ATJTOCLAVING SESAME MEAL 241. Composition and Stability of Broiler Carcasses as Affected by Dietary Protein and Fat 1
|
|
- Brett Johnson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ATJTOCLAVING SESAME MEAL 1 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis. 9th Ed., Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D. C. Kratzer, F. H., J. B. Allred, P. N. Davis, B. J. Marshall and P. Vohra, The effect of autoclaving soybean protein and the addition of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid on the biological availability of dietary zinc for turkey poults. J. Nutrition, 68: Lease, J. G., B. D. Barnett, E. J. Lease and D. E. Turk, The biological unavailability to the chick of zinc in a sesame meal ration. J. Nutrition, 72: Likuski, H. J. A., and R. M. Forbes, Effect of phytic acid on the availability of zinc in amino acid and casein diets fed to chicks. J. Nutrition, 84: McCall, J. T., J. V. Mason and G. K. Davis, INTRODUCTION IN recent years, an increasing proportion of the broilers marketed in the U. S. were processed beyond the fresh-market stage and sold as processed commodities. These items may be whole meat products, or meat combined with other foodstuffs. This trend has emphasized the importance of producing broilers with a fairly uniform body composition, and has further emphasized the importance of studying factors which might influence carcass composition and stability. Changes in dietary regimes and rearing practices were shown by Harshaw (1936) to influence the carcass composition of 'Journal Series No. 519, Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Georgia. Effect of source and level of dietary protein on the toxicity of zinc to the rat. J. Nutrition, 74: Norris, L. C, and P. N. Davis, The metalbinding properties of soybean protein. Feedstuffs, 32: O'Dell, B. L., Mineral availability and metalbinding constituents of the diet. Proc. Cornell Nutrition Conf. p O'Dell, B. L., J. M. Yohe and J. E. Savage, Zinc availability in the chick as affected by phytate, calcium and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Poultry Sci. 43 : Pringle, W. J. S., and T. Moran, Phytic acid and its destruction in baking. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 61: Scott, M. L., and T. R. Zeigler, Evidence for natural chelates which aid in the utilization of zinc by chicks. Agr. Food Chem. 11: Composition and Stability of Broiler Carcasses as Affected by Dietary Protein and Fat 1 J. E. MARION AND J. G. WOODROOF Food Science Department, Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Georgia (Received for publication August 25, 1965) chickens. Fraps (1943) observed that by adjusting dietary constituents, it was possible to produce chickens with widely varying amounts of body fat. More recently, other workers (Donaldson et al., 1956; Newell et al., 1956; Rand et al., 1957; Spring and Wilkinson, 1957; Summers et al., 1965) have noted that specific changes in either dietary protein, fat, or energy level produced changes in total body composition of chickens. These composition changes were chiefly in the ratio of moisture to fat, with protein level remaining relatively constant. Dansky and Hill (1952) and Essary and Dawson (1965) have further demonstrated that changes in fat deposition in the chicken are primarily in skin and adipose tissues, with less marked changes occurring in muscle tissue. Downloaded from at Penn State University (Paterno Lib) on September, 20
2 2 J. E. MARION AND J. G. WOODROOF TABLE 1.Composition of protein basal ration Ingredient Yellow corn meal Soybean meal (50 prot.) Corn gluten meal Alfalfa leaf meal (17 prot.) Defluorinated phosphate Ground limestone Sodium chloride Zinc oxide Mineral mixture 1 Choline chloride (25) Vitamin A (325,000 U.S.P./gm.) Vitamin D 3 (325,000 U.S.P./gm.) Vitamin B«(6 mg./454 gms.) Vitamin mixture 2 Methionine hydroxy analog (90) Terramycin (50 gms./454 gms.) Antioxidant 3 gms./loo gms Mineral mixture contains: Mn, 6; Fe, 2; Cu, ; I, 0.12; Co, 0.02; Ca, Vitamin mixture contains: riboflavin, 4; calcium pantothenate, 8; niacin, 1.98; choline chloride, 2.20; folic acid, l,2-dihydro-6, ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl quinoline, Monsanto Chem. Co., St. Louis. With the exception of feeding different fats to chickens, very little information is in the literature on the influence of dietary factors on the stability, or conversely, the rate of oxidation development, of poultry meat. Darrow and Essary (19S5) concluded that the addition of beef tallow, cottonseed foots, or soybean foots in broiler diets at low levels did not adversely affect the quality of poultry when held under frozen storage for 9 months. The feeding of highly unsaturated oils, such as linseed oil (Chu and Kummerow, 1950) and fish oil (Carlson et al., 1957), resulted in offflavors in poultry meat which were presumably due to oxidized lipids. The present research was conducted to evaluate the influence of two dietary protein levels and four dietary fats on certain characteristics of broiler carcasses. These characteristics are: dressing percentage, meat-to-bone ratio, moisture and fat deposition, fatty acid composition, and rate of oxidation development during refrigerated storage. EXPERIMENTAL Ten different corn-soybean meal diets were used in this study; 5 were formulated with protein, and 5 with protein. At each protein level, a basal diet with no added fat was compared with 4 other diets which had 5 fat substituted for an equal weight of corn. The fats used were either beef tallow, coconut oil, safflower oil, or menhaden oil. The protein diet was composed of yellow corn meal, soybean meal and other minor ingredients as shown in Table 1. The protein diets were obtained by varying the ratio of corn and soybean meal. The fatty acid composition of each diet was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Each diet was fed to 12 male broilertype chicks from hatching to 58 days of age. The experiment was replicated twice. All values reported are means of observations for both replications except tissue fatty acids which were determined only in the second replication. The chickens were housed in battery brooders and allowed free access to feed and water. The chickens were weighed and slaughtered at 58 days of age after withholding the feed for 8 hours. After scalding, the carcasses were picked on a drum-type picker, eviscerated, cooled for 2 hours in ice water, weighed (with giblets), and split into halves. The right half of each carcass was weighed and placed with 83 C. water in 404 X 700 cans. The cans were sealed, autoclaved for 20 minutes at 1 C, cooled, stored, and later opened for analysis. After opening, the contents were re-weighed, and the bones separated from the meat and weighed. The meat and fluids were then homogenized in a one-gallon Waring Blendor, and a portion of the homogenate transferred to tared bottles. The bottles were weighed, the samples freeze-dried, and the bottles re-weighed. Portions of the dried Downloaded from at Penn State University (Paterno Lib) on September, 20
