Effects of Zn, Fe and Mn on soybean elements concentration

Transcription

1 Article-8 Eco. Env. & Cons. 17 (2): 2011; pp. (47-52) EM International Effects of Zn, Fe and Mn on soybean elements concentration Soheil Kobraee 1 and Keyvan Shamsi 2 1,2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran. ABSTRACT In order to study the effects of micronutrients on leaf and Seed concentration of soybean (Cv. Williams), an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates at research farm, Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah, Iran at In this research different levels of micronutrients such as Zn (0, 20 and 40 kg Zn ha -1 ), Fe (0, 25 and 50 kg Fe ha -1 ) and Mn (0, 20 and 40 kg Zn ha -1 ) were applied. Ten plants were randomly collected from sampling rows at maturity and seeds and leaves were separated. Samples prepared and were sent to plant analysis laboratory for the measurement of mineral nutrient concentrations. The economic, biological yield and total dry weight were determined. The results was shown that the Zinc and Iron application has a significant effects on concentrations of zinc and iron in leaves, Zn, Fe, and Mn in seeds, seed yield and biological yield (P<0.01). Also Mn concentration in leaves affected by Zn and Fe application (P<0.05). According to the results of means comparison, leaf [Zn] increased with Zinc application from 0 to 40 kg ha -1, but [Fe] in leaf increased in 25 kg ha -1, while, in excess amount, concentration of this element was decreased. Therefore, the maximum of leaf [Zn], [Fe] and [Mn] were obtained in 40, 25 and 20 kg ha -1 Zinc, Iron and Manganese treatments. With Zinc using up to 20 kg ha -1, leaf [Fe] increased. The Zinc and Manganese were concentrations higher in seeds compared with leaves. In this experiment Fe concentration in was lower in seeds than the leaves. Key word: Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Micronutrient concentration, Economic yield, Biological yield Introduction Micronutrients availability in soil depends on the type of soil, farming management, environmental and climatic conditions. The first step for accumulating of micronutrients in plant and translocation into seed is uptake of micronutrients from the soil. Remobilization of mineral nutrients is particularly important during reproductive growth, when seeds and storage are formed. Seeds are major sources of human and animal foods, and an impotent role in health societies, especially true in developing countries where plant foods are a predominant portion of the diet (Waters & Sankaran, 2011). Zinc is considered as the most limiting factor in producing crops in different parts of the world (Mandel et al., 2000; Fageria & Baligar, 2005). This element plays an important role in synthesizing proteins, RNA, DNA and precursor of auxin which is essential for cell duplication (Alloway, 2004). Fageria and Baligar (1997) stated that soybean yield was limited with zinc deficit. Zinc deficit reduces yield and nutritional value in crops. This element plays an important role in metabolism of nitrogen and synthesis of amino acid, Therefore, another effect of Zn deficiency is that protein synthesis is impaired, which can lead to an accumulation of amino acids (Fageria, 2009). Iron deficit is a major problem with most limy soils (Lucena & Chaney, 2007). The iron content in soil, averaging is 3.2%, but its normal concentration in plants tissue is only 0.005% (Meng et al., 2005). Nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis affected by Iron content in plants (Bennett, 1993). Synthesis of chlorophyll, thylakoid, and many ferrous proteins is dependent on this element (Imsande, 1998). Iron overload is toxic for plants, while iron deficiency leads to chlorosis and reduced growth (Cvitanich et al., 2010). The iron content in soybean seed is mainly affected by the iron absorption from soil, and the transport and accumulation of iron in seed. *Corresponding author: Kobraee@yahoo.com

