Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC+ALCAR MMC+Vit-E +ALCAR
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- Roberta Pierce
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1 TABLE 12:- Alteration in the levels of Lipid Peroxide (LPO) in different tissues of rats, following 14 day treatment of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. Recovery displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight oral administration after next two weeks. TISSUES Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Cerebrum 2.74± ±0.27** 1.81±0.02** 2.05±0.01** 1.75±0.01** (+31.38%) (-49.72%) (-43.05%) (-51.38%) Cerebellum 3.11± ±0.16* 2.00±0.26* 2.29±0.01* 1.90±0.14* (+32.15%) (-51.33%) (-44.28%) (-53.77%) Brain Stem 2.50± ±0.08** 1.75±0.17** 1.89±0.14** 1.61±0.07** (+30.00%) (-46.15%) (-41.84%) (-50.46%) Spinal Cord 3.18± ±0.77* 2.03±0.01* 2.30±0.32* 1.94±0.28* (+32.38%) (-51.78%) (-45.36%) (-53.91%) Heart 2.29± ±0.51*** 1.66±0.03*** 1.75±0.13*** 1.50±0.02*** (+28.82%) (-43.72%) (-40.67%) (-49.15%) Pancreas 2.32± ±0.67*** 1.68±0.16*** 1.77±0.31*** 1.51±0.32*** (+29.31%) (-44.00%) (-41.00%) (-49.60%) Lung 2.26± ±0.19*** 1.64±0.24*** 1.73±0.11*** 1.49±0.11*** (+28.31%) (-43.44%) (-40.34%) (-48.62%) Values expressed as nanomoles of MDA/g tissue wt are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups compared to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
2 TABLE 13:- Alteration in the levels of Lipid Hydroperoxide (LHPO) in different tissues of rats, following 14 day treatment of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. Recovery displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight oral administration after next two weeks. TISSUES Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Cerebrum 3.60± ±0.03** 2.73±0.02** 2.79±0.01** 2.67±0.01* (+23.66%) (-38.65%) (-37.30%) (-40.00%) Cerebellum 3.69± ±0.01* 2.75±0.03* 2.81±0.06* 2.72±0.05* (+23.84%) (-39.82%) (-38.51%) (-40.48%) Brain Stem 3.38± ±0.05** 2.57±0.08** 2.65±0.05*** 2.54±0.04** (+23.60%) (-38.36%) (-36.45%) (-39.08%) Spinal Cord 3.96± ±0.08* 2.94±0.06* 2.98±0.05* 2.91±0.02* (+24.24%) (-40.24%) (-39.43%) (-40.85%) Heart 2.69± ±0.03*** 2.08±0.04*** 2.15±0.03*** 2.05±0.06*** (+20.78%) (-36.00%) (-33.84%) (-36.92%) Pancreas 2.95± ±0.04*** 2.25±0.05*** 2.35±0.08*** 2.22±0.01*** (+22.61%) (-37.84%) (-35.08%) (-38.67%) Lung 2.65± ±0.02*** 1.93±0.02** 1.96±0.08** 1.92±0.03** (+18.86%) (-38.73%) (-37.77%) (-39.04%) Values expressed as nanomoles of cumin hydroperoxide/g tissue wt are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats; Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups compared to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
3 TABLE 14:- Alteration of levels of Protein in different tissues of rats, following 14 day treatment of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. Recovery displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl- L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight oral administration after next two weeks. TISSUES Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Cerebrum ± ±2.40** ±2.11** ±1.19** ±1.12** (-19.80%) (+51.01%) (+49.18%) (+53.64%) Cerebellum ± ±2.26** ±1.97** ±1.23** ±1.32** (-19.80%) (+50.28%) (+48.62%) (+51.82%) Brain Stem ± ±2.48* ±1.98* ±1.95* ±1.20* (-19.81%) (+53.36%) (+49.28%) (+55.90%) Spinal Cord ± ±2.26* ±2.13* ±1.96* ±1.23* (-20.12%) (+57.07%) (+53.94%) (+59.52%) Heart 98.91± ±1.84*** ±1.11*** ±1.89*** ±1.07*** (-19.28%) (+47.68%) (+46.76%) (+50.56%) Pancreas 91.55± ±1.61*** ±0.35*** ±0.26*** ±0.32*** (-19.16%) (+46.75%) (+46.48%) (+49.86%) Lung 84.00± ±2.14*** 99.30±0.28*** 99.29±0.43*** ±0.41*** (-18.73%) (+45.47%) (+45.45%) (+48.40%) Values expressed as mg protein/100g tissue wt are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats; Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups compared to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