3 DIET AND CARCASS MPOSITION 3 TABLE 2.Fatty acid composition of 10 different diets Protein Added fat 1 Fatty acid 2 8:0 10:0 12:0 14:0 14:1 :0 :1 :2 17:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 20:2 18:4 20:3 20:4 20:5 22:5 22:6 None None Total fat = coconut oil; =beef tallow; = safflower oil; = menhaden oil. 2 Fatty acid denoted by carbon chain length and number of double bonds. Each fatty acid expressed as a percent of total fatty acids. 3 Fat was determined in basal diets and estimated in supplemented diets. samples were extracted with chloroform as outlined by Marion et al. (1965). From the data obtained on the right half, meat-tobone ratio, and the levels of moisture, fat, and fat-free solids (F.F.S.) were calculated for each carcass. The fatty acid composition of each chloroform extract from the second replication was determined by G.L.C. as reported previously (Marion and Woodroof, 1963). The left half of each carcass was placed in a polyethylene bag, stored for 12 days at 2 C, and then sampled for oxidation tests. Samples of both white meat and skin were excised from the carcass and analyzed for oxidation development by the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method of Tarladgis et al. (1960). With the exception of feed conversion values, all data obtained were subjected to an analysis of variance. Individual treatment significance was determined by the multiple range test of Duncan (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows the total fat and the fatty acid composition of all 10 experimental diets. The low protein basal diet contained a higher proportion of corn to soybean meal and had more extractable fat than the high protein basal diet. Within each protein level the different added fats provided a wide range of available fatty acids, differing both in carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation. The effects of the different experimental diets on various growth and carcass characteristics are shown in Table 3. Chickens fed the high protein diets had significantly higher body weights at 58 days of age than those fed the low protein diets. Also, the addition of coconut oil or beef tallow to the Downloaded from at Penn State University (Paterno Lib) on September, 20
4 4 J. E. MARION AND J. G. WOODROOF TABLE 3.Effect of diet on body weight, feed conversion, dressing percentage, and carcass composition Dietary protein Added fat 1 type none none Body weight 2 gms. 1535» " 1558" " 19" 1913" 1863 b 1764 b Feed conv Dressed carcass 2,4 75.7" 76.5" 77.6 b 76.7"b 77.5" 77.6" 77.2b 76> b 77. &> 77.lt> Carcass yield 2,6 Bone Meat Meat composition 2 H 2 0 Lipid FFS 68.2" 66.4 b b 66.6 h 72.2 d 68.2» 69.6» 69.6" 70.1" 1 = coconut oil; =bee tallow; = safflower oil; = menhaden oil. 2 Values with the same superscript letter are not significantly different (P<0.05). 3 Grams of feed consumed/grams of weight gain. 4 Dressed carcass wt.+giblets/live body wt.xloo. 6 Bone (or meat) wt. in carcass/carcass wt.xloo. Protein added fat 1 Fatty acid 2 10:0 12:0 14:0 14:1 :0 :1 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 18:4 20:5 15.2» 15.8".6» 17.8 b 17.O b d 12.4 d 11.6 d 9.6 CS.6» b 19.3 cd 17.8 b0.2» 15.6» 19.0" cd 18.2" 18.8^ 2 d high protein diets significantly increased body weights. An increase in growth rate due to added fat at the higher protein level might be expected as a result of creating a more favorable calorie-protein ratio. However, no explanation, other than differences in metabolizable energy values of the different fats, can be offered for the variations in growth response to the various fats at the high protein level. The differences noted were consistent for the two replications. Feed conversion values were reduced by increasing protein level or by adding either fat to the high protein basal diet. Carcass dressing percentages ranged from a mean of 75.7 for the low protein basal diet to 77.6 for two of the high protein diets. Adding fat or raising the protein level appeared to increase dressing percentages although the differences were not large. Essary et al. (1965) reported that varying dietary protein and fat levels did TABLE 4.Fatty acid composition of carcasses as affected by dietary protein and fat None None = coconut oil; =beef tallow; = safflower oil; = menhaden oil. 2 Fatty acid denoted by carbon chain length and number of double bonds. Each fatty acid expressed as a percent_of total fatty acids. Downloaded from at Penn State University (Paterno Lib) on September, 20
5 DIET AND CARCASS MPOSITION 5 not appreciably influence dressing percentages of 10-week old broilers. In the present study the proportion of bone to meat in carcasses was not significantly influenced by changes in either dietary protein or fat. Meat composition, or the proportion of moisture, lipids, and fat-free solids, was significantly influenced by diet. Moisture and lipid levels were inversely related, as reported by Donaldson et al. (1956), and were affected by diet more than the level of fat-free solids. Meat moisture levels were generally lower when fat supplemented and low proteins diets were fed. Fat-free solids were generally higher when the high protein diets were fed or when coconut oil or beef tallow was added to the low protein basal diet. The increased deposition of carcass lipids at the expense of tissue moisture, due to feeding low protein or fat supplemented diets in the present experiment, adds weight to the conclusion of Donaldson et al. (1956) and Rand et al. (1957) that carcass fat deposition is controlled primarily by dietary protein level, or calorie-protein ratio. Table 4 shows the fatty acid composition of the homogenized carcass meat. No fatty TABLE 5.Statistical significance of dietary induced changes in carcass fatty acids Fatty acid 1 10:0 12:0 14:0 14:1 :0 :1 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 18:4 20:5 Protein level 2 Fat source Protein X fat 1 Fatty acid denoted by carbon chain length and number of double bonds. 