A Kinetic Study of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase
|
|
- Rebecca Evans
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A Kinetic Study of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (Received for publication, September 10, 1975) MOHAMMED. KANJ, MYRON L. TOEWS, AND W. ROBERT CARPER* From the Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas The steady state kinetics of pig liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is consistent with an ordered, sequential mechanism in which NADP is bound first and NADPH released last. K,, is 9.0 PM, K, is 4.8 PM, and K, is 36 pm. Glucosamine 6-phosphate, a substrate analogue and competitive inhibitor, is used to help rule out a possible random mechanism. ADP is seen to form a complex with the free form of the enzyme whereas ATP forms a complex with both the free and E.NADP forms of the enzyme. The K, for the E.ADP complex is 1.9 mm, while the K, values for the E ATP and E NADP ATP complexes are 7.2 and 4.5 mm, respectively. The kinetic mechanism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been studied from several sources including Candida utilis (l), human erythrocyte (Z), Leuconosto mesenteroides (3), human blood platelets (4), and rat liver (5). All of the above yield results which are consistent with an ordered, sequential mechanism in which NADP+ is bound first and NADPH released last. Furthermore, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes and C. utilis give sigmoid kinetics when NADP+ concentration is varied. Studies on the steady state mechanism of this enzyme from all sources are necessarily limited by the inability to characterize the reverse reaction due to the marked instability of gluconolactone 6-phosphate. n this work, the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase used for kinetics was purified as described in the preceding paper (5). n this study, initial velocity patterns are used to rule out a ping-pong mechanism, while product inhibition studies and the use of a competitive inhibitor rule out a rapid equilibrium random mechanism with dead-end complexes. The use of a competitive inhibitor further established the order of substrate addition with NADP+ and glucose 6-phosphate being the first and second substrates, respectively. ATP and ADP inhibition studies have been done on glucose- B-phosphate dehydrogenase from human blood platelets (4). However, the author does not state which enzyme form ADP combines with while he indicates that ATP combines with both the E and E.NADP+ forms of the enzyme. n this work, inhibition studies using ADP show that it competes with NADP+ for the free enzyme, whereas ATP combines with both the free and E.NADP+ forms of the enzyme. MATERALS AND METHODS All chemicals used were purchased as described under Materials and Methods in the preceding paper (5). n addition, the disodium salts of glucosamine 6.phosphate and ATP were purchased from Sigma *To whom all communications regarding this paper should be addressed. Chemical Co. The monosodium salt of ADP was purchased from Calbiochem. The reaction was followed by observing the increase in optical density at 340 nm with the production of NADPH. RESULTS Data Analysis-n the notation of Cleland (6) the Ordered Bi Bi mechanism can be depicted as follows: (A) (El P (Q) + + i E (11 (LA) EAB) (EQ (EPQ) where E, A, B, P, Q represent enzyme, NADP+, glucose 6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconolactone, and NADPH, respectively. Data from the initial velocity studies were fitted to Equation 2: where V, is the maximum velocity, K, and K, represent the Michaelis constants for NADP+ and glucose 6-phosphate, respectively, and K,, is the E.NADP+ complex dissociation constant. For product inhibition studies, Equation 3 was used: VAB Y = L% * KaB + \A + AB * Q(Kla\ + KaBl/K 19 (3) where K,,, K,,, K,, A, B, and V, are as defined above, Q is the NADPH concentration, and K,, is the E.NADPH dissociation constant. For dead-end inhibition studies, the basic equation used vvas: = L,*B,[K,aKb(l t W) + KaB(l *,K) + KbA(l *,K l + AB] (41 Where Z is the inhibitor concentration, and K, and K, are inhibition constants. f the inhibitor combines with the free form of the enzyme, as with ADP, the K, term appears. Alternately, if the inhibitor combines with the EA (E.NADP+) form of the enzyme, the K, term will arise. Finally, if both 2258
2 effects occur, Equation 4 will describe the total process as in the case of ATP. Equation 4 is readily derived from King- Altman diagrams (7) and the papers of Cleland (6,8). nitial Velocity Studies-For initial velocity studies Equation 2 was used in the form of: Glucose-6-P Dehydrogenase Kinetics The Lineweaver-Burk (9) plot of reciprocal velocity uersus reciprocal concentration of glucose 6-phosphate at various fixed concentrations of NADP+ gives a family of lines which intersect at a common point as shown in Fig. 1. This rules out any mechanism which requires the dissociation of one product before the addition of the second substrate and is thus a sequential mechanism. The data were analyzed using a modified version of Cleland s program (10) in which all points were given equal weight (11). The Michaelis constants are 4.8 (&0.5) FM for NADP and 36 (~3) FM for glucose B-phosphate. The dissociation constant for NADP+, K,,, is 9.0 (10.8) PM, and V, is gm/min. These results may be compared with the results reported for the human platelet enzyme (4), where K,, is 6 pm, K, is 12 pm, and K, is 6 FM. Product nhibition Studies-n 1963, Cleland (8) clearly pointed out how product inhibition patterns are capable of demonstrating the order of addition of substrates in a Sequential Bi Bi mechanism. n this study, when NADP was varied and NADPH was the inhibitor, Equation 3 was used in the following form: When glucose 6-phosphate was varied and NADPH was the inhibitor, Equation 3 was used in the form of: Fig. 2 shows the result of fitting Equation 6 to data collected in an experiment in which the concentrations of both NADP+ and NADPH were varied. The inhibition pattern is competitive and similar to that observed by others (2-4). The parameters, K,, K,,, and K, were used to calculate a K,, value of 11 pm from the replot of the slope in Fig. 3. Further evidence for a sequential mechanism was also observed when saturated levels of glucose 6-phosphate, and varied levels of NADP and NADPH also exhibited competitive inhibition. Fig. 4 shows the result of fitting Equation 7 to data in an experiment where glucose 6-phosphate was the variable substrate at several NADPH concentrations. A noncompetitive product inhibition pattern was observed and the dissociation constant, K,,, was calculated to be 7 PM from a replot of the slopes from Fig. 4 in Fig. 5. From these results we will temporarily conclude that K,, is 9 (12) FM. n addition to this experiment, we also obtained additional evidence for the ordered addition of substrates when no inhibition was observed The abbreviations and symbols used are those recommended by UPAC-UB (12). 