THE RAT
GASTROENTEROLOGY 64:421-428, 1973 Copyright 1973 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 64, No.3 Printed in U.S.A. COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ANTROCOLIC TRAPOSITION AND ANTRECTOMY ON FUNDIC MUCOSA AND ACID SECRETION
More informationfactors. directly. There are many, however, who regard the hydrochloric acid degree of stimulation of the stomach cells [Roseman, 1927; Katsch &
308 J. Physiol. (I940) 97, 308-3I5 6I2.323.3 ON THE PRIMARY ACIDITY OF THE GASTRIC JUICE BY TORSTEN TEORELL From the Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden (Received 10 July 1939)
More informationCOMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF GASTRIN II AND HISTAMINE ON PEPSIN SECRETION IN MAN
GASTROENTEROLOGY COpyright 1967 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 52, No.5 Printed in U.S.A. COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF GASTRIN II AND ISTAMINE ON PEPSIN SECRETION IN MAN G. M. MAKLOUF, M.B., PD., M.R.C.P.,
More informationAs a result of their experiments they suggested that in estimating. J3 Physiol. (I948) I07, I 6I2. 32I
365 J3 Physiol. (I948) I07, 365-37I 6I2. 32I THE PRESENCE OF A PEPTIC SYNERGIST IN GASTRIC JUICE: ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE ESTIMATION OF THE PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF GASTRIC JUICE BY J. N. HUNT From Guy's
More information150 mm HCO How Does the Pancreas Do It? Clues from Computer Modelling of the Duct Cell
JOP. J. Pancreas (Online) 2001; 2(4 Suppl):198202. 150 mm How Does the Pancreas Do It? Clues from Computer Modelling of the Duct Cell Yoshiro Sohma 1, Michael A Gray 2, Yusuke Imai 1, Barry E Argent 2
More informationINFLUENCE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, CORTISONE, ASPIRIN, AND PHENYLBUTAZONE ON THE RATE OF EXFOLIATION AND THE RATE OF RENEWAL OF GASTRIC MUCOSAL CELLS
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1970 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 58, No.3 Printed in U.S.A. INFLUENCE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, CORTISONE, ASPIRIN, AND PHENYLBUTAZONE ON THE RATE OF EXFOLIATION AND THE
More information10/23/2013 ANIMAL NUTRITION ANIMAL NUTRITION ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AN ANIMAL S DIET MUST STUPPLY: AMINO ACIDS
ANIMAL NUTRITION Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores ANIMAL NUTRITION Chapter
More informationGeneral Structure of Digestive Tract
Dr. Nabil Khouri General Structure of Digestive Tract Common Characteristics: Hollow tube composed of a lumen whose diameter varies. Surrounded by a wall made up of 4 principal layers: Mucosa Epithelial
More information(b) Stomach s function 1. Dilution of food materials 2. Acidification of food (absorption of dietary Fe in small intestine) 3. Partial chemical digest
(1) General features a) Stomach is widened portion of gut-tube: between tubular and spherical; Note arranged of smooth muscle tissue in muscularis externa. 1 (b) Stomach s function 1. Dilution of food
More informationGASTRIC MUCOSAL LESIONS PRODUCED BY INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF ASPIRIN IN CATS
GASTRONTROLOGY 71:754-759. 197 Copyright
More informationTHE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN ACTIVE NATIVE TRYPSIN AND INACTIVE DENATURED TRYPSIN
Published Online: 20 January, 1934 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.17.3.393 Downloaded from jgp.rupress.org on November 8, 2018 THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN ACTIVE NATIVE TRYPSIN AND INACTIVE DENATURED
More informationESTROGENS AND GASTRIC SECRETION
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1968 by The Williams & Wilkins Co Vol. 54. No.5 Printed in U.S. A. ESTROGENS AND GASTRIC SECRETION HERBERT J. KAUFMANN, M.D., AND HOWARD M. SPIRO, M.D. Section of Gastroenterology,
More informationDigestive System Module 4: The Stomach *
OpenStax-CNX module: m49286 1 Digestive System Module 4: The * Donna Browne Based on The by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
More information/30/17 Ch 8: Muscular System 1. Table of Contents # Date Title Page # 03/13/17 Ch 10: Somatic and Special Senses 53
Table of Contents # Date Title Page # 1. 01/30/17 Ch 8: Muscular System 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 02/14/17 Ch 9: Nervous System 12 03/13/17 Ch 10: Somatic and Special Senses 53 03/27/17 Ch 11: Endocrine System
More informationChemical and Physical Processes of Digestion
M57_MARI0000_00_SE_EX08.qxd 8/22/11 3:08 PM Page 394 8 E X E R C I S E Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion Advance Preparation/Comments 1. Suggest to the students that they become familiar with
More informationSIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF THE PANCREATIC AND BILIARY RESPONSE TO CCK AND SECRETIN
GASTROENTEROLOGY 70:403-407, 1976 Copyright 1976 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 70, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF THE PANCREATIC AND BILIARY RESPONSE TO CCK AND SECRETIN Primate
More informationGrossman, 1975). Chemical ingredients of food, particularly the peptides and amino
J. Physiol. (1979), 295, pp. 229-239 229 With 4 text-ftgure8 Printed in Great Britain ROLE OF GASTRIC ANTRUM IN GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL PHASES OF GASTRIC SECRETION IN DOGS BY A. FOKINA, S. J. KONTUREK,
More informationWhat location in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has tight, or impermeable, junctions between the epithelial cells?