2 = not statistically significant; and = significance at the 5 and 1 level of probability; = not analyzed statistically. TABLE 6.TBA values of tissues as affected by dietary protein and fat Dietary protein Added fat 1 type Breast 6 ab 4» b 0 5 ab 1.72= 1.76" 1.68 cd 1.44 d 9 b 2.08 TBA value 2 Skin 1.75 b 1.59 b 1.28" 2.00 ab b 2.17" b 2.14» b 2.71 b 6. 1 = coconut oil; = beef tallow; = safflower oil; = menhaden oil. 2 Values with the same superscript letter are not significantly different (P<0.05). TBA value = mg. malonaldehyde/1,000 gms. meat. acids beyond linolenic acid (18:3) were detected except when menhaden oil was fed, in which case eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) was the most unsaturated acid detected. It appeared that appreciable quantities of most of the major fatty acids in each dietary fat were deposited in carcass meat. This resulted in carcasses having widely different fatty acid compositions and, consequently, very different physical characteristics. The particular fatty acid changes associated with feeding different dietary fats were similar to those noted for adipose and skin tissues in a previous study (Marion and Woodroof, 1963). More palmitic (:0), stearic (18:0), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic acids, and less palmitoleic (.1) and oleic acids (18.1) were deposited in carcasses of chickens that received the high protein diets than in those fed the low protein diets. Table 5 shows the results of a factorial statistical analysis of dietary induced changes in carcass fatty acids. The analysis revealed that most of the major fatty acids were influenced significantly by dietary protein and fat, and showed a significant Downloaded from at Penn State University (Paterno Lib) on September, 20
6 6 J. E. MARION AND J. G. WOODEOOF interaction between protein level and fat source. Mean TBA values for each dietary treatment are shown in Table 6. For each treatment, TBA values in skin tissue were higher than the values observed in breast muscle. Generally, the breast muscle and skin tissues from chickens reared on high protein diets oxidized more rapidly than those fed low protein diets. Oxidation levels also appeared to be related to the unsaturation of tissue fatty acids. Slightly lower values were noted for carcasses from coconut oil or beef tallow diets, while values for carcasses from menhaden oil diets, and sometimes safflower oil diets, were higher than those for the basal diets. From the work of Chu and Kummerow (1950), Essary and Darrow (1955), and Carlson et al. (1957), some of the above differences observed when the various fat supplemented diets were fed could have been predicted. This report, however, is the first to show such pronounced differences in the stability of poultry meat resulting from feeding diets differing in protein level. Several factors should be considered before this phenomenon is attributed to protein level per se. One of these is the possibility that naturally occurring antioxidants, as well as the added ones, in the diet were concentrated in the carcasses of chickens on the low protein diets as a result of poorer feed conversion. Another possibility is that the higher level of carcass fat (primarily neutral lipids) which was deposited as a result of feeding low protein diets may have physically "protected" the polar tissue lipids which are primarily responsible for oxidative changes. Some differences in oxidation values might be expected as a result of the differences in fatty acid composition of the high and low protein diets. However, the variations in fatty acids resulting from feeding different protein levels were not very large and would not be expected to account for the relatively large differences in TBA values. SUMMARY Male, broiler-type chicks were reared to 58 days of age on corn-soybean meal diets containing either or protein, and one of the following added fats: none, coconut oil, beef tallow, safflower oil, or menhaden oil. Dressing percentages were significantly, but not markedly, influenced by diet, while the proportion of meat to bones in dressed carcasses was not changed by diet. Carcass moisture levels were significantly lower when either low protein or fat supplemented diets were fed. Carcass lipid levels were inversely related to moisture levels. Feeding different fats resulted in an increased carcass deposition of the major fatty acids present in each fat. Also, birds fed high protein diets deposited less oleic and more linoleic acid in their carcasses. TBA values, determined on breast muscle and skin after storage of carcasses for 12 days at 2 C, were significantly higher in carcasses from high protein or menhaden oil diets. Diets containing coconut oil or beef tallow produced carcasses with lower TBA values, and feeding safflower oil caused slightly higher values in skin tissue only. REFERENCES Carlson, D., L. M. Potter, L. D. Matterson, E. P. Singsen, G. L. Gilpin, R. A. Redstrom and E. H. Dawson, Palatability of chickens fed diets containing different levels of fish oil or tallow. I. Evaluation by a consumer-type panel. II. Evaluation by a trained panel. Food Tech. 11: Chu, T. K., and F. A. Kummerow, The deposition of linolenic acid in chickens fed linseed oil. Poultry Sci. 29 : Dansky, L. M., and F. W. Hill, The influence of dietary energy level on the distribution of fat in various tissues of the growing chickens. Poultry Sci. 31: 912. Downloaded from at Penn State University (Paterno Lib) on September, 20