4 TABLE 15:- Alteration in tissue weight of rats, following 14 day treatment of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. Recovery displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight oral administration after next two weeks. TISSUES Tissue Wt (g) Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Rat Body Wt (g) (334±2.7) (379±3.0) (332±3.7) (343±4.0) (350±3.0) Brain 1.93± ±0.12** 2.25±0.01* 1.35±0.03*** 1.99±0.01** (-20.20%) (+46.10%) (-12.33%) (+29.22%) Heart 0.85± ±0.01*** 1.02±0.02*** 0.63±0.12*** 0.88±0.01*** (-16.76%) (+43.66%) (-11.26%) (+23.94%) Pancreas 0.75± ±0.10*** 0.89±0.04*** 0.54±0.02** 0.82±0.01* (-16.13%) (+43.54%) (-12.90%) (+32.25%) Lung 2.38± ±0.04*** 2.90±0.02** 1.92±0.01*** 2.49±0.02*** (-16.38%) (+45.72%) (-3.51%) (+25.12%) Values expressed are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
5 TABLE 16:- Alteration of level of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in different tissues of rats, following 14 day treatment of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. Recovery displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight oral administration after next two weeks. TISSUES Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Cerebrum 4.62± ±0.04* 5.85±0.06* 5.79±0.03* 5.92±0.03* (-25.75%) (+70.55%) (+68.80%) (+72.59%) Cerebellum 4.96± ±0.03* 6.33±0.08* 6.28±0.01* 6.41±0.01* (-26.00%) (+72.47%) (+71.11%) (+74.65%) Brain Stem 4.51± ±0.04** 5.71±0.06** 5.60±0.01** 5.76±0.02** (-24.39%) (+67.44%) (+64.22%) (+68.91%) Spinal Cord 4.35± ±0.01** 5.41±0.12** 5.36±0.02** 5.47±0.06** (-24.13%) (+63.93%) (+62.42%) (+65.75%) Heart 3.85± ±0.03*** 4.78±0.07*** 4.71±0.03*** 4.84±0.04*** (-23.37%) (+62.03%) (+59.66%) (+64.06%) Pancreas 3.73± ±0.05*** 4.61±0.03*** 4.54±0.05*** 4.66±0.01*** (-23.05%) (+60.62%) (+58.18%) (+62.36%) Lung 3.64± ±0.02*** 4.45±0.05*** 4.40±0.04*** 4.52±0.05*** (-22.80%) (+58.36%) (+56.58%) (+60.85%) Values expressed as units/mg protein are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
6 TABLE 17:- Alteration of level of Catalase (CAT) in different tissues of rats, following 14 day treatment of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. Recovery displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight oral administration after next two weeks. TISSUES Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Cerebrum 6.99± ±0.05* 8.95±0.01* 8.81±0.01* 9.05±0.02* (-27.03%) (+75.49%) (+72.74%) (+77.45%) Cerebellum 6.86± ±0.04* 8.75±0.05* 8.63±0.04* 8.80±0.04* (-26.09%) (+72.58%) (+70.21%) (+73.57%) Brain Stem 6.68± ±0.10** 8.44±0.13** 8.30±0.09** 8.53±0.04** (-25.89%) (+70.50%) (+67.67%) (+72.32%) Spinal Cord 6.75± ±0.01** 8.53±0.10** 8.40±0.06** 8.62±0.06** (-25.92%) (+70.60%) (+68.00%) (+72.40%) Heart 5.60± ±0.02*** 6.90±0.02*** 6.74±0.07*** 6.99±0.06*** (-22.85%) (+59.72%) (+56.01%) (+61.80%) Pancreas 5.85± ±0.12*** 7.38±0.17*** 7.20±0.14*** 7.45±0.03*** (-23.93%) (+65.84%) (+61.79%) (+67.41%) Lung 5.74± ±0.09*** 7.12±0.06*** 6.96±0.12*** 7.19±0.05*** (-23.69%) (+62.55%) (+58.90%) (+64.15%) Values expressed as units/mg protein are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