2 48 As soil PH increases the degree of iron solubility and concentration reduces in soil solution. Chemical characteristics of soil like ph is one of important factors in determining the degree of iron absorbance and transfer in soil and plants (Fageria, 2000). The extent of remobilization of micronutrients depends on their concentrations in the fully developed leaves. The extent of remobilization of trace elements, but not manganese is also excessively related to leaf senescence. While Zinc and Iron concentrations of leaf of soybean decreased, manganese concentration increased with plant growth (Erdal & Baydar, 2005). With soil ph increases, manganese solubility and its availability to plant roots decrease. Transfer of zinc from roots to shoots improves by using manganese, but high concentration of manganese and iron in soil can prevent zinc absorbed from soil (Alloway, 2004). Previous research was shown that Zn, Fe and Mn application can advancement of nutritional value of soybean seed. Also, Zn, Fe and Mn application can affected the susceptibility of plants to abiotic stress. Therefore, this research carried out with the main objective of studying the effects of micronutrients on elements concentration in different parts of plant and nutritional value of soybean. Materials and Methods Field experiment was conducted at the Research field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University of the Kermanshah province of Iran ( ' N, ' E; 1351 m elevation) in Three elements zinc, iron, and manganese were used as follows: zinc (0, 20, 40 kg.ha -1 from ZnSo4 source); iron (0, 25, 50 kg.ha -1 from FeSo4 source) and manganese (0, 25, 40 kg.ha -1 from MnSo4 source). The soil type of the experimental areas is silty clay and annual average of precipitation is 478 mm. Before planting of soybean, land was ploughed once and harrowed twice. Soybean seed was inoculated with BradyRhizobium japonicum.. The experimental design was a factorial experiment based on Randomized Complete Block with three replicates. This experiment included 27 treatments that placed in 81plots. 27 kg ammonium phosphate fertilizer (based on 200 kg. ha -1 ) and 7 kg urea fertilizer (based on 50kg.ha -1 ) were spread evenly on the field and mixed with soil with disc. Usage amounts of fertilizers FeSo4, ZnSo4, and MnSo4 were calculated based on plots area surface; next, fertilizers were mixed with soft soil at the ratio of 1:5 and placed on furrows made manually next to the stacks. Eco. Env. & Cons. 17 (2): 2011 At the end of growth season, ten plants were selected from each plot randomly. The soybean was harvested at maturity when 95% of total pods turned brown (R8). To measure concentration of elements in leaves, leaves on the most top trifoliate of the plants were used; and grains were separated from pods. Samples washed with distilled water and were dried in a hot air oven at 70 0c for 48 hours and sent to lab for determining elements. To calculate final yield, considering sides, 2middle rows of each plot were harvested completely. Grain dry weight was calculated after deducting 13% moisture and considered as economic yield. To determine biological yield, total plants dry weights were considered as biological yield. Data were analyzed with analysis variance (ANOVA) using MSTATC software. The treatment means were separated using LSD (Least significant difference) test. Results and discussion The results was shown that the Zinc and Iron application has a significant effects on concentrations of zinc and iron in leaves, Zn, Fe, and Mn in seeds and seed & biological yield (P<0.01). Also Mn concentration in leaves affected by Zn and Fe application (P<0.05). In addition total dry weight per plant unaffected by Zinc using, while, effect of Iron application on total dry weight was significant at 1% levels (Table 1). Impact of manganese on Iron and manganese concentrations in leaves and seeds, seed and biological yield and total dry weight were significant (Table 1). Comparison of means was shown that Iron application up to 25 kg ha -1 was caused that manganese concentration in leaves and seeds increased but, with extra using of this element, leaves and seeds [Mn] decreased (Table2). According of the results, leaf and seed [Zn], [Fe] and [Mn] increased with Zinc, Iron and manganese application, respectively. Alam et al., (2001) Emphasized on antagonistic relationship between manganese and iron they reported that there was a negative relationship between iron and manganese. While But Sanchez- Raya et al., (1974) stated that iron using in little amount, can increase uptake and transfer of manganese into plants. Alloway (2004) reported that using manganese could enhance transfer of zinc to other organs of plants from roots. Leaf and seed concentration of zinc, iron and manganese were not affected by interaction of these elements (Table 1).