7 DIET AND CARCASS MPOSITION 7 Darrow, M. I., and E. O. Essary, Influence of fats in rations on storage equality of poultry, Poultry Sci. 34: Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs and G. L. Romoser, Studies on energy levels in poultry rations. I. The effect of calorie-to-protein ratio of the ration on growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of chicks. Poultry Sci. 35: Duncan, D. B., Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: Essary, E. O., and L. E. Dawson, Quality of fryer carcasses as related to protein and fat levels in the diet. I. Fat deposition and moisture pick-up during chilling. Poultry Sci. 44: Essary, E. O., L. E. Dawson, E. L. Wisman and C. E. Holmes, Influence of different levels of fat and protein in broiler rations on live weight, dressing percentage and specific gravity of carcasses. Poultry Sci. 44: Fraps, G. S., Relation of the protein, fat and energy of the rations to the composition of chickens. Poultry Sci. 22: Harshaw, H. M., Effect of diet, range, and fattening on the physical and chemical composition of cockerels. J. Agri. Res. 53: Marion, J. E., and J. G. Woodroof, The fatty acid composition of breast, thigh, and INTRODUCTION THORNTON et al. (1957) and Waibel and Johnson (1961) have demonstrated that ration protein levels of 11 to 13 percent in corn-soybean meal rations will support a reasonable level of egg production when such rations are supplemented with certain amino acids. Bray (1960) and (1964) using corn-soybean meal laying rations found that low-protein rations supported satisfactory egg production and maintained desirable egg weights when properly supplemented with amino acids. Little information is available concernskin tissues of chicken broilers as influenced by dietary fats. Poultry Sci. 42: Marion, J. E., J. G. Woodroof and R. E. Cook, Some physical and chemical properties of eggs from hens of five different stocks. Poultry Sci. 44: Newell, G. W., J. L. Fry and R. H. Thayer, The effect of fat in the ration on fat deposition in broilers. Poultry Sci. 35: Rand, N. T., F. A. Kummerow and H. M. Scott, The relationship of dietary protein, fat, and energy on the amount, composition and origin of chick carcass fat. Poultry Sci. 36: Spring, J. L., and W. S. Wilkinson, The influence of dietary protein and energy level on body composition of broilers. Poultry Sci. 36: Summers, J. D., S. J. Slinger and G. C. Ashton, The effect of dietary energy and protein on carcass composition with a note on a method for estimating carcass composition. Poultry Sci. 44: Tarladgis, B. G., B. M. Watts, M. T. Younathan and L. Dugan, Jr., A distillation method for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in rancid foods. J. Amer. Oil Chemists' Soc. 37: Wheat-Soybean Meal Rations for Laying Hens J. L. SELL AND G. C. HODGN Department of Animal Science, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg 19, Manitoba, Canada (Received for publication August 26, 1965) ing the efficacy of low-protein, wheat-soybean meal laying hen rations, with or without amino acid supplementation. March and Biely (1963) reported that the addition of lysine and methionine to diets containing 14 protein had a dramatic effect on egg weight. The diets used were composed primarily of wheat and soybean meal, and although the study was of relatively short duration, level of egg production was good. The data reported herein describe the use of low-protein, wheat-soybean meal rations for laying hens and the influence of Downloaded from at Penn State University (Paterno Lib) on September, 20
IN RECENT years, fats have become a
Influence of Fats in Rations on Storage Quality of Poultry M. I. DARROW AND E. 0. ESSARY Swift & Company, Research Laboratories, Chicago, III. (Received for publication August, 195) IN RECENT years, fats
More informationTHE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID REQUIREMENTS OF BROILERS 1
2001 Poultry Science Association, Inc. THE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID REQUIREMENTS OF BROILERS 1 W. O. ZORNIG, G. M. PESTI 2, and R. I. BAKALLI Department of Poultry Science The University of Georgia Athens,
More informationTHE National Research Council's
Lysine, Arginine and Methionine Balance of Diets for Turkeys to 4 Weeks of Age* S. L. BALLOUN Department of Poultry Science, Iowa State University, Ames THE National Research Council's Nutrient Requirements
More informationUse of Distiller s s Dried Grains plus Solubles in Poultry Feeding Trials at the University of Georgia. University of Georgia
Use of Distiller s s Dried Grains plus Solubles in Poultry Feeding Trials at the University of Georgia Amy B. Batal Poultry Science Department University of Georgia Introduction Distillers dried grains
More informationDISTILLERS GRAINS IN POULTRY DIETS
DISTILLERS GRAINS IN POULTRY DIETS S. Noll, V. Stangeland, G. Speers and J. Brannon University of Minnesota Anticipation of increased supplies of distiller s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the Midwest
More informationEvaluation of a Commercial Pro biotic Culture in Broiler Rations. A. A. Alyaseen, E. E. Murray, R. D. Morrison, R. H. Thayer and G. W.
POULTRYNUTRITION Evaluation of a Commercial Pro biotic Culture in Broiler Rations A. A. Alyaseen, E. E. Murray, R. D. Morrison, R. H. Thayer and G. W. Newell Story in Brief Two eight-week feeding trials
More informationLinseed oils with different fatty acid patterns in the diet of broiler chickens
Linseed oils with different fatty acid patterns in the diet of broiler chickens J. ZELENKA, D. SCHNEIDEROVÁ, E. MRKVICOVÁ Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech
More informationStudies on the Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Nicotinic Acid, and Choline Requirements of Young Embden Geese
Studies on the Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Nicotinic Acid, and Choline Requirements of Young Embden Geese J. A. SERAFIN Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland
More informationNUMEROUS investigations have
Use of Equivalent Levels of Antibiotic and Vitamin B Supplements With Cottonseed and Soybean Oil Meals in Chick Diets 1 NUMEROUS investigations have been conducted on the growth responses produced by soybean
More informationDepartment of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
Performance of Commercial Laying Hens when Six Percent Corn Oil Is Added to the Diet at Various Ages and with Different Levels of Tryptophan and Protein 1 R. S. Antar, R. H. Harms, 2 M. Shivazad, 3 D.