2Figs. 3, 5, 7, 13, and 14 are presented in miniprint format immediately following this paper. For the convenience of those who prefer to obtain them in the form of full size photocopies, these same data are available as JBC Document No. 75M Orders should specify the title, authors, and reference to this paper and the JBC Document Number, and the number of copies desired. Orders should be addressed to The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Md , and must be accompanied by a remittance to the order of the Journal in the amount of $1.00. (6) FG. 1. nitial velocity pattern with glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) as the varied substrate at 30. Each sample contained 4 x 10m3 units of enzyme ( FM), 50 mm NaOH/glycine buffer, ph 8.5, and 1 mm M&l,. -0.O 0.1 FG. 2. NADPH inhibition plot at 30. Glucose 6-phosphate is 130 ELM, NADP+ varied from 10 to 50 PM, and NADPH varied from 12.5 to 50 /M. E, = /AM.,,M 0.O /Glc-6-P, FG. 4. NADPH inhibition plot at 30 with glucose 6.phosphate (Glc-6-P) as the variable substrate. NADP+ concentration is 25 PM, glucose 6-phosphate varied from 30 to 130 KM, and NADPH varied from 20 to E, = PM. at saturation levels of NADP+ and with varied levels of glucose 6-phosphate and NADPH. n summary, the inhibition patterns are consistent with an Ordered Bi Bi mechanism where the coenzyme adds first and is released last from the enzyme. However, these inhibition patterns do not rule out a Theorell-Chance and rapid equilibrium random mechanism with dead-end complexes such as E.NADP+.6-phosphogluconolactone. Product inhibition studies using 6-phospho-&gluconolactone are impractical due to the instability of the compound in aqueous solution (13). Dead End nhibition Studies-n 1964, Fromm (14) showed how competitive inhibitors might be used to distinguish between ordered and random mechanisms for two substrate enzymes. A second advantage of using compounds which compete with a substrate for the same enzymic site in ordered,m
3 2260 Glucose-6-P Dehydrogenase Kinetics systems is that the order of substrate addition can be determined. Glucosamme 6-phosphate has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to glucose 6-phosphate in rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction (15). The same effect was observed with pig liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and thus glucosamine 6-phosphate was used as a substrate analogue for glucose 6-phosphate in an attempt to form a dead-end complex in the following manner: E.NADP+ + glucosamine B-phosphate z E.NADP+.glucosamine 6.phosphate (8) For the above studies Equation 4 was used in the following ways. When NADP+ was the variable substrate and glucosamine 6-phosphate the inhibitor, i KK R ; = $(+g + $) + [++-(l 52 +& (91 1 i 1 :B When glucose 6-phosphate was the variable substrate and glucosamine 6-phosphate the inhibitor, Equation 4 was arranged in the following manner:.52 b K ; = ~L~+-( +~ll + (&*+ (10) For an ordered addition of Substrates A and B, inhibition by an analogue of B forming an EA dead-end complex will be uncompetitive with respect to A as varied substrate, as predicted by Equation 9. Fig. 6 shows the results of this experiment in which the concentration of NADP+ was varied at different glucosamine B-phosphate concentrations with the glucose 6-phosphate concentration maintained at 130 /LM. The pattern of inhibition exhibited by glucosamine 6-phosphate with respect to NADP+ is uncompetitive. A replot of the intercepts versus glucosamine B-phosphate is given in Fig. 7 and is linear up to an inhibitor concentration of 10 mm at which point an unknown factor gives rise to a parabolic effect. The K, for the E.NADP+.Z complex is 5.1 mm. As predicted by Equation 10, glucosamine 6-phosphate exhibits competitive inhibition with respect to glucose 6.phosphate as is shown in Fig. 8. The inhibition constant, K,, when calculated from the replot of slopes of Fig. 8 versus inhibitor concentration is 4.4 mm which is in excellent agreement with the K, value determined with NADP+ as the variable substrate. nhibition by ADP-The kinetics of ADP inhibition have been done on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from human platelets (4), however, there is no discussion as to what enzyme form the ADP binds with. The data and inhibition plots presented do not conform with the inhibition patterns to be expected with equations using Cleland s nomenclature (6, 8). The equation used here for the ADP inhibition studies when NADP+ is the variable substrate, is a limited version of Equation 4 in the form: When glucose 6-phosphate was the variable substrate, Equation 11 was rewritten in the following manner: The data were consistent with the above equations. Fig. 9 indicates that ADP inhibition was competitive with respect to NADP+ and the inhibition constant obtained from the replot of inhibitor (ADP) concentrations versus slopes of Fig. 9 was 2.64 rnm. When glucose B-phosphate was the variable substrate versus different inhibitor concentrations, noncompetitive inhibition was observed in Fig. 10. The inhibition constants when calculated from the replot of intercepts and slopes of Fig. 10 uersus inhibitor concentration are 1.43 and 1.66 mm. The average of the three K, values is 1.91 mm. ATP nhibition-the kinetics of ATP inhibition have been done on the enzyme from human platelets (4). At ATP levels below 2 mm the inhibitor combines primarily with the EA form of the enzyme. At higher levels of ATP, the inhibitor also competes with NADP+ for the free form (E). n this study, the equation applied when NADP+ is the variable substrate uersus ATP is a rearrangement of Equation 4 in the form: When glucose 6.phosphate was the variable substrate versus ATP, Equation 4 was used in the following form: The results were consistent with the above two equations. ATP inhibition is noncompetitive with respect to both NADP+ and glucose 6-phosphate as is given in Figs. 11 and 12. Thus ATP seems to combine with both the E and EA forms of the enzyme. Fig. 13 contains a replot of the slopes and intercepts from Fig. 11 which are linear up to 3 mm, at which point a parabolic effect is visible. Using the linear portions of these plots, values of 7.2 mm and 4.5 mm were calculated for K, and K,. The same constants determined from the replots in Fig. 14. FG. 6. Glucosamine 6.phosphate (Glu-6-P) inhibition plot at 30". Glucose &phosphate concentration is 130 PM, NADP+ concentration varied from 7.5 to 25 pm, and glucosamine 6.phosphate concentration varied from 4 to 12 mm, E, = PM. FG. 8. Glucosamine 6.phosphate (GlcN-6-P) inhibition plot with glucose 6.phosphate (Glc-6-P) as the variable substrate. NADP concentration is 25 PM, glucose 6.phosphate concentration varied from 30 to 130 JLM and glucosamine &phosphate concentration varied from 4 to 10mM. E, = ~~.
