1. Zinc as a plant nutrient 1 2. Preparing for a prescribed burn 2 3. Fertilizing cotton 4

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1 Number 26 March 31, Zinc as a plant nutrient 1 2. Preparing for a prescribed burn 2 3. Fertilizing cotton 4 1. Zinc as a plant nutrient Zinc deficiencies have been observed across Kansas, with corn the most likely crop to show a response. Grain sorghum and soybeans can also respond to Zn applied under deficiency conditions. Wheat has seldom responded to Zn fertilization in research trials, and the K-State Soil Test Lab does not recommend Zn for wheat at any Zn soil test level. Similarly, no Zn recommendation is made for alfalfa, cool-season grasses, or sunflowers. Corn exhibits Zn deficiency at a relatively early growth stage as stunted plants (shortened internodes) with a broad, chlorotic strip between the midrib and leaf margin on fully expanded leaves. There may be some reddening associated with the chlorotic tissue, depending on the corn hybrid. The most severe deficiencies typically have been where topsoil has been removed, either by erosion or mechanically in building terraces or land leveling for floor irrigation. Sandy soils are more likely to be low in available Zn than medium- and fine-textured soils. Starter phosphorus fertilizer on marginal to deficient soils has increased the severity of Zn deficiency. Zinc is an essential nutrient for plant growth, involved in protein synthesis and necessary for growth regulation and enzyme systems. Zinc is often referred to as one of the essential micronutrients because the quantity needed by the plant is quite small compared to the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Plants absorb Zn as inorganic cations, which are held on exchange sites on clay and organic matter. Zinc is found in mineral complexes and in organic matter, with the organic fraction being the dominant source in most Kansas soils. 1

2 How can producers know whether to apply Zn for their corn, grain sorghum, or soybeans? A soil test is the best way to assess Zn needs. The Zn test can be done on the same sample as used for the routine soil test (0 to 6 inch depth). Care should be used in collecting the sample to avoid potential contamination by not using a collection bucket made of rubber or galvanized steel. Both contain Zn. A plastic collection bucket and a stainless steel or chrome-plated soil probe is recommended. Zinc can be banded as a starter or broadcast and incorporated with equal response. Banded Zn rates can be lower than broadcast rates because of greater efficiency. However, residual Zn levels will be lower from banded than broadcast applications. On newly terraced fields, a broadcast application of Zn fertilizer and/or manure to the new terrace channels should be considered. A broadcast rate of 5 to 10 pounds per acre of Zn will substantially increase Zn soil test levels to the point where additional Zn application will not be needed for several years. However, producers should continue to test their soils and monitor Zn levels. Several sources of Zn fertilizer are available. Zinc sulfate and liquid Zn products are the most common sources. Liquid Zn products include chelates, lignin sulfonates/polyflavonoids, and Zn-ammonium complexes. Zinc chelate (EDTA) banded as a starter is more efficient than other sources, and Zn rates can be reduced by half or three-quarters compared to the full recommended rates with similar performance. Zinc oxide is not recommended because of its very low solubility in all soils, especially in neutral to alkaline ph soils. Zinc oxy-sulfate products are available, in which Zn oxide is partially acidified with sulfuric acid. At least 50 percent water solubility of Zn in the Zn oxy-sulfate products is needed. Manure also is an excellent source of Zn. Application of Zn when soil levels are deficient can be a high-return investment. However, before applying Zn, producers should determine whether it is needed by soil testing. -- Dave Whitney, Soil fertility specialist Preparing for a prescribed burn With the recent precipitation in most of Kansas, grazingland managers who still plan to conduct a prescribed burn can use this down time to prepare for the burning operation. One thing managers can do now is prepare the fireguards that will be needed. A fireguard is a strip along the perimeter of the area to be burned past which the fire should not spread. To prepare the fireguard, managers should start by mowing a strip about feet wide, or twice the height of the nearby grass. It s best to rake off the 2

3 vegetation from this strip after mowing, but not necessary. The purpose of mowing is to remove the fuel from the area so the fire cannot spread across the area, and raking the vegetation helps accomplish this. After mowing, the edges of the fireguard should be sprayed with water, and the middle area of the fireguard should be burned. When burning off the inner section of the fireguard, it s very important not to allow the fire to spread outside the fireguard area. That s the reason for wetting the inner and outer edges of the fireguard. Also, the wind speed should be only 5 mph or so when burning the fireguard area to help ensure the burn stays under control. Tilling is an alternative to burning, but this is usually only done on CRP fields, not large grazingland tracts. After the fireguard is properly prepared, the area to be burned is ready for the backfires to be set, followed by the perimeter and head fires for the main burn. Having the fireguards prepared in advance will save some time and allow the burn to be conducted quickly once weather conditions are just right. Ideal weather conditions for the main burn include: * Wind speeds between 5 and 15 mph. At 20 mph, the ability to control a fire in a grazingland in good condition with plenty of fuel is slim. At speeds less than 5 mph, there is a better chance of unpredictable changes in wind direction, which can be extremely dangerous. * Relative humidity between 40 and 70 percent. If the humidity is less than 40 percent, the fire danger is high and the burn can be difficult to control. If the humidity is higher than 70 percent, a fire will be harder to start and the burn will be more difficult to maintain. * Air temperatures between 55 and 80 degrees. * Cloud cover less than 70 percent. Clouds trap smoke. A minimum ceiling of 2,000 feet is required. If the prescribed burn will be anywhere near a residence, then steps should be taken in advance of the burn to help protect the residential area from an accidental fire. The following list is adapted from K-State publication MF-2241, Protecting Your Home from Wildfire, by Jason Hartman, assistant forester, Kansas Forest Service. When reviewing these steps, keep in mind that fire moves faster and burns more intensely uphill. Defensible space zones that are downslope from the residence need to be extended beyond the recommended distances based on slope steepness. -- Remove all dead vegetation within 30 feet of the residence. Prune any dead branches that overhang the roof, or are within 15 feet of the chimney. 3

