Performance, Bone Parameters and Phosphorus Excretion of Broilers Fed Low Phosphorus Diets Supplemented with Phytase from 23 to 40 Days of Age

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Siene 9 (10): , 2010 ISSN Asin Network for Sientifi Informtion, 2010 Performne, Bone Prmeters n Phosphorus Exretion of Broilers Fe Low Phosphorus Diets Supplemente with Phytse from 23 to 40 Dys of Age A.E. El-Sheriny, H.M.A. Hssn, M.O. A-Elsmee, A. Smy n M.A. Mohme 1 Deprtment of Animl Proution, Fulty of Agriulture, Ciro University, Egypt 2 Deprtment of Animl Proution, Ntionl Reserh Centre, 12622, Dokki, Egypt Astrt: An experiment ws onute using 300 growing Ross 308 roilers from 23 to 40 ys of ge. Six ietry tretments were formulte. A sl iet ontine 1.48% Dilium Phosphte (DCP) ws use s ontrol iet (iet 1). Diets 2 n 3 ontine 50% n 25% of the DCP of iet 1 (0.74 n 0.37%, respetively), while iet 4 ws formulte without DCP. Diets 3 n 4 were fe without or with supplemente phytse enzyme (500 U/kg). Every ietry tretment ws fe to 5 replites (10 hiks eh). The results showe no signifint ifferenes etween irs fe iets ontining 1.48 % DCP or 0.74% DCP on BWG, FI n FCR. Reuing ietry DCP level to 0.37% slightly erese BWG ompre with irs fe 0.74% DCP with inferior vlue of FCR. When DCP ws remove from the iet BWG signifintly (p<0.01) erese n FCR reore worth vlue. Aition of 500 U phytse/kg to iet 3 of 0.37% DCP signifintly enhne BWG (p<0.01), fee intke n FCR (p<0.05). Aition of phytse to the iet of no DCP i improve neither BWG nor FCR. Deresing ietry DCP i not signifintly ffet length, weights n with of tii either with or without phytse supplementtion. However, irs fe the highest level of ietry DCP showe the highest vlues of tii weight n length mong the ifferent groups. Tii reking strength (kgf) signifintly (p<0.001) erese s ietry DCP level erese. Aition of phytse signifintly (p<0.001) improve tii reking strength n tii sh %. Aition of phytse to iet of low DCP i inrese tii C n P to reh vlues omprle with those of the ontrol iet. Deresing ietry DCP showe signifint (p<0.001) erese in the exrete C n P. Aition of phytse to iets of low or no DCP lso erese (p<0.001) the exrete C n P. This mens tht phytse inrese the utiliztion of ietry C n P. The exrete C n P erese y 41.22% n 55.26%, respetively, when irs were fe iet of no DCP ompre to those fe the ontrol iet. Also, ition of phytse enzyme to iets of low or no DCP erese the exrete perentge of C n P. It oul e onlue tht reuing ietry P level n using phytse enzyme oul e use to limit quntity of P exrete from roilers. This reue suh impt in environmentl pollution. Key wors: Growing roilers, low phosphorus, phytse, one, phosphorus exretion INTRODUCTION Broiler iets onsist of plnt prouts often ontins lrge mounts of unville phosphorus know s phyttes whih ounts for 60-80% of the totl phosphorus present in plnt fees. To meet the ietry Phosphorus (P) requirements of poultry, iets re often supplemente with inorgni P. The unuse portions of the supplementl phosphorus s well s the inigestile phytte re exrete, resulting in high onentrtions of P in the mnure. Cowieson et l. (2004) reporte tht eighty-two perent of the phytte onsume in poultry iets is reovere in the exret. This inreses the ost of the iets n ontriutes to environmentl pollution (Plluf et l., 1994; Muspuor et l., 2006). Reently one of the most effetive ftors in environment ontmintion is espeilly ontmintion y phosphorus. To reue the onentrtion of P in exret, roilers n e fe to requirement, essentilly y reuing overfeeing of P vi eresing the mount of P from inorgni soures. In onjuntion with feeing loser to requirements, the ition of enzymes enhnes P vilility n thus P use y the roiler from iets n