4 Glucose-6-P Dehydrogenase Kinetics O.10.5 pml.1 FG. 9. ADP inhibition with NADP- as the variable substrate. Glucose 6.phosphate concentration is NADP+ concentration varied from 7.5 to 50 PM and ADP concentration varied from 1 to 3 mu. E, = KM. ooo FG. 11. ATP inhibition with NADP as the variable substrate. Glucose 6.phosphate concentration is 130 PM, NADP+ concentration varied from 6.25 to 50 PM and ATP concentration varied from 2 to 5 mm. E, = um. rm-l. 5 FG. 10. ADP inhibition with glucose 6.phosphate (Glc-6-P) as the variable substrate. NADP concentration is 25 pm, glucose 6-phosphate concentration varied from 50 to 160 KM and ADP concentration varied from 1 to 3 mm. E, = PM. were 6.7 mm and 6.0 mm, respectively. Taking an average of these values results in an E.ATP dissociation constant of 7 mm and E.NADP+.ATP dissociation constant of 5.2 mm, respectively. DSCUSSON n this work, initial velocity experiments on pig liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase indicate that the mechanism is sequential, thus excluding a ping-pong mechanism. The combination of results from initial velocity and product inhibition patterns are consistent with an ordered addition of substrates with NADP+ being the first substrate. Results from dead-end inhibition studies using an analogue of glucose 6- phosphate, help to rule out a rapid equilibrium random with a dead-end complex mechanism. n a random mechanism, glucosamine 6-phosphate can be expected to combine with both the free and E.NADP+ enzyme forms. This would result in noncompetitive inhibition with respect to NADP+ and competitive inhibition with respect to glucose 6-phosphate. However, the inhibition patterns observed were uncompetitive with respect to NADP+ and competitive with respect to glucose 6-phosphate, which indicates that the inhibitor binds to the E.NADP+ form of the enzyme. Since the inhibitor is an analogue of glucose 6-phosphate, one may conclude that glucose 6-phosphate also binds to the E.NADP+ form of the enzyme, and is the second substrate in the reaction mechanism. Elimination of the Theorell-Chance mechanism from further consideration can be done by the demonstration of significant central complex concentrations. This can be accomplished by dead-end inhibition studies using an inhibitor shown to com- loo0 /&&M hl-.o FG. 12. ATP inhibition with glucose 6.phosphate (Glc-6-P) as the variable substrate. NADP+ concentration is 25 KM, glucose 6-phosphate concentration varied from 80 to 400 FM, and ATP concentration, varied from 2 to 5 mm. E, = PM. bine only with the central complexes. Unfortunately, such an inhibitor has not been found for the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. Product inhibition studies using the first product might also rule out a Theorell-Chance mechanism, however, 6.phosphogluconolactone is highly unstable in aqueous solution (half-life 1.5 s) (13). n summary, results from initial velocity studies, product inhibition, and dead-end inhibition kinetics are consistent with an ordered mechanism in which coenzyme adds first and is released last from pig liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase REFERENCES Alfolyan, A., and Luzzatlo, A. (1971) Biochemistry 10, Soldin, S. J., and Balinsky, D. (1968) Biochemistry 7, Olive, C., Geroch, M. E., and Levy, H. R. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, Kosow, D. P. (1974) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 162, Kanji, M.., Toews, M. L., and Carper, W. R. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, Cleland, W. W. (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 67, King, E. L., and Altman, C. (1956) J. Phys. Chen. 60, Cleland, W. W. (1963) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 67, Lineweaver, H., and Burk, D. (1934) J. Am. Chem. Sot. 56, Cleland, W. W. (1963) Nature 198, Carper, W. R., Chang, K. W., Thorpe, W. G., Carper, M. A., and Buess, C. M. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 358, UPAC-UB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1966) J. Biol. Chem Horecker, B. L., and Smyrniotis, P. Z. (1953) Biochim. Biophys. Acta Fromm, H. J. (1964) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 81, Bessell, E. M., and Thomas, P. (1973) Biochem. J. 131, 83-89
5 2262 Glucose-6-P Dehydrogenase Kinetics
Dual nucleotide specificity of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase
Biochem J. (1980) 191, 299-304 Printed in Great Britain 299 Dual nucleotide specificity of bovine glutamate dehydrogenase The role of negative co-operativity Stephen ALX and J. llis BLL Department ofbiochemistry,
More informationEnzymes: The Catalysts of Life
Chapter 6 Enzymes: The Catalysts of Life Lectures by Kathleen Fitzpatrick Simon Fraser University Activation Energy and the Metastable State Many thermodynamically feasible reactions in a cell that could
More informationThe MOLECULES of LIFE
The MOLECULES of LIFE Physical and Chemical Principles Solutions Manual Prepared by James Fraser and Samuel Leachman Chapter 16 Principles of Enzyme Catalysis Problems True/False and Multiple Choice 1.