More informationUnit C: Poultry Management. Lesson 1: Nutrients for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction
Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 1: Nutrients for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction 1 1 Carbohydrates Fats Minerals Nutrients Proteins Vitamins Water Terms 2 2 I. Nutrients are the chemical substances
More informationMETABOLISM AND NUTRITION. Glandless Cottonseed Meal for Laying and Breeding Hens and Broiler Chicks
METABOLISM AND NUTRITION Glandless Cottonseed Meal for Laying and Breeding Hens and Broiler Chicks J. R. RYAN, F. H. KRATZER, 1 C. R. GRAU, and P. VOHRA Department of Avian Sciences, University of California,
More informationAlternative Ingredients for Poultry Turkeys
Alternative Ingredients for Poultry Turkeys Sally Noll, Ph.D 1364 Eckles Avenue University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108 Office phone: 612-624-4928 FAX: 612-625-5789 nollx001@umn.edu Alternative ingredients
More informationVITAMIN A requirements of growing
Effect of Vitamin A Level of Diet on Feed Conversion and Utilization of Energy by Growing Chickens 1 T. E. SHELLENBERGER, D. B. PARRISH AND P. E. SANFORD Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan
More informationNUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF EGGS FROM HENS FED WITH DDGS
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF EGGS FROM HENS FED WITH Yan Zhang National Corn to Ethanol Research Center Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and Jill K. Winkler-Moser National Center for Agricultural Utilization
More informationFOWL POWER. Available in 50# Bags
FOWL POWER Crude Protein min 16.00% Lysine min 0.65% Methionine min 0.20% Crude Fat min 3.00% Crude Fiber max 6.00% Calcium min 1.40% Calcium max 1.90% Phosphorus min 0.40% Salt max 0.30% INGREDIENTS:
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching
Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 1: Nutrients for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives:
More informationFeeds and Feeding What are the nutritional needs of my poultry? Jessie Flores 2017 Mid-Atlantic Small Flock Poultry Expo
Feeds and Feeding What are the nutritional needs of my poultry? Jessie Flores 2017 Mid-Atlantic Small Flock Poultry Expo What is a nutrient? There are six classes of nutrients: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins
More informationPOULTRY NUTRITION BRETT KREIFELS NEBRASKA EXTENSION DOUGLAS-SARPY COUNTIES
POULTRY NUTRITION BRETT KREIFELS NEBRASKA EXTENSION DOUGLAS-SARPY COUNTIES FEEDING CHICKENS Properly feeding your chickens is one of the most important things you can do. Proper nutrition will ensure that
More informationIN THE experiments of Heywang (1956),
Supplemental Methionine in a Sixteen Percent Protein Diet for aying Chickens B. W. HEYWAN, M.. VAVICH AND B.. REID Poultry Research Branch, Animal Husbandry Research Division, Agricultural Research Service,
More informationThe Value of Peanuts and Peanut Meal in Rations for Chickens
i) CIRCULAR 80 NOVEMBER 1937 The Value of Peanuts and Peanut Meal in Rations for Chickens By D. F. KING and G. J. COTTIER AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE M. J. FUNCHESS,
More informationDr. Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Lecompte FINAL REPORT. January 14, 2011
Dried distiller grains with soluble (DDGS) in poultry diets and manure phosphorus content - implications for feeding strategies to decrease phosphorus loading Dr. Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Lecompte FINAL REPORT
More informationEgg Yolk Pigmenting Properties of a Marigold Extract and Paprika Oleoresin in a Practical Type Diet
Egg Yolk Pigmenting Properties of a Marigold Extract and Paprika Oleoresin in a Practical Type Diet D. L. FLETCHER Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 2 H. R. HALLO RAN
More informationEfficiency of Utilization of Dietary Phosphorus By Caged Turkey Breeder Hens When Fed Rations Supplemented With Live Yeast Culture
POULTRY NUTRITION Efficiency of Utilization of Dietary Phosphorus By Caged Turkey Breeder Hens When Fed Rations Supplemented With Live Yeast Culture R.H. Thayer, R.F. Burkitt, R.D. Morrison and E. E. Murray
More informationBROILER. Nutrition Specifications. An Aviagen Brand
BROILER 708 Nutrition Specifications 2014 An Aviagen Brand Introduction Nutrition specifications for Ross 708 broilers are given in the following tables for a range of production and market situations
More informationCOMPOSITION OF MEAT AND DRIP. Utilization of Unextracted Soybeans by Broiler Chicks
COMPOSITION OF MEAT AND DRIP 11 IS tions existing within the principal muscles composing the poultry carcass. Poultry Sci. 25: 405. Marion, W. W., and W. J. Stadelman, 1958. Effect of various freezing
More informationFATS AND PELLETS IN BROILER RATIONS. G. H. Arscott
32 FATS AND PELLETS IN BROILER RATIONS By G. H. Arscott \.5 RA140.4 v. OCT 9 1958 41' Miscellaneous Paper 37 April 1957 Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Corvallis p FATS AND PELLETS
More informationComparative effects of inorganic and organic selenium. sources on performance, eggshell quality and egg selenium
Comparative effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on performance, eggshell quality and egg selenium content of laying hens M. Yousefi* and H. Sari Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad
More informationPOULTRY PREMIUM FEED. Features & Benefits. Learn More at BuckeyeNutrition.com CRUMBLES & PELLETS
POULTRY PREMIUM FEED CRUMBLES & PELLETS Features & Benefits Formulated with all-natural vegetable-based ingredients Supports healthy growth and development Medication-free formula BIG 4 PELLETS FOR TURKEYS
More informationProcedures in Feed Formulation
Chapter4 Procedures in Feed Formulation C h a p t e r G o a l s Examine feeding standard tables for various livestock. Describe and discuss mathematical solutions to animal diet formulation (algebra, Pearson
More informationUse of Deoiled DDGS in Poultry. S. L. Noll, Ph.D. Professor and Poultry Extension Specialist
Use of Deoiled DDGS in Poultry S. L. Noll, Ph.D. Professor and Poultry Extension Specialist Corn DDGs in poultry diets Initially lack of information on cddgs restricted dietary use Use increased as information
More informationBroiler Nutrition Specifications
Broiler Nutrition Specifications 2 Introduction 3 Table 1: Nutrition Specifications for As-Hatched Broilers - Target Live Weight
More informationBroiler Response to Diet Energy
Broiler Response to Diet Energy S. LEESON, L. CASTON, and J. D. SUMMERS Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 2W1 ABSTRACT Male broiler chickens were
More informationBroiler performance in response to different methionine levels