sustntilly erese P in litter. Angel et l. (2005) reporte tht uner ommeril onitions roiler litter P ws reue y 30% when iet P ws reue y 10%. Nhm (2002) reporte tht using phytse enzymes, omine with reutions in the mount of P in iets, hve een shown to effetively reue exrete P onentrtions. Angel et l. (2005) reommene using moertely high onentrtions of ville P in the prestrter n strter phse omine with no e inorgni P in the finisher n withrwl phses. Aing phytse enzyme to roiler iets to improve utiliztion of phosphorus n other minerls oul help lower the nee to expensive ommeril inorgni phosphte (ilium phosphte) to poultry rtions, thus Corresponing Author: A. Smy, Deprtment of Animl Proution, Ntionl Reserh Centre, 12622, Dokki, Egypt 972

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS A numer of 500 one-y ol Ross 308 roiler hiks hs een grown on floor en in wrme fumigte rooer house to 23 ys of ge. Chiks were fe strter-grower iet till 22 ys of ge. The strter-grower iet (Tle 1) ws formulte to over the reommene Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (10): , 2010 reuing the ost of poultry fee. Using phosphorus reoring the overll length n with of tii, ones from the orgni phytte ompoun oul lso help o were oven rie t 105 C to the onstnt weight. The reue phosphorus ontmintion in groun wter, rie ft-free ones were she in muffle furne t enefit for improving the environment (Huff et l., 1998; o 600 C for 6 h. Tii one strength (reking strength) Sott et l., 1999). ws mesure on pprtus IPNIS n expresse in Using phytse enzyme llowe the reution of kilogrms neessry for one to e roken (Msi et l., inorgni phosphorus levels of the iets, eresing 1985). expenses without negtive effet on roiler performne Clium n phosphorus were etermine in exret (Plumste et l., 2008). n rie ft-free ones sh se on the Offiil During the finishing perio (23-40 ys of ge) roilers Methos of Anlysis of AOAC (1990). onsume more thn 60% of there totl fee Throughout the experimentl perio, irs were onsumption. Reuing ietry P levels n/or using vinte ginst Avin Flue, ND, IB n IBD. After suh phytse enzyme on suh phse my help on reuing meil tretments, ose of vitmins (AD3E) ws the exrete P. Therefore, the ojetive of this stuy ws offere in the rinking wter for the suessive 3 ys. to evlute the influene of reuing ietry phosphte Dt were sttistilly nlyze for nlysis of vrine with or without phytse supplementtion on using the Generl Liner Moel of SAS (1990) s one wy performne, one mesurements C n P exretion nlysis of vrine. Signifint ifferenes mong of roiler hiks from 23 to 40 ys of ge. tretment mens were seprte y Dunn s new multiple rng test (Dunn, 1955) with 5% level of proility. RESULTS Boy Weight Gin (BWG), Fee Intke (FI) n Fee Conversion Rtio, fee/gin (FCR) of roiler hiks fe the ifferent ietry tretments is summrize in Tle requirements of ll the nutrients. The ietry levels of C 2. n NPP were 1 n 0.5%, respetively, for the strter- The results showe tht irs fe iet 1 ontining grower phses. After fsting overnight hiks were 1.48% DCP exhiite the highest level of oy weight iniviully weighe n 300 hiks of uniform weights gin (1128 g) n fee intke (1987 g) n the est were use in this experiment. vlue of FCR (1.76) mong tretments. However, no Four finisher iets were formulte; iet 1 ontrol iet signifint ifferenes were etete etween suh ontine 1.48% DCP, iet 2 ontine 0.74% DCP irs n those fee iet 2 ontining 0.74% DCP on (50% DCP of the ontrol), iet 3 ontine 0.37% DCP BWG, FI n FCR. Reuing ietry DCP level to 0.37% (25% DCP of the ontrol) n iet 4 with no e DCP. slightly erese BWG ompre with irs fe 0.74% 500 U phytse enzyme/kg were e to iets 3 n 4 to DCP n showe inferior vlue of FCR (1.83). When perform iets 5 n 