More informationTable of contents. Author's preface. Part 1: Structure and function of enzymes
Author's preface xvii Part 1: Structure and function of enzymes 1 An introduction to enzymes 1.1 What are enzymes 3 1.2 A brief history of enzymes 3 1.3 The naming and classification of enzymes 4 1.3.1
More informationPast Years Questions Chpater 6
Past Years Questions Chpater 6 **************************************** 1) Which of the following about enzymes is Incorrect? A) Most enzymes are proteins. B) Enzymes are biological catalysts. C) Enzymes
More informationName: Student Number
UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH CHEM 454 ENZYMOLOGY Winter 2003 Quiz #1: February 13, 2003, 11:30 13:00 Instructor: Prof R. Merrill Instructions: Time allowed = 80 minutes. Total marks = 34. This quiz represents
More informationSix Types of Enzyme Catalysts
Six Types of Enzyme Catalysts Although a huge number of reactions occur in living systems, these reactions fall into only half a dozen types. The reactions are: 1. Oxidation and reduction. Enzymes that
More information5-Aminolevulinic-Acid Synthetase of Rhodopseudomonas sp heroides Y
Eur. J. Biochem. 40, 19-24 (1973) 5-Aminolevulinic-Acid Synthetase of Rhodopseudomonas sp heroides Y Kinetic Mechanism and nhibition by ATP Michitle FANCA-GAGNER and Jenny CLEMENT-METRAL Laboratoire de
More informationBiochemistry Department. Level 1 Lecture No : 3 Date : 1 / 10 / Enzymes kinetics
Biochemistry Department Level 1 Lecture No : 3 Date : 1 / 10 / 2017 Enzymes kinetics 1 Intended Learning Outcomes By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to: 1.Understand what is meant by
More informationرمضان كريم. 1Page كالشمس للدنيا
Slide # 17 ( michaelis- menten approach) : Most enzymes adopt a certain behavior that involves first order + zero order in their reactions When the German scientist studied the enzyme kinetics, he put
More informationLECTURE 4: REACTION MECHANISM & INHIBITORS
LECTURE 4: REACTION MECHANISM & INHIBITORS Chymotrypsin 1 LECTURE OUTCOMES After mastering the present lecture materials, students will be able to 1. to explain reaction mechanisms of between enzyme and
More informationNicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-specific Glyceraldehyde S-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Pisum sativum
THE JOURNAL OF B~LOC+KXL CHEMSTRY Vol. 249, No. 1, ssue of January 10, pp. 167-174, 1974 Printed in U.S.A. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-specific Glyceraldehyde S-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Pisum
More informationBiology 2180 Laboratory #3. Enzyme Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis
Biology 2180 Laboratory #3 Name Introduction Enzyme Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis Catalysts are agents that speed up chemical processes and the catalysts produced by living cells are called enzymes.
More informationFIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/ MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302
FIRST BIOCHEMISTRY EXAM Tuesday 25/10/2016 10-11 40 MCQs. Location : 102, 105, 106, 301, 302 The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control General theory of enzyme action, by Leonor Michaelis
More informationMCB 102 Discussion, Spring 2012
MB Discussion, Spring 2012 Practice Problems 1. Effect of enzymes on reactions Which of the listed effects would be brought about by any enzyme catalyzing the following simple reaction? k 1 S P where K
More informationEnzymatic Assay of GLUCONATE KINASE (EC ) ß-NADPH = ß-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate,
Enzymatic Assay of GLUCONATE KINASE PRINCIPLE: D-Gluconate + ATP Gluconate Kinase > 6-Phospho-D-Gluconate + ADP 6-Phospho-D-Gluconate + ß-NADP G-PGDH > D-Ribulose-5'-P + ß-NADPH + CO 2 Mg2+ Abbreviations
More informationEnzymes. Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction. Parameters affecting Enzyme Catalysis. Enzyme Commission Number
SCBC203 Enzymes Jirundon Yuvaniyama, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Mahidol University Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction Free Energy A B + H 2 O A OH + B H Activation Energy Amount of
More informationNOVEL SUBSTRATES OF YEAST ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE--4. ALLYL ALCOHOL AND ETHYLENE GLYCOL
pages 1-8 Received lune 15, 1998. Accepted July 6, 1998. NOVEL SUBSTRATES OF YEAST ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE--4. ALLYL ALCOHOL AND ETHYLENE GLYCOL Svetlana Trivid 1 and Vladimir Leskovac 2. I Faculty of Science
More informationFigure 1 Original Advantages of biological reactions being catalyzed by enzymes:
Enzyme basic concepts, Enzyme Regulation I III Carmen Sato Bigbee, Ph.D. Objectives: 1) To understand the bases of enzyme catalysis and the mechanisms of enzyme regulation. 2) To understand the role of
More informationChem Lecture 4 Enzymes
Chem 452 - Lecture 4 Enzymes 111017 Enzymes are biological catalysts. Nearly every reaction that takes place in a living cell is catalyzed by an enzyme. Most enzymes are proteins. Beside their role in
More informationVELOCITY OF ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTIONS.
