Effects of Insecticides on Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Populations in a Florida Citrus Grove
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1 2007 Plnt Mngement Network. Aepted for pulition 29 August Pulished 1 Novemer Effets of Insetiides on Asin Citrus Psyllid (Hemipter: Psyllide) Popultions in Florid Citrus Grove Chrles A. Powell, Mihel S. Burton, Roert A. Pelosi, Mrk A. Ritenour, nd Roert C. Bullok, 2199 South Rok Rod, Indin River Reserh nd Edution Center, University of Florid-IFAS, Fort Piere Corresponding uthor: Chrles A. Powell. powell@mil.ifs.ufl.edu Powell, C. A., Burton, M. S., Pelosi, R. A., Ritenour, M. A., nd Bullok, R. C Effets of insetiides on Asin itrus psyllid (Hemipter: Psyllide) popultions in Florid itrus grove. Online. Plnt Helth Progress doi: /php RS. Astrt Asin itrus psyllid, Diphorin itri Kuwym, popultions were monitored in Vleni sweet ornge on sour ornge rootstok plot plnted in The plot ws souted weekly nd the numer of psyllids, perent trees infested, nd the perentge of flush infested per tree were reorded over 3-yer period. The plot ws treted with 7 inset ontrol tretments: Admire (imidloprid) pplied t 12-, 6-, 3-, or 2-month intervls; Temik pplied nnully; Met-Systox R pplied nnully; or no insetiide ontrol using rndomized omplete lok design. Psyllid infesttions persisted throughout the yer. The lowest popultions ourred during the winter (Novemer- Jnury) with peks in the spring nd fll. Annul pplitions of Temik, Met-Systox R, or Admire did not redue psyllid popultions. Binnul or more frequent pplitions of Admire signifintly redued psyllid numers, perentge of trees with psyllid infesttions, nd the perentge of flushes infested with psyllids. Introdution The Asin itrus psyllid, Diphorin itri Kuwym (Hemipter: Psyllide), is pest of itrus in mny regions of the world where itrus is grown, inluding Southest nd Southern Asi, South nd Centrl Ameri, nd the Crien. The psyllid ws first found in the United Sttes in Plm Beh Co., FL in 1998 (7). Sine then, the inset hs eome estlished throughout the itrus growing regions of Florid. The Asin itrus psyllid dmges itrus y diret feeding nd, most importntly, y vetoring the terium (Cndidtus Lieriter
2 sitius) (5) whih uses the itrus hunglonging (itrus greening) disese. This disese hs een oserved in Chin for more thn 100 yers (13), nd hs moved into most of Southest nd Southern Asi nd Afri. Citrus greening ws reported in Brzil in 2004 (3) nd Florid in 2005 (6). Citrus greening is one of the more serious itrus diseses in the world. Where it is endemi, itrus trees hve life expetny of fewer thn 10 yers nd do not produe mrketle fruit. The itrus greening terium infets ll itrus speies, irrespetive of rootstok (1,4). The initil symptom of the disese is the pperne of yellow shoots, nd the yellowing progresses throughout the nopy. Symptoms n vry in severity from one lotion to nother. At lte stges there my e lef nd fruit drop, out of seson flushing nd lossoming, stunting, nd diek (4). Symptoms re most severe on sweet ornge, mndrins, nd their hyrids; moderte on grpefruit, lemon, nd sour ornge, nd not severe on pummelo or trifolite ornge. Efforts to mnge the Asin itrus psyllid/itrus greening omplex inlude preventing the spred of the terium through ertifition of the udwood tht hs een mintined in n inset-free environment nd, in infeted groves, roguing infeted trees in omintion with n intensive psyllid mngement progrm. Attempts to redue the disese through psyllid ontrol hve foused on introdutions of prsitoids Tmrixi rdit (Wterson) nd Diphorenyrtus ligrhensis (Shfee, Alm, nd Agrwl) (9). A iopestiide, zdirhtin hs lso een shown to redue psyllid popultions (11). Up to 81.4% redution of red gum lerp psyllid,glyspis rimleomei Moore, with imidloprid hs een reported (12). The use of ntiiotis n provide temporry symptom remission (2,8,10). Breeding or engineering trees resistnt to itrus greening is in the erly stges. In spite of the efforts, greening remins the limiting ftor to itrus prodution where the disese is endemi. One prt of n integrted strtegy tht hs not een thoroughly investigted is the use of systemi insetiides to redue psyllid popultions nd potentilly redue the risk of greening. We studied psyllid infesttions in replited itrus plot over 3-yer period, with nd without the pplition of systemi insetiides. This report detils monthly psyllid popultion dynmis nd their response to systemi insetiides. Studying Asin Citrus Psyllid in Vleni Sweet Ornge The experimentl re onsisted of 294 Vleni sweet ornge [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osek] trees grfted onto sour ornge rootstok (C. urntium L.) plnted in Fort Piere, FL in 1997 in n Oldsmr fine snd. The trees were in single eds (rows) with 9.15 m etween rows. The etween-tree sping ws 4.5 m. The experiment ws rndomized