6. Thus numer of 6 tretments DCP ws remove from the iet (iet 4) BWG were exmine. These iets were formulte to e signifintly (p<0.01) erese (948 g) n FCR isonitrogenous n isolori n ontine nutrients reore worth vlue eing equte to over the requirements of Ross roilers. Fee intke ws not signifintly ffete y reuing Every ietry tretment ws fe to 5 replites of 10 DCP from 1.48 to 0.74 or 0.37%, while removl of DCP hiks eh. The verge initil live oy weights of ll (0.0%, iet 4) signifintly (p<0.001) erese FI replites were nerly similr. Replites were ompre to the ontrol iet. Phytse supplementtion rnomly llote in tteries of three-tier system to iet 4 of no DCP ontent i numerilly (p>0.05) ivie into 30 omprtments (5 replites X 6 ietry enhne fee intke. tretments). Fee n wter were llowe for liitum Aition of 500 U phytse/kg to iet 3 of 0.37% DCP (iet onsumption from 23 to 40 ys of ge. At the en of the 5) slightly improve BWG n FCR. Fee onversion experiment irs were fste overnight, iniviully rtion vlue of suh iet (0.37% DCP + phytse) eing weighe n fee onsumption ws reore per 1.77 ws omprle to tht of the ontrol iet (1.48% replite. Gin in oy weight n fee onversion rtio DCP) eing Aition of phytse to the iet of no were lulte. Smples of exret were ollete from DCP (iet 6) i improve neither BWG nor FCR. ll tretments to etermine C n P ontent. The effets of reuing DCP n phytse ition on Six irs per tretment were rnomly tken to stuy one mesurements of roiler hiks fe the ifferent one mesurments. Birs were iniviully weighe, ietry tretments re shown in Tle 3. slughtere, fethere n eviserte. The right tii Level of ietry DCP i not signifintly ffet weight, ws remove n lene of ll hering flesh, length or with of tii. Deresing ietry DCP i not extrte with ethnol n then with iethyl ether. After signifint effet on length, weights n with of tii 973

3 Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (10): , 2010 Tle 1: Formultion n nutrient omposition of strter-grower perio (0-22 ys of ge) n experimentl iets for finisher perio (23-40 ys of ge) Experimentl iets Strter-grower Ingreients (%) iet Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3 Diet 4 Yellow orn Soyen mel (44%) Corn gluten mel (60%) Soy oil Dilium phosphte Limestone (1) Vitmin n Minerl mix Slt L-Lysine HCl DL-Methionine Totl Clulte omposition (2) Crue protein ME (Kl/kg) Lysine Methionine + Cystine Thrionine Clium Totl P Nonphytte P (1) Vitmin-minerl mixture supplie per Kg of iet: Vit A, I.U; Vit D3, 2200 I.U; Vit E, 10 mg; Vit K3, 2 mg; Vit B1, 1 mg; Vit B2, 4 mg; Vit B6, 1.5 mg; Vit B12, 10 µg; Niin, 20 mg; Pntotheni i, 10 mg; Foli i, 1 mg; Biotin, 50 µg; Choline hlorie, 500 mg; (2) Copper, 10 mg; Ioine, 1 mg; Iron, 30 mg; Mngnese, 55 mg; Zin, 50 Mg n Selenium, 0.1 mg. Aoring to NRC, 1994 Tle 2: Growth performne of roiler hiks fe the ietry tretments from 23 to 40 ys of ge Boy weight gin Fee intke Fee onversion Dietry tretments (g) (g) rtio Diet No. DCP (%) Phytse (U/kg) SE of mens ±15.49 ±21.81 ±0.01 Signifines ** * * - Mens within eh olumn for eh effet with no ommon supersript re signifintly ifferent (p<0.05). *p<0.05; **p<0.01 either with or without phytse supplementtion. However, irs fe the highest level of ietry DCP (1.48%) showe the highest vlues of tii weight n length mong the ifferent groups. Tii reking strength (kgf) signifintly (p<0.001) erese s ietry DCP level erese. Birs fe the ontrol iet of 1.48% DCP reore the highest vlues of tii reking strength eing kgf. The orresponing vlues for irs fe 0.74, 0.37% or no ietry DCP were 29.22, n kgf, respetively. Aition of phytse enzyme to iet 3 signifintly (p<0.001) inrese tii reking strength n reh vlue omprle to tht of the ontrol iet eing kgf. On the other hn, slight