Lecture 12: Enzymes: Inhibition [PDF] Reading: Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer, Chapter 8, pp. 225-236 Problems: pp. 238-239, chapter 8, #1, 2, 4a,b, 5a,b, 7, 10 Updated on: 2/21/07 at 9:00 pm (deleted problems
More informationBiochem sheet (5) done by: razan krishan corrected by: Shatha Khtoum DATE :4/10/2016
Biochem sheet (5) done by: razan krishan corrected by: Shatha Khtoum DATE :4/10/2016 Note about the last lecture: you must know the classification of enzyme Sequentially. * We know that a substrate binds
More informationANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS. Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions
Handout Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions ANSC 689 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIDS Enzyme Kinetics and Control Reactions I. Kinetics A. Reaction rates 1. First order (reaction rate is
More informationWritten Answers. (i) No inhibitor. (ii) Noncompetitive inhibitor. (iii) Competitive inhibitor. (iv) Mixed inhibitor
Written Answers 1. (a) If the K M of an enzyme for its substrate remains constant as the concentration of the inhibitor increases, what can be said about the mode of inhibition? (b) The kinetic data for
More informationKinetics of Purified Liver Phosphorylase*
THE JOURNAL OF ~OLOGCAL Cmmm~u Vol. 241, No. 17, ssue of September O, pp. 3873-3881, 1966 Printed in U.S.A. Kinetics of Purified Liver Phosphorylase* (ceceived for publication, March 21, 19Gti) V. T. MADDAAH~
More informationLecture 12 Enzymes: Inhibition
Lecture 12 Enzymes: Inhibition Reading: Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer, 6th ed., Chapter 8, pp. 225-236 Problems: pp. 238-239, chapter 8, #1, 2, 4a,b, 5a,b, 7, 10 Jmol structure: cyclooxygenase/non-steroidal
More informationDr. Nafeth Abu-Tarbou sh Introduction to Biochemist ry 15/08/2014 Sec 1,2, 3 Sheet #21 P a g e 1 Written by Baha Aldeen Alshraideh
P a g e 1 Enzyme Kinetics Vmax: The Maximal rate - The rate of reaction when the enzyme is saturated with substrate. -You can calculate it by the following equation: Vmax = k2 [E] T [E]T :Total enzyme
More informationTHE MALATE DEHYDROGENASE LABORATORIES
THE MALATE DEHYDROGENASE LABORATORIES Laboratory Page Overview of the Enzyme Kinetics Block of Laboratories 1 Introduction to the Study of Enzyme Kinetics and Enzyme Mechanisms 2 Review of the Roles of
More informationCase 19 Purification of Rat Kidney Sphingosine Kinase
Case 19 Purification of Rat Kidney Sphingosine Kinase Focus concept The purification and kinetic analysis of an enzyme that produces a product important in cell survival is the focus of this study. Prerequisites
More informationNafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD
Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush Biochemical Kinetics: the science that studies rates of chemical reactions An example is the reaction (A P), The velocity,
More informationFall 2005: CH395G - Exam 2 - Multiple Choice (2 pts each)
Fall 2005: CH395G - Exam 2 - Multiple Choice (2 pts each) These constants may be helpful in some of your calculations: Avogadro s number = 6.02 x 10 23 molecules/mole; Gas constant (R) = 8.3145 x 10-3
More informationKinetic Study of Yeast Hexokinase
European J. Biochem. 5 (1968) 55-70 Kinetic Study of Yeast Hexokinase 1. Steady-State Kinetics G. NOAT, J. RCARD, M. BOREL, and C. GOT Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire vkgktale associk au C. N. R.
More information4-The effect of sucrose concentration on the rate of reaction catalyzed by β-fructofuranosidase enzyme.
Kinetics analysis of β-fructofuranosidase enzyme 4-The effect of sucrose concentration on the rate of reaction catalyzed by β-fructofuranosidase enzyme. One of the important parameter affecting the rate
More informationTHE INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE BY PHYSOSTIGMINE AND PROSTIGMINE
THE INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE BY PHYSOSTIGMINE AND PROSTIGMINE BY G. S. EADIE (From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina) (Received
More informationRegulation of phosphoribulokinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by NADP(H) in a bi-enzyme complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
S16-004 Regulation of phosphoribulokinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by NADP(H) in a bi-enzyme complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. E. Graciet, S. Lebreton and B. Gontero Institut
More informationAnswer three from questions 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
BCH 4053 May 1, 2003 FINAL EXAM NAME There are 9 pages and 9 questions on the exam. nly five are to be answered, each worth 20 points. Answer two from questions 1, 2, 3, and 4 Answer three from questions
More informationTRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS IN INTACT 3T3 AND SV3T3 CELLS. Binding Activity for Leucine in Membrane Preparations of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells
Journal of Supramolecular Structure 4:441 (401)-447 (407) (1976) TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS IN INTACT 3T3 AND SV3T3 CELLS. Binding Activity for Leucine in Membrane Preparations of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells
More informationTHE INHIBITION OF URICASE BY XANTHINE
THE INHIBITION OF URICASE BY XANTHINE BY JOHN F. VAN PILSUM [From the Deparfment of Biological Chemistry, University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Department of Biochemistry,
More informationINHIBITION OF ACONITASE BY truns-aconitate*
NHBTON OF ACONTASE BY truns-acontate* BY MURRAY SAFFRAN AND J. LEAL PRADO? (From the Departments of Biochemistry and Psychiatry, McGill University and the Allan Memorial nstitute of Psychiatry, Montreal,
More informationBiochemistry 463, Summer II University of Maryland, College Park Your SID #:
Biochemistry 463, Summer II Your Name: University of Maryland, College Park Your SID #: Biochemistry and Physiology Profs. Doug Julin and Jason Kahn Exam II (100 points total) August 11, 2008 You have
More informationEnzymes. Enzymes : are protein catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being changed in the overall process.