3 omplete lok with eh of 6 rows serving s replition. There were 7 tretments in eh of the 6 replitions, with 7 trees per experimentl unit (plot). Eh of the 7-tree experimentl units ws seprted from n djent 7-tree experimentl unit y uffer tree. A uffer tree ws lso pled t the end of eh row. The tretments were n nnul pplition of Temik (Rhone-Poulen, Reserh Tringle Prk, NC) (8.5 g.i. per tree, inorported into the soil); n nnul pplition of Met-Systox-R (Moy Corp., Knss City, MO) (trunk drenhed, 0.62 ml per liter); soil drenhes with imidloprid (1-[6-hloro-3-pyridinyl) methyl]-n-nitro-2- imidzolidinimine) (Admire) (Byer, Vero Beh, FL) t 1920 mg.i./plnt pplied t 12-, 6-, 3-, or 2-month intervls; nd no insetiide pplition. Eh yer Temik ws pplied the lst week of April, nd the trunk drenhes were pplied in the spring etween 19 April nd 22 My, ording to mnufturer s reommendtion. Applition rtes were sed on mnufturer s reommendtions. Every week, for 3 yers, the experimentl re ws souted for Asin itrus psyllids. Eh tree ws refully exmined nd the numer of psyllids deteted on eh tree ws reorded. The smpling ws onduted y two people exmining the opposite sides of eh tree. The fous re ws the lower surfe nd petioles of young leves. Psyllids were rrely deteted elsewhere. Smpling ws lwys onduted on wind-free dys. All psyllids on eh tree were ounted. Eh tree ws lso reorded s infested (ny psyllids deteted) or uninfested. Trees were reorded s infested if psyllids were found t ny time during the month. The inset life stges were reorded s dults nd/or juveniles. The perentge of young flushes infested ws lso reorded for infested trees. Weekly dt were omined into monthly totls reorded within eh replition for eh tretment. Psyllid numers (squre-root trnsformed) nd infesttion perentges (squre-root, rsin trnsformed) (to smooth out the vrine) were sujeted to n nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) y the SAS softwre progrm (SAS Institute In., Cry, NC) using model tht tested for month tretment intertion (whih ounted for less thn 6% of the vrition). Min tretment effet mens tht hd signifint F test were seprted y Fisher s proteted lest signifint differene (LSD) test, 5% level. Psyllid Popultion nd Response to Systemi Insetiides The monthly popultion densities of Asin itrus psyllids during the 3- yer test period in non-admire treted trees is shown in Tle 1. The dt re presented for dults only. Juvenile ounts were similr to those for dults in ll ses. The dt for the Temik-treted, Met-Systox-R treted, nd ontrol (no insetiide) were omined euse there ws no signifint differene mong these tretments. Asin itrus psyllids were deteted throughout the yer. The perentge of trees infested vried from
4 month to month nd yer to yer whih mkes sesonl predition of psyllid outreks diffiult. Psyllid infesttions were rre during the winter months (Novemer-Deemer). The highest psyllid infesttion ws in Septemer of 2002 (182 per tree). The effet of the 7 inset ontrol tretments on psyllids is shown in Tle 2. Tle 1. Sesonl vrition of sin itrus psyllids in Florid itrus grove. Yer Month Jnury Ferury Mrh April My ± 1.5 * 1 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 22.0 June 2 ± ± 5.7 July August Septemer Otoer 3 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 21.2 Novemer 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 9.0 Averge 3 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 14.5 d 96 ± 14.0 d 25 ± ± ± 1.1 Deemer 1 ± ± ± 1.3 * Numers re the mens ± stndrd error of dult psyllids per tree (verged from 21 trees) of six replitions. Dt re from non-admire treted trees. Numers in olumn followed y different letters re signifintly different (5% level) y Fishers proteted LSD.
