Exercise. Digestive System. Digestive system function. 1. Define the following terms: a. Chemical digestionb. Mechanical digestionc.

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1 Exercise 7 The Digestive System NAME: DATE: INSTRUCTOR: SECTION: Digestive system function 1. Define the following terms: a. Chemical digestionb. Mechanical digestionc. Ingestiond. Digestione. Absorptionf. Elimination by bluedoor, LLC.

2 4 Exercise 7 The Digestive System Layers of the GI tract 2. Organization of the digestive system by labeling the following illustration: mucosa, muscularis (longitudinal layer), muscularis (circular layer), serosa, submucosa. Digestive system organs 3. Match the following with their description: a. Vermiform appendix b. Villi c. Soft palate d. Rugae e. Pyloric valve f. Peyer s patches g. Microvilli h. Lesser omentum i. Greater omentum j. Greater curvature k. Lesser curvature l. Haustra m. Stomach n. Duodenum o. Ileum p. Jejunum q. Gallbladder r. Ileocecal valve s. Visceral peritoneum t. Parietal peritoneum u. Retroperitoneal v. Cystic duct w. Pancreatic duct x. Enamel y. Periodontal ligament z. Cecum

3 Exercise 7 The Digestive System 5 the third section of the small intestine. the duct connecting the gallbladder to the common bile duct. serous membrane covering the surface of organs in the abdominal cavity. pocket-like structures of the large intestines. organ of the digestive tract that functions to mechanically and chemically break down food to be absorbed in the small instestine. posterior border of the oral cavity; location of the uvula. location for storage and concentration of bile. valve where the small intestines leads into the large intestine. hard, bone-like material located at the crown of teeth. valve located between the stomach and the duodenum. extension of the serosa hanging off the greater curvature of the stomach. responsible for the brush-border designation of absorptive cells in the small intestine. serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity. finger-like projections increasing the surface are of the small intestine. aggregation of lymphatic tissue located in the submucosa of the ileum. finger-like projection off of the cecum; contains aggregations of lymphatic tissue. landmark on the stomach surface where the greater omentum is located. second section of the small intestine; primary location of food absorption. landmark of the stomach where the lesser omentum attaches. term referring to organs that are located posterior to the parietal peritoneum. section of the small intestines where the liver and pancreas both empty their product. rounded region of the large intestine leading from the ileum. connective tissue attaching a tooth to an alveolar socket. structure connecting the liver and stomach. pancreatic structure emptying into the small intestine. longitudinal folds located on the surface of the stomach.

4 6 Exercise 7 The Digestive System 4. Identify the organs in the illustration below: anal sphincters, anus, ascending colon, cecum, descending colon, duodenum, esophagus, gallbladder, jejunum, liver, pancreas, rectum, sigmoid colon, stomach, transverse colon, vermiform appendix

5 Exercise 7 The Digestive System 7 5. Identify the following structures: sublingual salivary gland, submandibular salivary gland, oral cavity, parotid salivary gland, pharynx and tongue. 6. Identify the following structures of the mouth and oral cavity: canine, incisors, inferior labial frenulum, lingual frenulum, lower lip, molars, palatine tonsil, premolars (bicuspids), soft palate, sublingual duct orifices, submandibular duct orifice, superior labial frenulum, tongue, upper lip, uvula.

6 8 Exercise 7 The Digestive System Digestive system histology 7. Draw and label the histological appearance of the following organs a. Esophagus: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis b. Stomach: mucosa, gastric pits, gastric glands, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

7 Exercise 7 The Digestive System 9 c. Small intestine: villi, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. d. Large intestines: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. e. Liver: hepatic lobule, hepatocytes, central vein.

8 10 Exercise 7 The Digestive System f. Pancreas: pancreatic islets and acinar cells. g. Salivary gland: mucus and serous cells (submandibular has a mix of both cells) 8. What structural difference in layers did you note in the histological slide or class model of the stomach? How would that affect its function? 9. In reviewing the histology of the esophagus and stomach, what did you notice for the mucosa of each? How does this correlate with their function?

9 Exercise 7 The Digestive System 11 Digestive system function 10. The prevents food from entering the respiratory system during swallowing. 11. Beginning with the placement of food in the mouth, describe the chemical and mechanical breakdown of foodstuff at each level. Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Oral cavity Stomach Small intestine Large intestine 12. Match the enzyme with the correct substrate: a. Pancreatic lipase starch b. Bile protein c. Pepsin lipid d. Nuclease DNA 13. Proteins are broken down to during digestion. 14. Carbohydrates are broken down into during digestion. 15. Lipids are broken down into and during digestion. 16. What is the importance of pepsinogen and HCL production in the stomach when considering chemical digestion in that organ?

10 12 Exercise 7 The Digestive System 17. The parietal cells in the stomach produce intrinsic factor. Why is this important in maintaining proper nutritional balance? 18. What happens to salivary amylase once it reaches the stomach? 19. What are the components making up bile? What is the function of bile? 20. Why is the production of pancreatic juice and bile rich in bicarbonate important when considering what occurs in the small intestine? 21. Define the following terms: a. Peristalsis b. Segmentation c. Deglutition Accessory organs and structures 22. Describe the structure of the liver in terms of cellular organization and the blood flow to and away from the liver: 23. RUQ pain described as occurring in waves often occurs in people with gallstones after a meal high in fat. What is causing this pain and what might occur if a gallstone were to move out of the gallbladder and become lodged in the common bile duct? 24. Describe the function of the pancreas in digestion:

11 Exercise 7 The Digestive System What is the difference between the primary and secondary sets of teeth? 26. Match the digestive accessory structure/organ/gland with the correct function. a. Pancreas production of bile b. Liver tearing, cutting and grinding of food c. Salivary glands production of digestive enzymes d. Teeth storage and concentration of bile e. Gallbladder mixing of food and initiation of swallowing f. Tongue lubrication of food Cat dissection 27. Identify the following structures in your cat specimen: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 28. What did you note about the cat pancreas? 29. What organ (not part of the digestive system) is located immediately posterior to the esophagus, connected to it via an adentitia? 30. What organ (not part of the digestive system) is located just posterior to the stomach? Does that organ have the same basic appearance in the human?

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