Enzymes Enzymes Enzymes : are protein catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being changed in the overall process. All reactions in the body are mediated by enzymes A + B E C A, B: substrate
More informationBiochemistry and Physiology ID #:
BM 463 Your Name: Biochemistry and Physiology ID #: Final Exam, December 18, 2002 Prof. Jason Kahn You have 115 minutes for this exam. It is worth 250 points, so you are getting more points per minute
More informationTEMPORARY INHIBITION OF TRYPSIN*
TEMPORARY INHIBITION OF TRYPSIN* BY M. LASKOWSKI AND FENG CHI WU (From the Department oj Biochemistry, Marquette University School of Medicine, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) (Received for publication, April 30,
More informationInteraction of lanthanum chloride with human erythrocyte membrane in relation to acetylcholinesterase activity
J. Biosci., Vol. 13, Number 2, June 1988, pp. 123 128. Printed in India. Interaction of lanthanum chloride with human erythrocyte membrane in relation to acetylcholinesterase activity SUNIL MUKHOPADHYAY,
More information9 Metabolic trigger: control of methionine metabolism
9 Metabolic trigger: control of methionine metabolism M.V. Martinov 1,V.M.Vitvitsky 1,E.V.Mosharov 2,R.Banerjee 2,F.I.Ataullakhanov 1 1 National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia 125167 2
More informationlodothyronine 5'-Deiodinase in
lodothyronine 5'-Deiodinase in Rat Kidney Microsomes Kinetic Behavior at Low Substrate Concentrations Ajit Goswami and Isadore N. Rosenberg Department ofmedicine, Framingham Union Hospital, Massachusetts
More informationGENERAL THOUGHTS ON REGULATION. Lecture 16: Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery REGULATION IS KEY TO VIABILITY
GENERAL THOUGHTS ON REGULATION Lecture 16: Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2004 1). Enzymes slow down as product accumulates 2). Availability of substrates determines
More informationFatty Acid Synthetase
THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 250, No. 7, Issue of April 10, pp. 2709-2717,1975 Printed in USA. Fatty Acid Synthetase A STEADY STATE KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THE REACTION CATALYZED BY THE ENZYME
More information(Received 8 July 1959)
433 J. Physiol. (I959) I49, 433-44I THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATIONS OF AMINO ACIDS ON THEIR RATE OF ABSORPTION FROM THE INTESTINE By E. LESLY JERVIS AND D. H. SMYTH From the Department of Physiology, University
More informationPurification and Properties of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Aspergillus aculeatus
Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 38, No. 5, September 2005, pp. 584-590 Purification and Properties of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Aspergillus aculeatus Omodele Ibraheem,
More informationPrerequisites Protein purification techniques and protein analytical methods. Basic enzyme kinetics.
Case 19 Purification of Rat Kidney Sphingosine Kinase Focus concept The purification and kinetic analysis of an enzyme that produces a product important in cell survival is the focus of this study. Prerequisites
More informationUNIVERSITY OF GUELPH CHEM 4540 ENZYMOLOGY Winter 2005 Quiz #2: March 24, 2005, 11:30 12:50 Instructor: Prof R. Merrill ANSWERS
UNIVERSITY F GUELPH CHEM 4540 ENZYMLGY Winter 2005 Quiz #2: March 24, 2005, 11:30 12:50 Instructor: Prof R. Merrill ANSWERS Instructions: Time allowed = 80 minutes. Total marks = 30. This quiz represents
More informationEnzyme Analysis using Tyrosinase. Evaluation copy
Enzyme Analysis using Tyrosinase Computer 15 Enzymes are molecules that regulate the chemical reactions that occur in all living organisms. Almost all enzymes are globular proteins that act as catalysts,
More informationIsotope-Exchange Evidence that Glucose 6-Phosphate Inhibits Rat-Muscle Hexokinase I1 at an Allosteric Site
Eur. J. Biochem. 134, 283-288 (1983) J FEBS 1983 Isotope-Exchange Evidence that Glucose 6-Phosphate Inhibits Rat-Muscle Hexokinase I1 at an Allosteric Site Mary GREGORIOU, Ian P. TRAYER, and Athel CORNISH-BOWDEN
More informationMargaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003
Enzymes & Kinetics IV Regulation and Allostery ENZYME-SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS THE LOCK & KEY MODEL Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2003 A perfect match between enzyme and substrate can explain enzyme specificity
More informationEnzymatic Assay of PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE (EC )
PRINCIPLE: Enzymatic Assay of PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE 2 Phosphorylase b + 4 ATP Phosphorylase Kinase > Phosphorylase a + 4 ADP Glycogen n + P i Phosphorylase a > Glycogen n-1 + a-d-glucose 1-Phosphate a-d-glucose
More informationDownloaded from journal.qums.ac.ir at 12: on Friday March 8th 2019
The Journal of Qazvin Univ. of Med. Sci. No. 34, Spring 2005-1384 -34 - ** *** ** * The effect of aluminum on human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase B.Haghighi D.Ilghari M.Sirati Sabet M.Sahmani
More informationactin-troponin-tropomyosin complex (muscle relaxation/cooperativity/regulated actin)
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 2616-2620, May 1980 Biochemistry Cooperative binding of myosin subfragment-1 to the actin-troponin-tropomyosin complex (muscle relaxation/cooperativity/regulated
More informationBASIC ENZYMOLOGY 1.1
BASIC ENZYMOLOGY 1.1 1.2 BASIC ENZYMOLOGY INTRODUCTION Enzymes are synthesized by all living organisms including man. These life essential substances accelerate the numerous metabolic reactions upon which
More informationThe Reaction Pathway of Pig Brain Mitochondria1 Monoamine Oxidase
European J. iochem. 5 (1968) 316-320 The Reaction Pathway of Pig rain Mitochondria1 Monoamine Oxidase K. F. TIPTON Department of iochemistry, University of Cambridge (Received March 21, 1968) Initial rate
More informationof Coupled Enzyme Reactions
Biochem. J. (1974) 141, 205-209 205 Printed in Great Britain The Kinetics of Coupled Enzyme Reactions APPLICATIONS TO THE ASSAY OF GLUCOKINASE, WITH GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE AS COUPLING ENZYME