5 Tle 2. Effets of seven inset ontrol tretments on sin itrus psyllids in Florid itrus grove.* Tretment** Admire 1X Tree infesttion (%) 53.0 ± 15.6 Flush infesttion per tree (%) 15.5 ± 7.8 Men no. of dult psyllids per tree 45 ± 7.5 Admire 2X 5.5 ± ± ± 1.7 Admire 4X 2.8 ± ± ± 1.4 Admire 6X 5.1 ± ± ± 3.2 Temik Met-Systox- R 78.7 ± ± ± ± ± ± 25.6 Control 60.2 ± ± ± 11.9 * These dt were olleted during the pek of psyllid tivity (August- Septemer nd April-My), verged over 3 yers. A tree or flush ws onsidered infested if t lest one dult ws deteted. The mens were determined from 6 replitions. Numers in olumn followed y different letters re signifintly different (5% level) y Fishers proteted LSD. **Admire 1X Imidloprid pplied nnully Admire 2X Imidloprid pplied every 6 months Admire 4X Imidloprid pplied every 3 months Admire 6X Imidloprid pplied every 2 months Temik pplied nnully Met-Systox-R pplied nnully Control no insetiide pplied Dt were omined for the 3-yer oservtion period sine the results were the sme for eh yer. Neither Temik nor Met-Systox-R redued Asin itrus psyllid infesttions, ompred to untreted trees, s evluted y popultion densities, perent trees infested, or perent flush infested. A signifint redution in psyllid numers, nd tree nd shoot infesttion ws hieved with Admire when pplied every 6, 3, or 2 months. With these tretments, when psyllids did our, they were on only few flushes. A single nnul pplition of Admire ws not suffiient to redue psyllid popultions. Asin itrus psyllid popultions vried onsistently from month to month nd yer to yer. The popultions followed oserved flushing of trees, so the presene of new flushes rther thn time of yer ws proly the most importnt ftor.
6 We n onlude from the study tht soil drenh with Admire every 6 months signifintly redued psyllid infesttion, nd this ws oserved ll 3 yers. Additionl Admire pplitions did not further redue infesttion. It is not known whether the oserved psyllid ontrol is suffiient to redue trnsmission of the teri tht use itrus greening. Answering this question will require further experimenttion where itrus greening is endemi. Literture Cited 1. Auert, B Citrus greening disese, serious limiting ftor for itriulture in Asi nd Afri. Pges in: Pro. of the 4th Congr. of the Int'l. So. of Citrus Nurserymen, South Afri. 2. Buitendg, C. H., nd von Broemsen, L. A Living with itrus greening in South Afri. Pges in: P. Moreno, J. V. d Grç, nd L. W. Timmer, eds. Pro. of the 12th Conf. of the Int'l. Orgniz. of Citrus Virologists. Univ. of Clif., Riverside. 3. Colett-Filho, H. D., Trgon, M. L. P. N., Tkit, M. A., De Negri, J. D., Pompeu, J. Jr., Mhdo, M. A., do Amrl, A. M., nd Muller, G. W First report of the usl gent of Hunglonging ("Cndidtus Lieriter sitius") in Brzil. Plnt Dis. 88: D Grç, J. V Citrus greening disese. Ann. Rev. Phytopthol. 29: Grnier, M., nd Bové, J. M The orgnism ssoited with itrus greening disese is proly memer of the Shizomyetes. Zentrlltt für Bkteriologie Prsitenkunde Infektionskrnkheiten und Hygiene Reih. 241: Hlert, S. E Citrus greening/hunlonging. Pges 1-4 in: Pest Alert, Mr. 13th. Div. of Plnt Indust., Fl. Dept. of Agri. nd Consumer Serv., Ginesville, FL. 7. Hlert, S. E., Nilett, C. L., Mnjunth, K. L., Lee, R. F., nd Brown, L. G Pges in: Estlishment of two new vetors of itrus pthogens in Florid. Pro. of the Int'l. So. Citriulture IX Congr. ASHS Press, Alexndri, VA. 8. Lin, K-H., nd Lin, K-H The itrus hunglonging (greening) disese in Chin. Pges 1-26 in: Rehilittion of Citrus Industry in the Asi Pifi Region. B. Auert, S. Tontyporn, nd D. Bungsuwon, eds. Pro. of the Asi Pifi Int'l. Conf. on Citriulture, Ching Mi, Thilnd, 4-10 Ferury United Ntions Dev. Prog., Food nd Agri. Orgniz. of the United Ntions (UNDP-FAO), Rome. 9. MFrlnd, C. D., nd Hoy, M. A Survivl of Diphorin itri (Homopter: Psyllide), nd its two prsitoids, Tmrixi rdit(hymenopter: Eulophide) nd Diphorenyrtus lgrhensis (Hymenopter: Enyrtide), under different reltive humidities nd temperture regimes. Fl. Entomol. 84: Su, H. J., Cheon, J. U., nd Tsi, M. J Citrus greening (Likuin) nd some viruses nd their ontrol trils. Pges in: Plnt Virus Diseses
7 of Hortiulturl Crops in the Tropis nd Sutropis. Book Series No. 33:43-50, Food nd Fertiliz. Tehnol. Center, Tiwn. 11. Wethersy, A. A., nd MKenzie, C. L Effet of neem iopestiide on repelleny, mortlity, oviposition nd development of Diphorin itri(homopter: Psyllide). Fl. Entomol. 84: Young, L. C The effiy of miro-injeted imidloprid nd oxydemeton-methyl on red gum eulyptus trees (Eulyptus mldulensis) infested with red gum lerp psyllid (Glyspis rimleomei). J. Aroulture 28: Zho, X. Y Citrus yellow shoot disese (Hunglonging) review. Pro. Int'l So. Citriulture 1:
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