Journal of Agricultural Technology 2013 Vol. 9(6):1399-1404 Journal of Agricultural Available Technology online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com 2013 Vol. 9(6):1399-1404 ISSN 1686-9141 Broiler performance in
More informationUSE OF CORN, BARLEY, AND WHEAT WITH OR WITHOUT. FAT IN BROILER RATIONS By G, H. Arscott
S USE F CRN, BARLEY, AND WHEAT WITH R WITHUT FAT IN BRILER RATINS By G, H. Arscott Miscellaneous Paper 5 January 957 Agricultural Experiment Station regon State College Corvallis USE F CRN, BARLEY, AND
More informationFOR years eggs have been studied as a
Vitamin A Content of Eggs as Related to Rate of Production* MYRA C. KOENIG, M. M. KRAMER AND L. F. PAYNE Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan FOR years eggs have been studied as a source of
More informationInfluence of Effective Microorganisms on the Quality of Poultry Products Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods
Influence of Effective Microorganisms on the Quality of Poultry Products S. Chantsavang 1 and P. Watcharangkul 2 Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 1 and Nutrition Division,
More informationProduct Information:
Product Information: Pro-Phree 1 of 5 Nutrition support of infants and toddlers who require extra calories, minerals, and vitamins and/or protein restriction. Use under medical supervision. Protein-free
More informationEC1496 Revised 1950 Poultry Rations and Feeding
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 2-1950 EC1496 Revised 1950 Poultry Rations
More informationDairy Update. finnesota EXTENSION SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ANIMAL SCIENCE EXTENSION. Issue 112 November, 1992
, finnesota EXTENSION SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ANIMAL SCIENCE EXTENSION Department of Animal Science 101 Haecker Hall 1364 Eckles Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (612) 624 4995 FAX: (612) 625 1283
More informationPrimary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Live Production Managers SUMMARY
2004 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Live Performance and Meat Yield Responses of Broilers to Progressive Concentrations of Dietary Energy Maintained at a Constant Metabolizable Energy-to-Crude Protein
More informationUse of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles in Growing-finishing Diets of Turkey Hens
International Journal of Poultry Science (6): 389-393, 003 Asian Network for Scientific Information 003 Use of Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles in Growing-finishing Diets of Turkey Hens Kevin D. Roberson
More informationEffect of Supplementation of Soybean Cake and Fishmeal with Lysine and Methionine in Broiler Diets on the Growth Performance of Turkey Poults
Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 7, 2006 70 Effect of Supplementation of Soybean Cake and Fishmeal with Lysine and Methionine in Broiler Diets on the Growth Performance of Turkey Poults Mukesh Karki Regional
More informationMARKETING AND PRODUCTS. The Effect of Extended Holding Time, Temperature, and Dietary Energy on Yields of Broilers 1
ARKETING AND PRODUCTS The Effect of Extended Holding Time, Temperature, and Dietary Energy on Yields of Broilers 1 T. C. CHEN and C. D. SCHULTZ Poultry Science Department, AES-ississippi State University,
More informationINTRODUCTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds and Diets. E. D. Peebles,*,3 C. D. Zumwalt,* P. D. Gerard, M. A. Latour,*,4 and T. W.
Market Age Live Weight, Carcass Yield, and Liver Characteristics of Broiler Offspring from Breeder Hens Fed Diets Differing in Fat and Energy Contents 1,2 E. D. Peebles,*,3 C. D. Zumwalt,* P. D. Gerard,
More informationEffect of Whole Wheat Dilution on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Male Turkeys
2003 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Effect of Whole Wheat Dilution on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Male Turkeys C. D. Bennett*,1,2 and H. L. Classen* *Department of Animal and Poultry
More informationStudies on the Pantothenic Acid and Unidentified Factor Requirements of Young Ringnecked Pheasants and Bobwhite Quail M. L. SCOTT
1534 W. A. BECKER, J. V. SPENCER AND J. L. SWARTWOOD thick white deterioration by holding shell eggs in sealed containers. Poultry Sci. 3: 19-20. Davis, G. T., and A. F. Beeckler, 192. Plastic packaging
More informationProduct Information: Ketonex -1
Product Information: 1 of 5 Nutrition support of infants and toddlers with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Isoleucine-, leucine- and valine-free. Use under medical supervision. Branched-chain amino acid-free
More informationI ca1orie:grotein ratio was maintained at acceptable
01997 Applied Poultry Science, Inc BROILER BONE STARTER DIET FAT LEVEL' PERFORMANCE, YIELD, AND CHARACTERISTICS AS AFFECTED BY E. DAVID PEEBLES2, J. D. BRAKE, and M. A. LATOUR Poultry Science Depament,
More informationSection 5 Feeds and Feeding of Commercial Poultry Notes
Section 5 Feeds and Feeding of Commercial Poultry Notes Slide 2 Nutrition is a huge component of production cost! The knowledge of nutrient requirements for chickens is astounding. Commercial poultry strains
More informationINGVALDSEN (1929) showed that exposure
The Nutritive Value of Herring Meals. THE EFFECT OF HEAT H. L. A. TARR Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station, Vancouver, Canada AND J. BIELY AND B. E. MARCH Poultry Nutrition Laboratory,* University of
More informationT.B. Morillo, S.D. Carter, J.S. Park, and J.D. Schneider. Story in Brief. Introduction
Effects of Reducing Metabolizable Energy Concentration in Diets Containing Either Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma or Soy Protein Concentrate on Weanling Pig Performance T.B. Morillo, S.D. Carter, J.S. Park,
More informationProduct Information: Tyrex -1
Product Information: Tyrex -1 1 of 5 Nutrition support of infants and toddlers with tyrosinemia types I, II or III. Phenylalanine- and tyrosine-free. Use under medical supervision. Phenylalanine- and tyrosine-free
More informationProtein Deposition in Growing and Finishing Pigs
1 Protein Deposition in Growing and Finishing Pigs DETERMINING WHOLE BODY PROTEIN DEPOSITION RATES IN PIGS. Mark L. Lorschy, Doug A. Gillis, John F. Patience and Kees de Lange. Summary There is controversy
More informationThe Effect of Feeding Starter Diets for Different Periods on Performance of Broilers
The Effect of Feeding Starter Diets for Different Periods on Performance of Broilers Baha Eddin Abu-Bakr Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
More informationIMPACT OF PRE-SLAUGHTER WITHDRAWAL OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS ON PIG PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY. conditions was not addressed in the present study.