3 KOBRAEE 49 High concentration of iron and manganese in soil solution had an antagonistic effect on zinc absorption (Mandal et al., 2000). With Zn, Fe and Mn apply, seed and biological yield were increased, while total dry weight with Zn using decreased but with Fe and Mn fertilizers this traits was increased. According to the results of means comparison, using zinc in this experiment resulted in increase in leaf and seed concentrations of this element. In the Zinc study, concentration of Zn in leaf was lower in 0 kg ha -1 treatment compare with 20 and 40 kg ha -1 treatments (Table 2). In the other hand, leaf [Zn] increased with Zinc application from 0 to 40 kg ha -1, but [Fe] in leaf increased in 25 kg ha -1, while, in excess amount, concentration of this element was decreased. Abdolsalams et al., (1994) suggested that Increasing the amount of iron application to50 kg.ha -1 from 25kg.ha -1 not only had no significant effect on grain yield, but also prevented zinc and manganese from being absorbed. Also, the similar trend was observed in Mn application. Therefore, the maximum of leaf [Zn], [Fe] and [Mn] were obtained in 40, 25 and 20 kg ha -1 Zinc, Iron and Manganese treatments (Table3). With Zinc using up to 20 kg ha -1, leaf [Fe] increased. The Zinc was concentration higher in seed compared with leaf. In this experiment Fe concentration in seed was lower than the leaves. In the Manganese study, leaf Mn concentration was lower compared with seed [Mn]. The highest concentration of Zinc in seed was observed in 40, 25 and 20 kg ha -1, Zn, Fe, and Mn treatments, respectively (Table 3). Zinc, iron, manganese Interaction effects on seed and biological yield showed a highly significant difference at 1% levels (Table 1). Ghasemei-fasaei et al., (2003) reported that using ferrous fertilizers could increase the seed yield and biomass in soybean genotypes. Total dry weight was not affected by Interaction effects of these elements. Fageria et al., (2002) showed that using manganese could increase significantly the amount of dry matter produced in plants. The highest grain yield, biological yield and total dry weight were observed in Zn20Fe25Mn40, Zn20Fe50Mn20 and Zn0Fe50Mn20 treatments, respectively. Heitholts et al., (2002) reported that with zinc application, grain yield was increased compared to check treatment.

4 50 Eco. Env. & Cons. 17 (2): 2011 Table 2. comparison of studied traits in soybean according to LSD test in %5 level Rate of Concentration Concentration Grain Biological Total dry fertilizer in leaf (mg/kg) in seed (mg/kg) yield yield weight (kg/ha) Zn Fe Mn Zn Fe Mn (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) c c ab c b b 2999 b 7121b a Zn b a a b a a 3306 a 7320 ab a a b b a b a 3332 a 7571 a a b 78.42c ab a c a 3080 b 6863 b 19.77c Fe a b a a b a 3339 a 7651 a b c a b b a b 3218 a 7498 a a b b c ab b c 2685 c 6112 b b Mn a a b a a b 3360 b 7932 a a ab c a b c a 3592 a 7969 a a Similar letters in each column shows non-significant difference according to LSD test in %5 level - Table 3. comparison Concentration zinc, iron and manganese in leaf (mg/kg) in soybean according to LSD test in %5 level Rate of fertilizer(kg/ha) Concentration in leaf (mg.kg) Zn Fe Mn Zn Fe Mn m 75.2 k 27.3 hij lm 77.6 k 37.1 defg lm 71.8 k 52.4 b lm hi 29.4 ghij kl ghi 39.8 de lm ij 56.2 ab m def 23.2 j m def 33.8 efghi m efg 55.8 ab ghi 80.9 f k 25.7 ij efg 84.1 k 38.4 def ghi 76.8 k 58.3 ab fgh de 30.8 fghij cdef bcd 42.9 cd efgh hi 61.3 a jk abc 23.8 j hij a 37.4 defg ij bcd 55.6 ab cde 80.7 k 24.2 j bcde 85.2 k 40.3 de abc 73.9 k 57.9 ab abcd fgh 22.6 j a efg 34.9 defgh ab j 54.9 ab defg ab 24.8 j defg a 33.1 efghi efg cde 50.3 bc -Similar letters in each column shows non-significant difference according to LSD test in %5 level.

5 KOBRAEE 51 Table 3. Continued... Rate of fertilizer(kg/ha) Concentration in seed(mg.kg) Zn Fe Mn Zn Fe Mn hij 41.9 jk 23.2 h hi 42.6 jk 37.9 g hij 41.3 jk 61.8 cd h 55.2 fg 23.9 h hij 57.8 ef 42.7 efg j 51.6 gh 67.3 bc j 73.2 bc 24.8 h hij 76.8 ab 36.9 g ij 71.3 c 59.8 d de 44.3 jk 27.9 hj d 45.8 ij 48.7 e de 42.7 jk 71.8 ab de 61.7 de 27.2 h de 65.2 d 45.4 ef ef 58.2 ef 77.8 a fg 76.7 ab 22.5 h fg 78.2 ab 37.1 g g 73.9 abc 61.3 cd c 41.8 jk 25.5 h bc 43.1 jk 41.3 fg abc 40.5 k 71.8 ab a 54.5 fgh 24.6 h a 57.3 ef 42.8 efg ab 49.9 hi 70.5 b bc 75.4 abc 23.1 h bc 78.7 a 39.5 fg bc 70.7 c 68.8 b Table 3. Continued... Rate of fertilizer (kg/ha) Seed yield Biological Total dry weight Zn Fe Mn (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) (gr/plant) k 4972 m k hij 6535 jk ijk efg 6992 ghij efghij ghi 7622 efg cdefghij fgh 8011 def defghij cdefg 8129 bcdef bcdefg ghi 7009 ghij ab ghi 7431 fgh a bcdef 7393 fghi a hij 5326 lm jk cdefg 7733 efg ghij abcde 8036 bcdef ghijk jk 5322 lm ghijk ab 8314 abcde abc a 8006 def abcde k 5352 lm ijk a 9021 a bcdefghi -Similar letters in each column shows non-significant difference according to LSD test in %5 level.

