Carbohydrates. Sugars. Monosaccharides. Fig. 3.23b(TE Art) 8/27/2014. Carbohydrates
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1 8/7/0 arbohydrates AIE BILGY JNES & FSBERY APTER arbohydrates arbohydrates are composed of,, carbo - hydr - ate ( ) x 6 6 Function: fast energy raw materials u energy storage u structural materials Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose lassified by number of carbons 6 = hexose (glucose) = pentose (ribose) = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 Ribose Glyceraldehyde Monosaccharides Single Sugars Dissolve easily in water Sweet taste forms: Sugars all end in ose Triose () 6 (Gylceraldehyde) Pentose ( ) 0 (Ribose, Deoxyribose = components of nucleic acids) exose (6 ) 6 6 (,, ) opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. -carbon sugar Glyceraldehyde -carbon sugars Ribose Deoxyribose Fig..b(TE Art) 6-carbon sugars 6 6 6
2 8/7/0 A. Molecular Formula (empirical formula) ie. 6 6 B. Structural Formula Diagram showing the arrangement of atoms., fructose & galactose all have the same empirical formula, but have different structural formulae. Structural Forms hain Form: arbon backbone with oxygen & hydrogen forming side bonds. Ring Form: In aqueous solution, the molecule closes upon itself to form a more stable ring form. opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig..(TE Art) Numbered carbons These will become important! ' 6' ' ' energy stored in - bonds harvested in cellular respiration ' ' opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Isomers Molecules with the same empirical formula but different structural formulae (arrangement of atoms determines functional differences) Maltose Fig..(TE Art) Lactose
3 8/7/0 opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. There are types of isomers Structural Isomers: different arrangement of bonds. eg glucose & fructose (See = Bonds) Your taste buds can tell the difference fructose much sweeter Form different polymers (repeating subunits) Stereoisomers: Same bond structure but different orientations of molecule groups. eg. & galactose: ydroxyl groups are mirror images of one another glucose ( above the plane) ß glucose ( below the plane) Fig..6(TE Art) Structural isomer Stereoisomer Roles of Monosaccharides Source of energy in respiration. - bonds release lots of energy when broken used to convert ADP to ATP. is the most important, metabolically. Building blocks of larger molecules. glucose starch, glycogen, cellulose ribose RNA (ribonucleic acid) & ATP deoxyribose DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Disaccharides Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond Fig..7(TE Art) Maltose
4 8/7/0 Bond formation: ondensation ondensation: The name for the bonding process by which two monosaccharides form a disaccharide. AKA dehydration synthesis. hydroxyl (-) groups line up with one another ne combines with a hydrogen from the other to form a water molecule: ENE, NDENSATIN Forms an oxygen bridge glycosidic bond Any two hydroxyl groups can line up & bond Large variety of possible disaccharides opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Breaking Bonds: ydrolysis ydrolysis: When polysaccharides break apart to form smaller molecules. ydro = water Lysis = breaking apart Breaking a molecule apart by adding water Both ondensation & hydrolysis are controlled by enzymes. Fig..7a(TE Art) Transport Disaccharides oin humans, glucose can circulate in the blood oin plants & many other organisms, glucose must be converted for transport to keep glucose from being used up while in transport othe bond breaking enzymes are only located in tissue where glucose is meant to be used. o + fructose = sucrose o + galactose = lactose o + glucose = maltose
5 8/7/0 opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig..a(TE Art) Fig..b(TE Art) Maltose opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig..c(TE Art) Lactose Polysaccharides Formed by joining long chains of monosaccharides through condensation. Each successive monosaccharide is joined by a glycosidic bond. Polysaccharides are not sugars. Most important: Starch, cellulose & glycogen Storage Polysaccharides Transport disaccharides may be linked together as polysaccharides for storage within cells. Plant polysaccharides = starches. Animal polysaccharides = glycogen Starches: Amylose Amylose = simplest starch, hundreds / thousands of linked, unbranched alpha glucose molecules. # carbon links to # of next molecule = long chains of maltose. Long chains coil up in water making it insoluable in water Potato starch ~ 0% amylose
6 8/7/0 opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig..8a(TE Art) a form of glucose Starch: chain of a-glucose subunits Starch: Amylopectin omost plant starch is amylopectin. oalso made of many, linked glucose, but also have,6 branching linkages (.6 JF) only 0-0 glucose subunits. omixtures of amylose & amylopectin build up as starch grains in chloroplasts & stroage vaculoes. Glycogen o Animal version of starch. oinsoluable polysaccharide of branched amylose chains oaverage chain much longer and greater # of branches than plant starch. oanimal form of energy storage. Structural arbohydrates: ellulose ounbranched chains of beta glucose oseveral chains are crosslinked by -bonding to form fibrils oseveral fibrils crosslink to form fibres oforms cell walls of plants 6
7 8/7/0 opyright The McGraw-ill ompanies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig..8b(TE Art) Fig..9 Plant cell wall b form of glucose ellulose: chain of b-glucose subunits 7
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