improve (p>0.05) in tii reking strength ws etete when iet 4 of no DCP ws supplemente with phytse (iet 6). Effet of reuing DCP n phytse ition on tii sh, tii C n P (%) ontent of hiks fe the ifferent ietry tretments re shown in Tle 4. Reuing ietry DCP from 1.48 (iet 1) to 0.74 % (iet 2) i not signifintly ffet tii sh %. Reution of DCP to 0.37 or 0.0% (iet 3 n 4) showe signifint (p<0.001) lower tii sh % ompre to the ontrol iet of 1.48% DCP. Aition of phytse to suh iets (3 n 4) signifintly (p<0.001) improve tii sh % n rehe vlues eing n 40.29%, respetively. This mens tht, phytse ition to iets of less or no DCP me irs le to retin more sh in tii. Vlues of tii C n P % showe grul erese (p<0.001) with eresing ietry DCP. Aition of phytse to iet 3 of 0.37% DCP i inrese tii C n P to reh vlues omprle with those of iet 1 of 1.48% DCP (the ontrol). Tii C n P % of the ontrol iet (iet 1) were n 20.82%, respetively. The orresponing vlues reore for iet 5 (0.37% DCP + phytse) were n 20.19%, respetively. Also, ition of phytse to iet 4 of no DCP inrese tii C n P %. 974

4 Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (10): , 2010 Tle 3: Tii one mesurements of roiler hiks fe the ietry tretments from 23 to 40 ys of ge Tii weight Tii length Tii with Tii strength Dietry tretments (g) (m) (m) (kgf) Diet No. DCP (%) Phytse (U/kg) SE of mens ±0.106 ±0.116 ±0.008 ±1.48 Signifines NS NS NS *** - Mens within eh olumn for eh effet with no ommon supersript re signifintly ifferent (p<0.05). ***p<0.001; NS: Not Signifint (p>0.05) Tle 4: Tii sh, C n P% of roiler hiks fe the ietry tretments from 23 to 40 ys of ge Tii minerls Dietry tretments Tii sh (%) C (%) P (%) Diet No. DCP (%) Phytse (U/kg) SE of mens ±0.52 ±0.80 ±0.23 Signifines *** *** *** - Mens within eh olumn for eh effet with no ommon supersript re signifintly ifferent (p<0.05). ***p<0.001 The effets of reuing DCP n phytse ition on onjuntion with reue ietry P levels hs een lium n phosphorus exretion of roiler hiks fe the ifferent ietry tretments re shown in Tle 5. Deresing ietry DCP showe signifint (p<0.001) erese in the exrete C n P. The exrete C erese from 2.96% for irs fe the ontrol iet (1.48% DCP) to 1.74% for those fe iet 4 of 0% DCP. The orresponing vlues for the exrete P were 1.52 n 0.68%, respetively. Aition of phytse to iets 3 n 4 of 0.37 or 0% DCP lso erese (p<0.001) the exrete C n P %. This mens tht ition of phytse inrese the utiliztion of ietry C n P. The exrete C n P erese y 41.22% n 55.26%, respetively, when irs were fe iet of no DCP ompre to those fe the ontrol iet of 1.48% DCP. Also, ition of phytse enzyme to iets of low or no DCP erese the exrete perentge of C n P. DISCUSSION The results of the present stuy showe tht ietry DCP oul e reue y 50% on roiler iets from 23 to 40 ys of ge with no signifint effet upon performne n one prmeters. Pronoune enefiil effet ws oserve regring P exrete n its impt on environmentl pollution tht limits soil n wter ontmintion. On stuying reuing ietry P n/or using phytse, ifferent results hve een reporte. Wlroup et l. (2000) reporte tht using supplementl phytse in shown to e n effetive metho of improving P utiliztion n eresing P exretion in the mnure. They e tht NPP oul e reue, thn the NRC (1994) requirement, within n ge perio y 0.075% from 0-21, n of ge without verse effets on roiler performne. Also, Applegte et l. (2003) foun tht the NRC (1994) NPP requirement is sustntilly higher thn tht require for overll performne in 3 wk phses. Therefore, they onlue tht the ietry nonphytte phosphorus levels of roiler iets oul e reue sustntilly from NRC (1994) reommentions without ffeting roiler performne. Fritts n Wlroup (2003) suggeste tht ville P levels n e reue y up to 30% with no