CASE 32 A 17-year-old boy presents to his primary care physician with complaints of diarrhea for the last 2 days. The patient states that he just returned to the United States after visiting relatives
More informationPROGRESS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY
GASTROENTEROLOGY Copyright 1971 by 'The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 60, No.1 Printed in U. S. A. PROGRESS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY INTESTINAL HORMONES AS INHIBITORS OF GASTRIC SECRETION LEONARD R. JOHNSON,
More informationThe role of thoracic duct lymph in gastrin transport
Gut, 1973, 14, 30-34 The role of thoracic duct lymph in gastrin transport and gastric secretion' B. GUY CLENDINNEN2, DAVID D. REEDER, AND JAMES C. THOMPSON From the Department of Surgery, The University
More informationThe Digestive System. Basic process of digestion. Mouth and Teeth 10/30/2016
The Digestive System Basic process of digestion 1. Ingestion: animal eats food. 2. Digestion: animal body breaks food down. Mechanical digestion: chewing (mastication). Chemical digestion: enzymes and
More informationDigestive Tract. Also called alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract. stomach small intestine large intestine - anus
Digestive Tract Also called alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract Mouth pharynxepiglottis- esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine - anus Digestive Tract Digestion: The mechanical and chemical
More informationTopical Aspirin Plus HCI Gastric Lesions in the Rat
Topical Aspirin Plus HCI Gastric Lesions in the Rat Cytoprotective Effect of Prostaglandin, Cimetidine, and Probanthine P. H. GUTH, M.D., D. AURES, Ph.D., and G. PAULSEN Medical and Research Service, VA
More informationAnimal Nutrition. Key Concepts. Animals are heterotrophs, obtain nutrition from other organisms. What do animals get from food?
Key Concepts Animal Nutrition Why eat? Eat what? Design of digestive systems Processing steps and their hormonal control Challenge of herbivory Animals are heterotrophs, obtain nutrition from other organisms
More informationKey Concepts. Why eat? Eat what? Design of digestive systems Processing steps and their hormonal control Challenge of herbivory
Animal Nutrition Key Concepts Why eat? Eat what? Design of digestive systems Processing steps and their hormonal control Challenge of herbivory Animals are heterotrophs, obtain nutrition from other organisms
More informationMCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System
MCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. During the oral phase of swallowing,. Question #01 A. Initially, the food bolus is moved to the back of the tongue and
More informationCRYSTALLINE PEPSIN BY JOHN H. NORTHROP. (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, iv. J.
CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN III. PREPARATION OF ACTIVE CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN FROM INACTIVE DENATURED PEPSIN BY JOHN H. NORTHROP (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton,
More informationDigestive System. Why do we need to eat? Growth Maintenance (repair tissue) Energy
Digestive System Why do we need to eat? Growth Maintenance (repair tissue) Energy Nutrients Nutrient = chemical that must be obtained by an organism from it s environment in order to survive; nutrients
More informationIncludes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition Digestive System Brings Nutrients Into the Body The digestive system includes Gastrointestinal (GI) tract (hollow tube) Lumen: space within this tube Includes
More informationLaura - Bio 212 Exam 4 Review
Laura - Bio 212 Exam 4 Review 1. Which of the following is not a factor that affects obesity.. a. Diet b. Leptin genes c. Economics d. Social interactions e. None of these 2. What was the difference in
More informationAFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by. broken down. the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!!