7 TABLE 19:- Alteration of level of free sulfhydyl (GSH) in different tissues of rats, following 14 day treatment of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. Recovery displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight oral administration after next two weeks. TISSUES Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Cerebrum 7.78± ±0.11** 10.39±0.13** 10.31±0.10** 10.46±0.09** (-31.23%) (+94.20%) (+92.71%) (+95.51%) Cerebellum 7.63± ±0.06** 10.14±0.09** 10.07±0.12** 10.22±0.14** (-30.53%) (+91.32%) (+90.00%) (+92.83%) Brain Stem 7.92± ±0.17* 10.70±0.13* 10.62±0.16* 10.82±0.07* (-31.56%) (+97.41%) (+95.94%) (+99.63%) Spinal Cord 7.89± ±0.16* 10.55±0.11* 10.47±0.11* 10.64±0.10* (-31.43%) (+95.00%) (+93.53%) (+96.67%) Heart 6.91± ±0.13*** 8.95±0.10*** 8.88±0.10*** 9.12±0.13*** (-24.31%) (+71.78%) (+70.44%) (+75.04%) Pancreas 7.45± ±0.10*** 9.80±0.12*** 9.73±0.15*** 9.88±0.09*** (-29.26%) (+85.95%) (+84.62%) (+87.47%) Lung 6.99± ±0.16*** 9.13±0.13*** 9.07±0.15*** 9.17±0.09*** (-24.74%) (+73.57%) (+72.43%) (+74.33%) Values expressed as µmoles/g tissue wt are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
8 TABLE 18:- Alteration of level of Total sulfhydryl (TSH) in different tissues of rats, following 14 day treatment of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. Recovery displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight oral administration after next two weeks. TISSUES Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Cerebrum 16.64± ±0.23* 21.87±0.25* 21.80±0.19* 21.89±0.19* (-28.18%) (+83.01%) (+82.42%) (+83.17%) Cerebellum 16.73± ±0.41* 21.99±0.10* 21.92±0.20* 22.11±0.23* (-28.27%) (+83.25%) (+82.66%) (+84.25%) Brain Stem 16.33± ±0.50** 21.21±0.14** 21.13±0.41** 21.30±0.28** (-27.55%) (+79.28%) (+78.61%) (+80.05%) Spinal Cord 16.50± ±0.44** 21.50±0.32** 21.43±0.30** 21.51±0.31** (-27.95%) (+81.12%) (+80.53%) (+81.21%) Heart 15.84± ±0.38*** 20.50±0.33*** 20.41±0.35*** 20.67±0.14*** (-27.08%) (+77.48%) (+76.70%) (+78.96%) Pancreas 15.35± ±0.18*** 19.75±0.41*** 19.65±0.11*** 19.82±0.21*** (-26.38%) (+74.77%) (+73.89%) (+75.39%) Lung 15.67± ±0.65*** 20.25±0.27*** 20.17±0.21*** 20.35±0.35*** (-26.67%) (+76.24%) (+75.54%) (+77.11%) Values expressed as µmoles/g tissue wt are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
9 TABLE 20:- Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight, influencing immobility time in Tail Suspension Test (TST) and Forced Swim Test (FST): Protection displayed by vitamin-e (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L- Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight. Mean Immobility Time, Sec ± SEM (N) TEST GROUP Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E TST (Alterations 150±0.14 (10) 270±0.31* (10) 104±0.27*** (10) 119±0.18*** (10) 100±0.33** (10) in Seconds) (+80.00%) (-61.48%) (-55.92%) (-62.96%) FST (Alterations 148±0.15 (10) 244±0.19** (10) 107±0.30*** (10) 116±0.22*** (10) 96±0.14*** (10) in Seconds) (+64.86%) (-56.14%) (-52.45%) (-60.65%) Values expressed as alterations in seconds are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
10 TABLE 24:- Perturbation in the Ambulation score of the rats treated with Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage for two weeks: Protection displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L- Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight after next two week treatment. Days Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E ± ± ± ± ±0.35 (NS) (NS) (NS) (NS) ± ±0.27*** 17.08± ±0.15*** 16.99±0.28 (-28.63%) (NS) (-5.89%) (NS) ± ±0.30*** 16.98±0.39*** 17.37±0.45*** 14.52±0.21*** (-39.85%) (-25.87%) (-8.27%) (-7.63%) ± ±0.19** 18.20±0.42*** 17.15±0.50** 19.91±0.17** (-50.45%) (+59.78%) (+50.57%) (+74.80%) ± ±0.26* 20.33±0.25* 20.18±0.21* 21.73±0.42* (-54.23%) (+85.49%) (+84.12%) (+98.26%) Values expressed as are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05 NS= Non significant