IMPACT OF PRE-SLAUGHTER WITHDRAWAL OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS ON PIG PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY John F. Patience and Doug Gillis SUMMARY Research reported in last year s Annual Report indicated that withdrawal
More informationProduct Information: Propimex -1
Product Information: Propimex -1 1 of 5 Nutrition support of infants and toddlers with propionic or methylmalonic acidemia. Methionine- and valine-free; low in isoleucine and threonine. Use under medical
More informationDUCKWORTH, Naftalin and Dalgarno
Fat Studies in Poultry 6. UTILIZATION OF FATS OF DIFFERENT MELTING POINTS* B. MARCH AND JACOB BIELY Poultry Nutrition Laboratory,^ The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C, Canada DUCKWORTH,
More informationAJAYI O.A* M.D OLUMIDE, G.O TAYO, G.O CHIOMA, L.C NDUBUISI
CARCASS AND HAEMATOLOGY PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKEN REARED ON SUN CURED SESAME SUPPLEMENTED SESAME DIET. AJAYI O.A* M.D OLUMIDE, G.O TAYO, G.O CHIOMA, L.C NDUBUISI Department of Animal Science School
More informationComparison of Effects of Using Different Levels of Animal and Vegetable Fats and Their Blends on Performance of Laying Hens
2011, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-424X Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research www.textroad.com Comparison of Effects of Using Different Levels of Animal and Vegetable Fats and Their Blends
More informationThe Impact of Partial and Total Replacement of Soybean with Peanut Meal on Broilers Performance
The Impact of Partial and Total Replacement of Soybean with Peanut Meal on Broilers Performance Mysaa Ata Department of Animal Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash University, P.O.Box
More information6 Nutrients Essential for Life
6 Nutrients Essential for Life Mind Moo-Ver SWBAT identify the 6 essential nutrients for life QOD: What does ph measure Give an example of an acidic substance, a basic substance and a neutral substance
More informationThe Relationship of Calcium Intake, Source, Size, Solubility In Vitro and In Vivo, and Gizzard Limestone Retention in Laying Hens 1
The Relationship of Calcium Intake, Source, Size, Solubility In Vitro and In Vivo, and Gizzard Limestone Retention in Laying Hens 1 BINGFAN ZHANG and CRAIG N. COON2 Department of Animal Science, University
More informationDANN and Handler (1941) stated
The Niacin Requirement of Young Chickens G. R. CHILDS,* C. W. CAEEICK AND S. M. HAUGE Departments of Poultry Husbandry and Agricultural Chemistry, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette,
More informationProduct Information: Phenex -1
Product Information: Phenex -1 1 of 5 For nutrition support of infants and toddlers with phenylketonuria (PKU). Phenylalanine-free Use under medical supervision. Phenylalanine-free to allow greater intake
More informationAnimal Nutrition. What s in a soybean? Activity 1: Soybean nutrients
Animal Nutrition name: date: class: Welcome to the GrowNextGen Animal Nutrition Plug-and-Play Lesson. This lesson will take approximately three class periods (120 minutes total) and will enhance and expand
More informationGrower-Finisher Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs Fed Genetically Modified Bt Corn
Grower-Finisher Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs Fed Genetically Modified Bt Corn Introduction T.E. Weber, B.T. Richert, D.C. Kendall, K.A. Bowers, and C.T. Herr Department of Animal Sciences
More informationEffects of Rice Bran Inclusion on Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler Chicks
2004 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Effects of Rice Bran Inclusion on Performance and Bone Mineralization in Broiler Chicks C. I. Gallinger,*,1 D. M. Suárez,* and A. Irazusta *Instituto Nacional de
More informationFeed ID Options /10/2016. DM% CP% TDN% Fat% Ca% P%
Feed ID Options Ammonium Chloride Beet Pulp Shreds w/molasses Blood Meal Calcium Carbonate Calf Manna Corn Gluten Pellets Cottonseed Hull Pellets Cottonseed Hulls Cottonseed Meal Dehydrated Alfalfa Pellets
More informationEffect of Particle Size on the Utilization of Calcium Supplements by the Chick
1024 H. S. SIEGEL, L. N. DRURY AND W. C. PATTERSON of wire pens, floor pens, and cages on bone characteristics of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 49: 1223-1225. Sanger. U. L., B. R. Burmester and C. C. Morrill,
More informationLamb Feedlot Nutrition
Lamb Feedlot Nutrition by T.L. Stanton and S.B. LeValley* (2/14) Quick Facts... Meeting protein, energy, vitamin and mineral requirements is essential for profitable lamb finishing. Feedlot lambs are more
More informationSwine: Feeding 1. Randy Walker 2
Swine: Feeding 1 Randy Walker 2 Table 1. Maximum Amount of Different Feeds for Various Rations % Complete Ration Feed Gestation Lactation Starter Grower Finisher Alfalfa meal 90 10 0 5 5 Barley 80 80 25
More informationScholars Research Library. Effects of canola oil on the Iranian native Turkey s growth performance (Meleagris Gallopavo)
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (3) : 94-98 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-1233 CODEN (USA): ABRNBW Effects of canola
More informationDIET DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN TRAITS IN RESPONSE TO FEEDING WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND A PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR
Dairy Day 2002 DIET DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN TRAITS IN RESPONSE TO FEEDING WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND A PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR E. E. Ferdinand, J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer,
More informationEffect of Linseed Oil Supplementation on Egg White Quality, Yolk Index and Economics of Feeding Linseed Oil to Laying Hens
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 4282-4290 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.503
More informationTHE occurrence of blood spots in eggs
860 W. J. MUELLER, A. J. G. MAW AND E. G. BUSS fowl. Poultry Sci. 12: 69-82. Hunter, J. A., A. Van Wagenen and G. O. Hall, 1936. Seasonal changes in interior egg quality of Single Comb White Leghorn hens.
