TOPICS IN DIETARY FIBER RESEARCH

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1 TOPICS IN DIETARY FIBER RESEARCH

2 TOPICS IN DIETARY FIBER RESEARCH Edited by Gene A. Spiller Syntex Research Palo Alto, California With the assistance of Ronald J. Amen Syntex Research Palo Alto, California PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON

3 Main entry under title: Topics in dietary fiber research. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data "A supplement to Fiber in human nutrition." Includes bibliographies and index. 1. High-fiber diet. 2. Food -Fiber content. Spiller, Gene A. Fiber in human nutrition. RM237.6.T66 612' ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

4 Preface The study of plant fibers and their effect on human physiology has suddenly, after many years of comparative obscurity, been catapulted to the forefront of the scientific world. This new interest, first ignited by certain epidemiological reports, has been intensified by new research and by dramatization in the lay press. To counteract the dissemination of inaccurate information and to eliminate confusion, several authors have felt the need to make objective, unbiased reports available to the scientific community. The collection of papers in our own Fiber in Human Nutrition (Plenum Press, 1976) is one such effor~ However, even as it was going to press, we realized that increased interest in specific areas of fiber research necessitated a more detailed and up-to-date look at certain topics. This book is directed to that purpose. The first volume of Fiber in Human Nutrition was designed as a basic reference textbook covering the entire spectrum of plant fibers from chemical, analytical, physicochemical, physiological, medical and epidemiological points of view. The present volume, which enlarges on specific aspects of dietary fiber, is offered as a supplement to Fiber in Human Nutrition. Together, the two volumes should be a most valuable source of information for the student of the scientific intricacies of fiber. An ongoing concern is that many of the substances dealt with in these and other "fiber" books are not, in the classical sense, of a fibrous nature at all. Efforts toward definitive nomenclature have produced a variety of terms: plantix, indigestible residue, partially digestible plant biopolymers, etc. Had this book been entitled "Selected Topics in Plantix Research," probably no one would have v

5 vi PREFACE known what it was about! Yet, undoubtedly, the term "fiber" contains many linguistic weaknesses when applied to some of the components of dietary fiber. Perhaps, with continuing developments in the science of plant fibers in nutrition, our next book may be published under a more accurate title. Gene A. Spiller Ronald J. Amen

6 Contents Chapter I - The Detergent System of Fiber Analysis. I James B. Robertson I V V Introduction..... Systems of Fiber Analysis The Detergent Systems. Nutritional Implications of the Detergent Systems In-Vitro Cell-Wall Digestion. Procedures in the Detergent System of Fiber Analysis. A. Reagents.. B. Procedures. Conclusions 35 References 35 Chapter 2 - Wheat Bran: Composition and Digestibility 43 Robert M. Saunders I Introduction.... Morphology of Bran. Composition of Bran A. Carbohydrates. B. Lignin... C. Other Components. Bran Digestibility.. Fiber Versus Indigestible Residue V Conclusion. References vii

7 viii Chapter 3 - The Chemical Structure of Lignin and Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Analysis in Foodstuffs.... Anthony J. Gordon I V V Introduct ion..... Structure of the Plant Cell Wall The Chemistry of Lignin... CONTENTS A. Empirical Formulae B. Coupling of Lignin Monomers. 63 C. Structure of Lignins in Herbaceous Plants D. Chemical Reactivity of Some Interlignol Links Analytical Methods for Lignin. A. Quantitative Determination B. Qualitative Analysis... Effect of Digestion on Lignin. Lignin Content of Human Foods. Summary.. References Chapter 4 - Pectin. Lorne A. Campbell and Grant H. Palmer I V Chemistry and Nomenclature.. Pectic Enzymes Pectin Content of Plant Materials. Gel Formation... Pectin Metabolism. Conclusion References. Chapter 5 - Plant Fibers and Human Health. Mervin G.H. Hardinge Introduction..... Dietary Fiber in Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Diets.... I Dietary Fiber and Epidemiological Aspect of Disease.... A. Fiber Intake and Digestive System Function

8 CONTENTS B. Fiber Intake Effect on Character and Transit Time of Stools... C. Fiber Intake and Body Weight. D. Fiber Intake, Blood Pressure, and Serum Cholesterol.... E. Fiber Intake and Colorectal Cancer. Conclusion. References ix Chapter 6 - Fermentation as the Principal Cause of the Physiological Activity of Indigestible Food Residue Emile W. Hellendoorn I V V Chapter 7 - I V Introduction The Indigestible Residue of Vegetable Foods and its Fate in the Body. Variable Rate of Starch Digestion. Fermentation as the Cause of Intestinal Gas Formation Fermentation as the Cause of Accelerated Transit in the Large Bowel The Effects Intestinal Bacteria and Food Residue Exert on Excretion of Sterols Conclusions References. Practical Dietary Research Design and Applications for Southwestern American Indians Margaret E. Hendrikx Introduction. Fiber Selection. Dietary Calculation Dietary Design.. Differences in Populations. Conclusion. References Chapter 8 - Paleodietetics: A Review of the Role of Dietary Fiber in Preagricultural Human Diets Michael Kliks

9 x CONTENTS Introduction Coprolites from Pleistocene Contexts. 184 I Desiccated Coprolites from Postpleistocene Contexts The Role of Nonphytic Biopolymers in Preagricultural Human Diets Possible Morphological Adaptations to the Fiber Content of the Diet 193 V Summary References... Appendix - Dietary Fiber Content of Foods Elizabeth A. Shipley References 211 Contributors 213 Index. D. 215

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