4 -- Remove any woodpiles to areas more than 30 feet from the residence and from fuel tanks. Propane tanks and gasoline should be stored at least 30 feet from the residence -- Make sure at least 100 feet of garden hose is attached to the outside spigots on both the front and rear of the residence. -- Make sure the chimney is clean, and install a spark arrester. Keep the roof clear of leaves, needles, and other debris. -- Keep fire tools available: shovel, rake, and ladder. -- Keep driveways accessible for fire trucks, and provide a turn-around area. -- Remove all but scattered trees within 30 feet of the residence. Tree crowns should be spaced at least 10 feet apart. All trees within 105 feet of the residence should be thinned and pruned to a height of three times the height of surrounding vegetation (usually 6 to 10 feet), but no more than one-third of the live crown should be removed. -- All exterior vents should be covered with a nonflammable wire mesh ½ inch or smaller. -- Keep the grass green and mowed within 105 feet of the residence. -- Keep burnable materials from under and around all structures within 105 feet of the residence. There are other, more general and long-term steps that should be taken to help protect residences from fire damage. Most of these are actions that require plenty of advance planning. For details, see K-State publication MR Walt Fick, Rangeland management specialist whfick@ksu.edu 3. Fertilizing cotton Cotton plants have deep roots and are excellent scavengers of soil nutrients and moisture. Cotton responds to fertilizer like any other row crop grown in Kansas. However, management of the nutrient application(s) requires a little more precision. Nitrogen is usually the first limiting nutrient. The greatest uptake of N is from flowering to boll maturity. Insufficient N results in early maturity with losses in lint yield and fiber length, strength, and micronaire, all of which can result in significant quality discounts. Excessive N results in rank growth and delayed maturity which lead to lower micronaire and reduced strength, important quality parameters. If this is the first season cotton is to be grown in a particular field, a preplant profile N test is recommended. If full-season cotton is being planted into wheat or corn or residue, carryover N is often found below the upper surface (6-inch) profile. If following soybeans from the previous summer, be sure to account for the N credit in the total N recommendation. Too much N, either applied or profile, available at about the same time 4

5 the crop begins to bloom can cause an undesirable growth spurt that wastes N on vegetative growth rather than on boll and fiber development. On the other hand, if the profile N is low, farmers don't want the crop to be short of N so that development is delayed. The goal is to have plants that are healthy and vigorous heading into flowering, boll setting, and fiber development. To produce a 500-pound bale of lint requires approximately pounds of N per acre. Kansas modifications of Oklahoma State University soil test recommendations suggest applying 0.12 pounds N per pound of lint, minus the pounds of N (from the profile N test) supplied from the soil. If planting early into soils that are less than 60 degrees at seed depth (which is not recommended), always use a starter fertilizer band. A 2x2 placement to the side is preferred, but a dribble band on the soil surface can be just as effective. Never put starter down the furrow with the seed, or even on the soil surface directly over the furrow. Nutrients other than N are important in cotton production, too. Each bale of lint produced per acre will remove about 15 pounds of phosphorus (P) from the soil. If the soil tests are in the medium or lower range, 15 to 40 pounds P 2 O 5 per acre may need to be applied. A two-bale crop can take up more than 50 pounds of P 2 O 5 per acre. As with other crops, P is essential for vigorous root and shoot growth. Adequate levels of soil P can help overcome the effects of compaction, promote early boll development and hasten maturity. Increased water use efficiency and more efficient energy storage and transfer within the plants are also benefits of a good soil P level. Though not a part of any plant compound, potassium (K) is a critical nutrient. In general, K fertilizer recommendations are rare over most of the cotton-growing region of Kansas. However, K deficiencies have been observed on low ph (< 5.5) soils with low organic matter (< 1 percent) when droughty conditions exist. Deficiencies have been observed on high clay and on sandy fields. If a field has a record of no-till production, be especially observant since K stratification can occur, which has led at times to significant yield reductions unless fertilizer K was supplied. One bale of cotton produced per acre will remove 20 pounds of K. The need for K rises dramatically during boll set, and deficiencies may contribute to short fibers and smaller bolls. Under high yield conditions, foliar K can supplement soil-applied fertilizer if necessary. Cotton performs best in soils with a ph of Liming is recommended according to soil test results to increase availability of desirable nutrients such as N, P, K, magnesium and sulfur. In addition, the effectiveness of soil-applied, ph-sensitive herbicides are also affected. -- Stu Duncan, Northeast area crops and soils specialist 5

6 These e-updates are a regular weekly item from K-State Extension Agronomy. All of the Research and Extension faculty in Agronomy will be involved as sources from time to time. If you have any questions or suggestions for topics you'd like to have us address in this weekly update, contact Jim Shroyer, Research and Extension Crop Production Specialist and State Extension Agronomy Leader jshroyer@ksu.edu 6

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