More informationPotential for Fish Meal Analog as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Early-Weaned Pig Diets
Potential for Fish Meal Analog as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Early-Weaned Pig Diets C.V. Maxwell 1, M.E. Davis 1, D.C. Brown 1, P. Bond 2, and Z.B. Johnson 1 Story in Brief A total of 288 pigs (20
More informationPerformance & Nutrition Supplement. broiler. cobb-vantress.com
Broiler Performance & Nutrition Supplement broiler cobb-vantress.com Introduction This supplement presents broiler performance and yield targets for your Cobb500 broilers, together with recommendations
More informationInstitute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad--2*.*, Pakistan,
The Journal of Poultry Science : 3 **0 Research Note Haq Nawaz Tariq Mushtaq and Muhammad Yaqoob Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad** Pakistan Department
More informationEffect of High Fiber Ingredients on the Performance, Metabolizable Energy and Digestibility of Broiler and Layer Chicks
Animal Industry Report AS 661 ASL R3000 2015 Effect of High Fiber Ingredients on the Performance, Metabolizable Energy and Digestibility of Broiler and Layer Chicks Muhammed Walugembe Iowa State University,
More informationTHE isolation and availability of crystalline
Unidentified Factors in Poultry Nutrition. PROPERTIES AND PRELIMINARY FRACTIONATION OF A GROWTH FACTOR IN CONDENSED FISH SOLUBLES H. MENGE, C. A. DENTON, J. R. SIZEMORE, R. J. LILLIE AND H. R. BIRD Bureau
More informationProduct Information: PediaSure (Institutional)
Product Information: PediaSure (Institutional) 1 of 5 PediaSure is a source of complete, balanced nutrition especially designed for children 1 to 13 years of age. May be used as the sole source of nutrition
More informationDDGS IN POULTRY DIETS DOES IT MAKE SENSE
DDGS IN POULTRY DIETS DOES IT MAKE SENSE Sally Noll, Ph.D 1364 Eckles Avenue University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 5518 Office phone: 612-624-4928 FAX: 612-625-5789 nollx1@umn.edu Distiller grains with
More informationLysine Requirement of Broiler Chickens Fed Low-density Diets under Tropical Conditions
939 Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 20, No. 6 : 939-943 June 2007 www.ajas.info Lysine Requirement of Broiler Chickens Fed Low-density Diets under Tropical Conditions Usama Aftab*, Muhammad Ashraf, Abdul
More informationGrowth Performance of Broilers Using a Phase-Feeding Approach with Diets Switched Every Other Day from Forty-Two to Sixty-Three Days of Age 1
Growth Performance of Broilers Using a Phase-Feeding Approach with Diets Switched Every Other Day from Forty-Two to Sixty-Three Days of Age 1 T. Pope, L. N. Loupe, J. A. Townsend, and J. L. Emmert 2 Department
More informationUnderstanding Ingredients. Fats and Oils
Understanding Ingredients Fats and Oils Topics Types of Fats and Oils Structures of Fats and Oils Nutritive Value of Fats and Oils Choice and Storage of Fats and Oils Uses of Fats and Oils in Cooking /
More informationSupplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows. R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist
INTRODUCTION Supplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist Department of Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Life Sciences University
More informationEffects of Breeder Age and Dietary Fat Source and Level on Broiler Hatching Egg Characteristics 1,2
Effects of Breeder Age and Dietary Fat Source and Level on Broiler Hatching Egg Characteristics 1,2 E. D. Peebles,*,3 C. D. Zumwalt,* S. M. Doyle,* P. D. Gerard, M. A. Latour, 4 C. R. Boyle, and T. W.
More informationEffect of Pressure and Temperature on Poultry Offal Meal Quality
Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Poultry Offal Meal Quality J. L. McNAUGHTON U. S, Department of Agriculture, A.R.S., South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, and H. A. PASHA, E. J. DAY and B. C.
More informationEFFECT OF THE REPLACEMENT OF MAIZE WITH WHEAT OFFAL IN BROILER FINISHER DIETS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED COST
ORIGINAL PAPER EFFECT OF THE REPLACEMENT OF MAIZE WITH WHEAT OFFAL IN BROILER FINISHER DIETS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED COST GRACE IDIONG CHRISTOPHER 1, SAMUEL OFFFIONG 1 AND *IDIONG CHRISTOPHER IDIONG
More informationCHICKS from dams fed balanced rations
The Variable Response of Normal Chicks to Stress Rations and a Vitamin Bi 2 Supplement* N. D. MAGRUDER, 1 J. K. BLETNER, 2 T. B. CLARK, 2 AND C. E. WEAKLEY, JR. 3 West Virginia Agricultural Experiment
More informationEffects of Trace Mineral Source on Growth and Mineral Balance in Yearling Horses
Effects of Trace Mineral Source on Growth and Mineral Balance in Yearling Horses T.L. Naile, S.R. Cooper, D.W. Freeman, and C.R. Krehbiel Story in Brief Sixteen yearling Quarter Horses were used in a split-plot
More informationRapeseed Oil Meal Studies
Rapeseed Oil Meal Studies EFFECTS OF VARIETY OF RAPESEED, GROWING ENVIRONMENT AND PROCESSING TEMPERATURES ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RAPESEED OIL MEAL 1 D. R. CLANDININ, RUTH RENNER
More informationAnimal fats. High quality fats for high quality feeds
Animal fats High quality fats for high quality feeds This leaflet is meant to review the nutritional benefits and update the knowledge on using animal fats for animal feeds. The changed legislation raised
More informationIndustry. Feeding Swine. Energy. US Per Capita Meat Consumption. Gain (Tissue accretion) Maintenance ME
Industry Feeding Swine Feed represents 65 to 75% of total costs 60 million hogs and pigs in US Smithfield Foods Worlds largest vertically integrated hog operation (60%) 700,000 sows 12 million market hogs
More informationIntroduction. Hypothesis
Introduction Effects of Feeding Babcock B300 Laying Hens Conventional Sanfandila Layer Diets Compared to Diets Containing 10% Norgold DDGS on Performance and Egg Quality Corn distiller s dried grains with
More informationTHE citric acid concentration of tissues
Dietary Vitamin Levels and the Response of Blood Citric Acid Concentrations to Stressors 1 C. H. HILL with the technical assistance of VIRGINIA C. BAKER Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State
More information