negtive impt on roiler performne resulting in signifint reution of P exretion. Yn et l. (2000, 2004) n Angel et l. (2005) foun no ifferenes in BW when ompring roilers fe the NRC (1994) reommene P level n roilers fe less P ut with e phytse. Erlier, Skinner et l. (1992) exmine the influene of omplete removl of inorgni P from roiler finisher iets on growth, one strength n the iniene of skeletl normlities. There were no negtive effets of P removl on growth rte, fee onversion, tii length or with,or the iniene of leg normlities. Furthermore, Kornegy et l. (1997) showe tht performne mesurements inrese when P n phytse were e to low P iets. The lrgest response to phytse ws usully otine t the lower levels of P. 975

5 Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (10): , 2010 Tle 5: Clium n phosphorus exrete from roiler hiks fe the ietry tretments from 23 to 40 ys of ge Exret Derese Exret Derese Dietry tretments C % C % in exret P % P % in exret Diet No. DCP (%) Phytse (U/kg) e e e SE of mens ±0.09 ±0.08 Signifines *** *** - Mens within eh olumn for eh effet with no ommon supersript re signifintly ifferent (p<0.05). ***p<0.001 On the other hn, Slem et l. (2003) foun tht eresing ietry P levels reue weight gin n fee intke of roiler hiks fe orn soyen mel iet. Phytse supplementtion overme (p<0.05) the epression of weight gin n fee intke oserve on the low P iet to omprle vlues of the norml P iet. Stuies performe y Plumste et l. (2008) showe tht using phytse supplementtion llowing the reution of inorgni phosphorus levels of the iets, eresing expenses without negtive ffet on roiler performne. Regring fee mnipultion to reuing the exrete P, Cmpestrini et l. (2005) reporte tht irs exrete more thn hlf of phosphorus n nitrogen they onsume. Using enzymes in poultry iets improves igestiility n vilility of ertin nutrients, minly phosphorus, nitrogen, lium opper n zin, iminishing its presene on exret n hene, its eposition to the environment. Environmentl pollution, through fel exretion of nitrogen n phosphorus, n our in higher or lower level, epening on the utiliztion pity of these nutrients y nimls, whih is improve with exogenous enzymes ition. In greement with ifferent stuies (Angel et l., 2005; Angel et l., 2006; Leytem et l., 2007; Plumste et l., 2007) totl phosphorus in the exret inrese s the ietry phosphorus level inrese. This onfirms the importne of feeing lose to the P requirement. Also, miroil phytse supplementtion with low-c, low-p iet n erese P exretion in the mnure n limit soil n wter ontmintion (Muspuor et l., 2006). From the otine results n forgoing isussion, it oul e onlue tht reuing ietry P level n using phytse enzyme oul e use to limit quntity of P exrete from roilers. This reues suh impt in environmentl pollution. Further stuies is reommene on removl of DCP from roiler finisher iets sine finisher iets re generlly only fe in the lst week efore mrket n represents pproximtely 40% of the totl fee onsume y ommeril roiler. REFERENCES Angel, R., W.W. Sylor, A.D. Mithell, W. Powers n T.J. Applegte, Effet of ietry phosphorus, phytse n 25-hyroxyholeliferol on roiler hiken one minerliztion, litter phosphorus n proessing yiels. Poult. Si., 85: Angel, R., W.W. Sylor, A.S. Dhnu, W. Powers n T.J. Applegte, Effet of ietry phosphorus, phytse n 25-hyroxyholeliferol on performne of roiler hikens grown in floor pens. Poult. Si., 84: Applegte, T.J., B.C. Joern, D.L. Nussum-Wgler n R. Angel, Wter solule phosphorus in fresh roiler litter is epenent upon phosphorus onentrtion fe ut not on fungl phytse supplementtion. Poult. Si., 82: Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists (AOAC), Offiil Methos of Anlysis. 