6 52 Eco. Env. & Cons. 17 (2): 2011 Table 3. Continued... Rate of fertilizer (kg/ha) Seed yield Biological Total dry weight Zn Fe Mn (kg/ha) yield (kg/ha) (gr/plant) ab 8773 ab abcd ghi 6760 hij k defg 7554 fg ijk ab 7861 def hijk ghi 6671 ijk fghij abc 8771 abc abcdef abcd 8015 cdef bcdefgh ij 5971 kl bcdefghi defg 8017 bcdef ab abcd 8515 abcd ab -Similar letters in each column shows non-significant difference according to LSD test in %5 level. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank from the Islamic Azad University for supporting projects. This research was supported by Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. References Abdolsalam AA, Ibrahim AH, Elgarhi AH Comparative of application or foliar spray or seed coating to maize on a sand soil. Annals of Agricultural Science Moshthor. 32: Alam S, Kamei S, Kawai S Amelioration of manganese toxicity in barley with iron. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 24: Alloway, B. J Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. Brussels, Belgium: International Zinc Association. Bennett WF Plant nutrient utilization and diagnostic plant symptoms. In: Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities in crop plants, W. F. Bennett, Ed., 1-7. St. Paul, MN: The APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society. Cvitanich C, Przybytowicz WJ, Urbanski DF, Jurkiewicz AM Iron and Ferritin accumulate in separate cellular locations in Phaseolus seeds. BMD Plant Biology. 10: 26. Erdal I. and Baydar H Deviations of some nutrient concentrations in different parts of safflower cultivars during drowth stages. Pak. J. Bot. 37 (3): Fageria NK The use of nutrients in crop plants. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. Fageria NK Adequate and toxic levels of zinc for rice, common bean, corn, soybean and wheat production in cerrado soil. Rev. Bras. Eng. Agri. Ambien. 4: Fageria NK. and Baligar VC Growth components and zinc recovery efficiency of upland rice genotypes. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 40: Fageria NK. and Baligar VC Response of common bean, upland rice, corn, wheat and soybean to soil fertility of an Oxisoil. J. Plant Nutrition. 20: Fageria NK, Baligar VC, Clark RB Micronutrients in crop production. Adv. Agron. 77: Ghasemi-Fasaei R., Ronaghi A, Maftoun M, karimian N, Soltanpour PN Influence of Fe-EDDHA on iron- manganese interaction in soybean genotypes in a calcareous soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 26: Heitholt JJ, Sloan JJ, MacKown CT Copper, manganese, and zinc fertilization effects on growth of soybean on a calcareous soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 25: 8: Imsande J Iron, sulfate, and chlorophyll deficiencies: A need for an integrative approach in plant physiology. Physiol. Plant. 103: Lucena JJ. and Chaney RL Response of cucumber plants to low doses of different synthetic iron chelates in hydroponics. J. Plant Nutr. 30: Mandal B, Hazra GC, Mandal LN Soil management influence on zinc desorption for rice and maize nutrition. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64: Meng F, Wei Y, Yang X Iron content and bioavailability in rice. Journa of Trace Elements in Meedicine and Biology. 18: Sanchez-Raya AJ, Leal A, Gomez-Ortega M, Recalde L Effect of iron on the absorption and translocation of manganese. Plant Soil. 41: Waters BM. and Sankaran RP Moving micronutrient from the soil to the seeds: genes and physiological processes from a biofortification perspective. Plant Science. (In Press).