11 TABLE 25:- Perturbation in the Preening score of the rats treated with Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage for two weeks: Protection displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight after next two week treatment. Days Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E ± ± ± ± ±0.25 (NS) (NS) (NS) (NS) ± ±0.50*** 3.31±0.23*** 2.85±0.39*** 2.63±0.29*** (-67.22%) (-44.06%) (-26.43%) (-21.75%) ± ±0.29*** 1.42±0.19*** 1.36±0.34*** 1.22±0.33*** (-84.96%) (-37.86%) (-32.03%) (-18.44%) ± ±0.45** 1.67±0.42*** 1.52±0.48*** 1.79±0.30** (-85.79%) (+68.68%) (+53.53%) (+80.80%) ± ±0.26* 1.72±0.35* 1.64±0.36* 1.81±0.36* (-87.03%) (+89.01%) (+80.21%) (+98.90%) Values expressed as are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and percent recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05 NS= Non significant
12 TABLE 26:- Perturbation in the Rearing score of the rats treated with Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage for two weeks: Protection by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight after next two week treatment. Days Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E ± ± ± ± ±0.18 (NS) (NS) (NS) (NS) ± ± ± ± ±0.21 (NS) (NS) (NS) (NS) ± ±0.51*** 4.94±0.20*** 5.17± ±0.46*** (-34.46%) (-5.18%) (NS) (-2.30%) ± ±0.42*** 6.87±0.26** 6.63±0.42*** 6.99±0.53** (-47.52%) (+65.94%) (+60.14%) (+68.84%) ± ±0.29* 6.95±0.30* 7.09±0.50* 7.11±0.29* (-49.62%) (+74.18%) (+77.69%) (+78.19%) Values expressed are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05 NS= Non significant
13 TABLE 27:- Perturbation in the Center crossing score of the rats treated with Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage for two weeks: Protection displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L- Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight after next two week treatment. Days Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E ± ± ± ± ±0.40 (NS) (NS) (NS) (NS) ± ± ± ± ±0.44 (NS) (NS) (NS) (NS) ± ±1.11*** 3.99±0.25*** 3.81±0.54*** 4.10±0.28*** (-48.89%) (-72.72%) (-64.93%) (-77.48%) ± ±1.26*** 4.06±0.21** 3.99±0.36*** 4.15±0.36** (-53.00%) (+92.41%) (+89.09%) (+96.68%) ± ±0.45** 4.17±0.42* 4.02±0.29* 4.17±0.22* (-56.90%) (+99.52%) (+92.34%) (+99.52%) Values expressed are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05 NS= Non significant
14 TABLE 21:- Total Antioxidant capacity (FRAP), Xanthine Oxidase activity (XO) and Glutathione Peroxidase activity (GSH- Px) of Plasma in Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight treated rats: protection conferred by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight. PLASMA Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E FRAP Assay 61.53± ±1.04*** 82.17±2.40** 77.17±1.43** 89.09±1.24* (µmol/dl) (-26.81%) (+82.47%) (+71.37%) (+97.84%) Xanthine Oxidase 3.98± ±0.09* 5.10±0.08*** 5.23±0.10*** 5.02±0.02*** (U/mL) (+69.34%) (-24.33%) (-22.40%) (-25.51%) GSH-Px Assay 12.04± ±0.37** 14.89±0.24*** 14.77±0.80*** 15.15±0.33*** (U/mL) (-60.78%) (+37.87%) (+36.75%) (+40.27%) Values expressed are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