More informationEnzymes. Enzyme. Aim: understanding the basic concepts of enzyme catalysis and enzyme kinetics
Enzymes Substrate Enzyme Product Aim: understanding the basic concepts of enzyme catalysis and enzyme kinetics Enzymes are efficient Enzyme Reaction Uncatalysed (k uncat s -1 ) Catalysed (k cat s -1 )
More informationBIOLOGY 103 Spring 2001 MIDTERM LAB SECTION
BIOLOGY 103 Spring 2001 MIDTERM NAME KEY LAB SECTION ID# (last four digits of SS#) STUDENT PLEASE READ. Do not put yourself at a disadvantage by revealing the content of this exam to your classmates. Your
More informationMicrobial Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slides for MICROBIOLOGY ROBERT W. BAUMAN Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Microbial Metabolism The sum total of chemical reactions that take place within cells (of an organism) Metabolic
More informationEffect of 6-Aminonicotinamide on the activity of hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in regions of the rat brain
J. Biosci., Vol. 6, Number 3, September 1984, pp. 331-336. Printed in India. Effect of 6-Aminonicotinamide on the activity of hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in regions of the rat brain
More informationTHE MECHANISM OF FORMYL-COENZYME A TRANSFERASE, A FAMILY III COA TRANSFERASE, FROM Oxalobacter formigenes
THE MECHANISM F FRMYL-CENZYME A TRANSFERASE, A FAMILY III CA TRANSFERASE, FRM xalobacter formigenes By STEFÁN JÓNSSN A DISSERTATIN PRESENTED T THE GRADUATE SCHL F THE UNIVERSITY F FLRIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
More informationSpectrophotometric Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of β-fructofuranosidase and the Mechanism of Inhibition by Copper (II) Sulfate
Spectrophotometric Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of β-fructofuranosidase and the Mechanism of Inhibition by Copper (II) Sulfate Allen Zhang Tyson Miao Science One Program The University of British
More informationQuiz 4 Review Guide Fall 2018
Quiz 4 Review Guide Fall 2018 Major Topics: Enzyme Kinetics: o reaction rates and catalysis; transition state binding theory o Michaelis-Menten equation and interpretation o Inhibitors types and explanations
More informationMonoacylglycerol binding to human serum albumin: evidence that monooleoylglycerol binds at the dansylsarcosine
Monoacylglycerol binding to human serum albumin: Evidence that monooleoylglycerol binds at the dansylsarcosine site Alfred E. A. Thumser, Andrew G. Buckland and David C. Wilton 1 Department of Biochemistry,
More informationLecture 13 (10/13/17)
Lecture 13 (10/13/17) Reading: Ch6; 187-189, 204-205 Problems: Ch4 (text); 2, 3 NXT (after xam 2) Reading: Ch6; 190-191, 194-195, 197-198 Problems: Ch6 (text); 5, 6, 7, 24 OUTLIN NZYMS: Binding & Catalysis
More informationCHM 341 C: Biochemistry I. Test 2: October 24, 2014
CHM 341 C: Biochemistry I Test 2: ctober 24, 2014 This test consists of 14 questions worth points. Make sure that you read the entire question and answer each question clearly and completely. To receive
More information(From the Departments of Botany and Biochemistry of the University of California, Berkeley)
Published Online: 20 January, 1940 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.23.3.289 Downloaded from jgp.rupress.org on July 4, 2018 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME FROM THE LATEX OF
More informationSupplemental Data. Methods- Different concentrations of substrate solutions (final concentrations during incubation- 10, 3,
Supplemental Data Michaelis-Menten Kinetics Methods- Different concentrations of substrate solutions (final concentrations during incubation- 10, 3, 1, 0.3 and 0.1 mmol/l) were used and enzymatic analysis
More informationENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE
ENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE Enzymes - catalysts of biological reactions Accelerate reactions by a millions fold Common features for enzymes and inorganic catalysts: 1. Catalyze only thermodynamically
More informationThe Effects of N-thiophosphoryl Amino Acids on the Activity of Green Crab (Scylla Serrata) Alkaline Phosphatase
Vol. 45, No. 3, July 1998 Pages 465-473 The Effects of N-thiophosphoryl Amino Acids on the Activity of Green Crab (Scylla Serrata) Alkaline Phosphatase Qing-Xi Chen 1'3, Hai-Yan Lu 2, Chun-Ming Zhu 1,
More informationKinetic Studies of the Reactions Catalyzed by Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: ph Variation of Kinetic Parameters *
ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS Vol. 228, No. 2, February 1, pp. 415-424, 1984 Kinetic Studies of the Reactions Catalyzed by Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: ph
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL Pages 48]-486
Vol. 41, No. 3, March 1997 BIOCHEMISTRY and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL Pages 48]-486 INACTIVATION OF ACONITASE IN YEAST EXPOSED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS Keiko Murakami and Masataka Yoshino* Department
More informationl Citric acid cycle 1_ Pyruvate formation
Chemistry 255 (Fal115) Name S 1-...e.pha.., CCrrt Exam 2 (So pts) 1. (5 pts) List the order of the metabolic events from start (#1) to fmish (#5): A TP produced in Glycolysis l Citric acid cycle 1_ Pyruvate
More informationRed Blood Cell s Metabolism: HMP Pathway
Click to edit Master title style Edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Red Blood Cell s Metabolism: HMP Pathway Prof. Samar Kassim Prof. Reem Sallam 2017-2018 1. Recognize
More information1. For the following reaction, at equilibrium [S] = 5 mm, [P] = 0.5 mm, and k f = 10 s -1. k f
1. For the following reaction, at equilibrium [S] = 5 mm, [P] = 0.5 mm, and k f = 10 s -1. S k f k r P a) Calculate K eq (the equilibrium constant) and k r. b) A catalyst increases k f by a factor of 10
More informationDetermination of the Kinetic Constants of Glucose-6-phosphate l-epimerase by Non-Linear Optimization
Eur. J. Biochem. 50,19-2 (1975) Determination of the Kinetic Constants of Glucose-6-phosphate l-epimerase by Non-Linear Optimization Edwin M. CHANCE, Benno HESS, Theodor PLESSER, and Bernd WURSTER Biochemistry
More informationD.K.M.COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS), VELLORE-1.