Chemical Digestion ***ANSWERS**** Name Period Date AFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!! Special
More informationDUODENAL-GASTRIC REFLUX AND SLOWED GASTRIC EMPTYING BY ELECTRICAL PACING OF THE CANINE DUODENAL PACESETTER POTENTIAL
GASTROENTEROLOGY 72:429-433, 1977 Copyright 1977 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 72,No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. DUODENAL-GASTRIC REFLUX AND SLOWED GASTRIC EMPTYING BY ELECTRICAL PACING OF THE CANINE DUODENAL
More informationNutrition and Digestion
Nutrition and Digestion Classes of Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water Macronutrients Carbon-containing compounds Energy and raw material Includes carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 13 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 13 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system also known as the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract consists of a series of hollow organs joined in a
More informationPHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Student Name CHAPTER 26 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM D igestion is the process of breaking down complex nutrients into simpler units suitable for absorption. It involves two major processes: mechanical
More information(From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey)
CRYSTALLIZATION OF SALT-FREE CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN FROM SOLUTION IN DILUTE ETHYL ALCOHOL BY M. KUNITZ (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New
More informationFor more information about how to cite these materials visit
Author: John Williams, M.D., Ph.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
More informationGI Secretion 1: Salivary and Gastric Secretion Jack Grider, Ph.D.
GI Secretion 1: Salivary and Gastric Secretion Jack Grider, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: 1. List the volumes of secretion by various regions. 2. Predict the components of salivary secretion at different flow rates.
More informationTopic 6: Human Physiology
Topic 6: Human Physiology 6.1 Digestion and Absorption D.1 Human Nutrition D.2 Digestion Essential Understandings: The structure of the digestive system allows it to move, digest, and absorb food. A balanced
More information(Received 22 July 1957) It is now generally accepted that the unequal distribution of ions between cells
190 J. Physiol. (I958) I40, I90-200 THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS OF PLASMA SODIUM ON THE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CONTENT OF MUSCLE IN THE RAT By F. 0. DOSEKUN AND D. MENDEL From the Department of Physiology,
More information3, 4), although its concentration in mixed gastric
THE VALUE OF THE ACID TEST MEAL: A STUDY OF NORMAL PERSONS AND OF PERSONS WITH DUODENAL ULCER By C. STUART WELCH AND MANDRED W. COMFORT (From The Mayo Foundation and the Division of Medicine, The Mayo
More informationAugmentation of Cysteamine and Mepirizole-Induced Lesions in the Rat Duodenum and Stomach by Histamine or Indomethacin
Augmentation of Cysteamine and Mepirizole-Induced Lesions in the Rat Duodenum and Stomach by Histamine or Indomethacin Hironori TANAKA, Yoshimi KUWAHARA and Susumu OKABE Department of Applied Pharmacology,
More informationJanuary 07, ANIMALS Digestive System Stomach.notebook. The Stomach. (cardiac sphincter) bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
(cardiac sphincter) bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb 1 Location: thoracic cavity Physical description: a "J" shaped organ with muscular walls lined with folds it is the widest part of the digestive tract has 2 muscular
More informationACETYLCHOLINE, HISTAMINE AND GASTRIN
Br. J. Pharmac. (1977), 61, 279-284 THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE ON ACID SECRETION STIMULATED BY ACETYLCHOLINE, HISTAMINE AND GASTRIN IN THE ISOLATED WHOLE STOMACH OF THE RAT K.T. BUNCE, GILLIAN F. MARSH & M.E.
More informationChapter 9. The digestive system. Glossary. Louise McErlean
Chapter 9 The digestive system Louise McErlean Glossary Absorption Process whereby the products of digestion move into the blood or lymph fluid. Acini glands Produce pancreatic juice. Amylase Carbohydrate
More informationEFFECT OF ACUTE SALINE LOADING ON THE ERYTH ROCYTE SODIUM TRANSPORT IN CHILDREN
Acta Medica et Biologica Vol. 36, No. 109-113, 1989 EFFECT OF ACUTE SALINE LOADING ON THE ERYTH ROCYTE SODIUM TRANSPORT IN CHILDREN M. UCHIYAMA I. SATOKATA T. AIKAWA K. SAKAI Department 0/ pediatrics,
More informationDay Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed. Protein digestion and AA absorption
Day Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed 1 Tuesday 18 April 2017 Protein digestion and AA absorption D S Jairajpuri 250 256 250 256 2 Wednesday 19 April 2017 Removal of nitrogen and urea cycle D S Jairajpuri
More information