15th En., Assoition of Offiil Anlytil Chemists. Wshington, DC. Cmpestrini, E., V.T.M. D Silv n M.D. Appelt, Utilizo e enzims n limento niml. Revist Eletrôni Nutritime, 6: Cowieson, A.J., T. Amovi n M.R. Befor, The effet of phyti i n phytse on the igestiility of mize strh for growing roiler hikens. Poult. Si., 83(Suppl. 1):1791 (Astr.). Dunn, D.B., Multiple Rnge n Multiple F- Tests. Biometri, 11: Fritts, C.A. n P.W. Wlroup, Effet of soure n level of Vitmin D on live performne n one evelopment in growing roilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 12: Huff, W.E., P.A. Jr. Moore, P.W. Wlroup, A.L. Wlroup, J.M. Blog, G.R. Huff, N.C. Rth, T.C. Dniel n V. Roy, Effet of ietry phytse n high ville phosphorus orn on roiler hiken performne. Poult. Si., 77: Kornegy, E.T., D.M. Denow n Z. Zhng, Phytse of supplementtion of orn-soyen mel roiler iets from three to seven week of ge. Poult. Si., 76: (Suppl. 1), 24. Leytem, A.B., P.W. Plumste, R.O. Mguire, P. Kwnyuen n J. Brke, Wht spet of ietry moifition in roilers ontrols litter wtersolule phosphorus: Dietry phosphorus, phytse, or lium? J. Environ. Qul., 36: Msi, B., N. Antonijevi, D. Vitorovi, Z. Pvlovski, N. Miloševi n S. Jstšenjski, Prilog oreivnju vrstoe kostiju pili. Perrstvo, 8/9,

6 Int. J. Poult. Si., 9 (10): , 2010 Muspuor, A., M. Afshrmnesh n H. Mori, Use of miroil phytse for erese of pollutnt environmentl poultry exret phosphorus. Int. J. Agri. Biol., 8: Nhm, K.H., Effiient fee nutrient utiliztion to reue pollutnts in poultry n swine mnure. Crit. Rev. Environ. Si. Tehnol., 32: Ntionl Reserh Counil, Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. En., Ntionl Aemy Press Wshington, DC., USA. Plluf, J., G. Rimh, S. Pippig, B. Shinler n E. Most, Effet of phytse supplementtion to phytte-rih iet se on whet, rley n soy on the iovilility of ietry phosphorus, lium, mgnesium, zin n protein in piglets. Agriio. Res., 47: 39. Plumste, P.W., A.B. Leytem n R.O. Mguire, Intertion of lium n phytte in roiler iets. 1. Effets on pprent preel igestiility n retention of phosphorus. Poult. Si., 87: Plumste, P.W., H. Romero-Snhez, R.O. Mguire, A.G. Gernt n J. Brke, Effets of phosphorus level n phytse in roiler reeer rering n lying iets on live performne n phosphorus exretion. Poult. Si., 86: Slem, F.M., H.A. El-Alily, N.M. El-Meny n K. A El- Glil, Improving phosphorus utiliztion in roiler hik ets to minimize phosphorus pollution. Egypt. Poult. Si. J., 23: SAS Institute, SAS /STAT User s Guie: Sttistis. Version 6, 4th En., SAS Institute In, Cry, NC. Sott, T.A., R. Kmpen n F.G. Silversies, The effet of phosphorus, phytse enzyme n lium on the performne of lyers fe orn-se iets. Poult. Si., 78: Skinner, J.T., A.L. Izt n P.W. Wlroup, Effets of removl of supplementl lium n phosphorus from roiler finisher iets on performne, rss omposition n one prmeters. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 1: Wlroup, P.W., J.H. Kersey, E.A. Sleh, C.A. Fritts, F. Yn, H.L. Stillorn, R.C. Crum n V. Roy, Non-phytte phosphorus requirement n phosphorus exretion of roiler hiks fe iets ompose of norml or high ville phosphte orn with n without miroil phytse. Poult. Si., 79: Yn, F., C.A. Fritts n P.W. Wlroup, Evlution of moifie ietry phosphorus levels with n without phytse supplementtion on live performne n exret phosphorus onentrtion in roiler iets. 2. Moifie erly phosphorus levels. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 13: Yn, F., J.H. Kersey, C.A. Fritts, P.W. Wlroup, H.L. Stilorn, R.C. Crum, D.W. Rie n V. Roy, Evlution of norml yellow ent orn n high ville phosphorus orn in omintion with reue ietry phosphorus n phytse supplementtion for roilers grown to mrket weights in litter pens. Poult. Si., 79:

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