III B.Sc BIOCHEMISTRY S.NO SEMESTER ODD/ EVEN TITLE OF THE PAPER 1 V ODD ENZYME AND ENZYME TECHNIQUES 2 V ODD HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 3 V ODD GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 4 V ODD BIOSTATISTICS 5 V ODD HORMONAL
More informationPentose Phosphate Pathway
Pentose Phosphate Pathway MDSC1101 Digestion & Metabolism Dr. J. Foster Biochemistry Unit, Dept. Pre-clinical Sciences Facult yof Medical Sciences U.W.I., St. Augustine Lecture objectives (33) State the
More informationExam II - Review Questions
Name Exam II - Review Questions 1. In 1962 the Nobel Prize in chemistry was shared by two researchers, each who succeeded in determining the three-dimensional structure for a protein. Who were these two
More informationCuvette Assay for GSH/GSSG (Reduced/Oxidized Glutathione) For Research Use Only INTRODUCTION
Cuvette Assay for GSH/GSSG (Reduced/Oxidized Glutathione) For Research Use Only INTRODUCTION Cuvette Assay for GSH/GSSG Product Number: GT35 Store according to individual components FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY
More information3/17/2011. Enzyme Inhibition (Mechanism)
LECTURE 4: Reaction Mechanism and nhibitors Kinetic data cannot unambiguously establish a reaction mechanism. Although a phenomenological description can be obtained the nature of the reaction intermediates
More informationMECHANISM OF INHIBITION OF PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY BY GLYCINE
MECHANISM OF INHIBITION OF PHOSPHATASE ACTIVIT B GLCINE B OSCAR BODANSK (From the Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New ork City) (Received for publication, July 11, 1946)
More informationAnalysis of glipizide binding to normal and glycated human serum Albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Electronic Supplementary Material Analysis of glipizide binding to normal and glycated human serum Albumin by high-performance affinity chromatography Ryan Matsuda,
More informationkcat, but isozyme M (in muscle) has a Km of 5 um and isozyme L (in liver) has a Km of 20 um. Answer the following questions about this situation.
ENZYMES and KINETICS (10 points this page) A substrate S is converted into product P. When an enzyme is added to the reaction, the activation energy is lowered. Use single sentence answers for the following:
More informationB. 100 mm L-Glutamate Solution (L-Glu) (Prepare 2 ml in deionized water using L-Glutamic Acid, Monosodium Salt, Sigma Prod. No. G-1626.
Enzymatic Assay of L-GLUTAMATE OXIDASE PRINCIPLE: L-Glutamate + O 2 + H 2 O L-Glutamate Oxidase > a-ketoglutaric Acid + NH 3 + H 2 O 2 2 H 2 O 2 + H 2 O Catalase > 2 H 2 O + O 2 CONDITIONS: T = 30 C, ph
More informationNonlinear Pharmacokinetics
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics Non linear pharmacokinetics: In some cases, the kinetics of a pharmacokinetic process change from predominantly first order to predominantly zero order with increasing dose or
More informationEvidence for Four Types of Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from G-6-PD-deficient
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 45, No. 6, 1966 Evidence for Four Types of Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from G-6-PD-deficient Human Subjects * P. V. C. PINTO, W. A. NEWTON, JR.,
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL FIGURE 1. Coregistration of a brain regionof interest
SUPPLEMENTAL FIGURE 1. Coregistration of a brain regionof interest (ROI) template (T 2 weighted MR imaging template from PMOD) on a representative mouse brain 18 F FDG PET image (averaged over 0 45 min),
More informationCitation for published version (APA): Leemhuis, R. J. (2003). What makes cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase a transglycosylase Groningen: s.n.
University of Groningen What makes cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase a transglycosylase Leemhuis, Reinder Johannes IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if
More informationTala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram
23 Tala Saleh Ahmad Attari Minna Mushtaha Mamoun Ahram In the previous lecture, we discussed the mechanisms of regulating enzymes through inhibitors. Now, we will start this lecture by discussing regulation
More informationGlutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit
Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit Catalog Number KA0882 100 assays Version: 04 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 General Information... 4
More informationDAPA and desthiobiotin (DTB). The present paper deals with the mode of inhibition of
222 THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS MAR. 1975 STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF ICLENOMYCIN KUNIMOTO HOTTA, TAKER KITAHARA and YOSHIRO OKI Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
More informationEnzymatic Assay of CREATININASE (EC ) From Pseudomonas species
PRINCIPLE: Creatinine + H 2 O Creatininase > Creatine Creatine + ATP CPK > Creatine-P + ADP ADP + PEP PK > ATP + Pyruvate Pyruvate + ß-NADH LDH > L-Lactate + ß-NAD Abbreviations used: ATP = Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate
More informationInhibitory effect of cysteine and glycine upon partial purified polyphenol oxidase of Pyrus communis
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Experimental Biology, 13, 3(6):476-483 ISSN: 2248 9215 CODEN (USA): EJEBAU Inhibitory effect of cysteine and glycine upon partial
More information24. What is the half-life of a compound (reactant) and does it depend on the concentration of this compound (reactant) in a first order process? 25. W
Water 1. Why is water so different compared to methane although they have nearly the same molecular weight? 2. What are the main differences between water and methane which has nearly the same molecular
More information