15 TABLE 22:- Results of Elevated Plus Maze test showing the impact of Methylmercury chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight on intoxicated rats and the recovery shown by rats treated with Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L- Carnitine (ALCAR) 100mg/kg body weight PARAMETERS Control MMC MMC+Vit-E MMC MMC+Vit-E Average Number of Excursions 15.22± ±1.60* 11.36±0.90** 10.53±0.25** 11.79±1.10** in Open Arms (-70.43%) (+60.38%) (+57.26%) (+61.83%) Time spent in Open Arms 5.40± ±0.70* 3.70±1.11** 2.50±1.05** 3.99±1.35* (in seconds) (-72.22%) (+59.45%) (+40.00%) (+62.40%) Average Number of Excursions 45.60± ± ±0.11*** 41.16±0.21*** 43.73±0.32*** to Center (NS) (-5.76%) (-11.03%) (-4.50%) Time spent in Center 15.60± ± ±1.50*** 11.25±0.60*** 13.29±0.90*** (in seconds) (NS) (-23.13%) (-39.55%) (-18.13%) Average Number of Entries into 42.20± ±1.90** 54.40±2.50*** 42.60±0.90*** 50.37±0.25*** Closed Arms (+42.18%) (-10.90%) (-40.84%) (-19.11%) Time spent in Closed 70.10± ±3.00*** 81.76±1.80*** 79.62±1.60*** 82.90±0.80*** Arms (in seconds) (+35.52%) (-16.19%) (-19.31%) (-14.59%) Total number of Entries/Exits 15.20± ±2.10*** 16.50±0.33*** 14.21±0.50*** 17.45±0.60*** (-12.50%) (+19.39%) (+6.40%) (+23.78%) Average Number of Transfers (from 2.50± ±0.80*** 2.70±0.40*** 1.50±0.31*** 2.99±1.11*** one Closed Arm to other) (+24.00%) (-14.81%) (-51.61%) (-3.67%) Average Number of Glances 3.50± ±0.70*** 3.30±1.15*** 3.11±1.02*** 4.25±0.90*** (Beneath the Maze) (-17.14%) (+13.79%) (+7.24%) (+46.55%) Values expressed are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05 NS= Non significant
16 TABLE 23:- Impact of Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight on righting reflex of rats analyzed by Righting Reflex Test (RRT): protection displayed by Vitamin-E (100mg/kg body weight) and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR). Alteration in Seconds (Time taken by an animal to assume normal position) TEST TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL3 Control 78± ± ±0.21 MMC 120±1.14** 125±0.09* 127±0.33** (+53.84%) (+73.61%) (+71.62%) MMC+Vit-E 85±0.34*** 79±1.12*** 82±1.41*** (-29.16%) (-36.80%) (-35.43%) MMC 97±1.11*** 83±0.09*** 90±1.15*** (-19.16%) (-33.60%) (-29.13%) MMC+Vit-E 80±0.05*** 74±1.12** 79±0.37*** (-33.33%) (-40.80%) (-37.79%) Values expressed are Mean ± SEM of 10 rats, Figures in parentheses indicate % change compared to controls in MMC treated group and % recovery in other groups to MMC treated ones. * p < ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.05
17 TABLE 28:- Frequency of Micronuclei in Bone Marrow cells and Peripheral Blood Erythrocytes of rats treated with Methylmercury Chloride (MMC) 2mg/kg body weight via gavage. PARAMETERS Control MMC Total no. of cells analyzed (4000) Total no. of cells analyzed (4000) PCE/100 NCE 26.25± ±2.86 MNPCE/ ± ±0.70*** MNNCE/ ± ±0.75*** DC/ ± ±1.10*** MNPBE/ ± ±0.64*** PCE= Polychromatic erythrocytes, NCE= Normochromatic erythrocytes, MNPCE= Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, MNNCE= Micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes, DC= Dead cells, MNPBE= Micronucleated peripheral blood erythrocytes. Values expressed are Mean ± SEM of 4 rats, significance set up at *** p < 0.05.
18 TABLE 29:- Incidence of chromosomal aberration with Methylmercury chloride (MMC) in bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus. Groups Scored Aberrations Mean Frequency (%) Metaphase plates of total aberrations Breaks (B) Gaps (G) Alterations (A) Control ±0.28 (B) (N= 4) ±0.40 (G) ±0.81 (A) MMC ±0.85*** (B) (N= 4) ±2.86*** (G) ±4.60*** (A) N= number of animals. Values expressed are Mean ± SEM of 4 rats, significance was set up at *** p < 0.05.
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K Arif, A Ejaj, A Maroof, A K Azmat, C Arun, N Fatima, M A Gatoo + M Owais*
Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics Vol. 46, February 2009, pp 45-52 Protective effect of liposomal formulation of tuftsin (a naturally occurring tetrapeptide) against cyclophosphamide-induced