Chapter 3. The Molecules of Life
|
|
- Janice Norton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life
2 Biology and Society: Got Lactose? Lactose is the main sugar found in milk. Lactose intolerance is the inability to properly digest lactose. Instead of lactose being broken down and absorbed in the small intestine, lactose is broken down by bacteria in the large intestine, producing gas and discomfort.
3 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS A cell is mostly water. The rest of the cell consists mainly of carbon-based molecules. Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules necessary for life s functions. Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules.
4 Carbon Chemistry Carbon is a versatile atom. It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight electrons. Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds.
5 Carbon Chemistry The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.
6 Carbon Chemistry Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines. Hydrocarbons of fat molecules are important fuels for our bodies. C8H18 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 CO 2 H
7 Carbon Chemistry Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape. The shapes of organic molecules relate to their functions. The groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions are called functional groups. Two common examples are hydroxyl groups (-OH) and carboxyl groups (-COOH).
8 Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks On a molecular scale, many of life s molecules are gigantic, earning the name macromolecules. Three categories of macromolecules are carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids Lipids are technically not macromolecules
9 Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks Most macromolecules are polymers. Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers.
10 A dehydration reaction links two monomers together OH and removes a molecule of water H H 2 O
11 Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks Organisms also have to break down macromolecules. Digestion breaks down macromolecules to make monomers available to your cells.
12 Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks Hydrolysis breaks bonds between monomers, adds a molecule of water, and reverses the dehydration reaction.
13 LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES There are four categories of large biological molecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
14 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include sugars and polymers of sugar. small sugar molecules in energy drinks long starch molecules in spaghetti and French fries. molecules made up of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
15 Carbohydrates In animals a primary source of dietary energy raw material for manufacturing other kinds of organic compounds. used for structural purposes In plants, carbohydrates serve as a building material for much of the plant body.
16 Carbohydrates 3 kinds of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
17 Monosaccharides Monosaccharides simple sugars that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars the monomers of carbohydrates. Common examples glucose in sports drinks fructose found in fruit.
18 Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are the main fuels for cellular work. In water, many monosaccharides form rings.
19 Monosaccharides Both glucose and fructose are found in honey. Glucose and fructose are isomers, molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures. Isomers are like anagrams heart and earth
20 Disaccharides Disaccharide a double sugar constructed from two monosaccharides formed by a dehydration reaction. (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) 3
21 Figure 3.7a OH H Glucose Galactose H 2 O Lactose
22 Disaccharides Disaccharides include lactose in milk maltose in beer, malted milk shakes, and malted milk ball candy sucrose in table sugar
23 Disaccharides Sucrose the main carbohydrate in plant sap rarely used as a sweetener in processed foods in the United States. High-fructose corn syrup made by a commercial process that converts natural glucose in corn syrup to much sweeter fructose.
24 Disaccharides The United States is one of the world s leading markets for sweeteners. The average American consumes about 45 kg of sugar (about 100 lb) per year, mainly as sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup.
25 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides complex carbohydrates made of long chains of sugar units polymers of monosaccharides.
26
27 Polysaccharides Starch is a familiar example of a polysaccharide is used by plant cells to store energy consists of long strings of glucose monomers. Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in our diet.
28 Polysaccharides Glycogen used by animals cells to store energy converted to glucose when it is needed.
29 Polysaccharides Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth forms cable-like fibrils in the walls that enclose plant cells cannot be broken apart by most animals.
30
31 Polysaccharides Monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve readily in water. Cellulose does not dissolve in water, but water does stick to it!!! Almost all carbohydrates are hydrophilic, or water-loving, adhering water to their surface.
32
33 Lipids Lipids consists of two categories; fats and steroids made up of mostly C and H atoms, some O atoms neither macromolecules nor polymers Hydrophobic = unable to mix with water.
34 Fats A typical fat, or triglyceride, consists of a glycerol molecule, joined with three fatty acid molecules, via a dehydration reaction.
35 Figure 3.11a H HO Fatty acid H 2 O Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol
36 Figure 3.11 H HO H 2 O Fatty acid Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol (b) A fat molecule with a glycerol head and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid tails
37 Figure 3.11b (b) A fat molecule with a glycerol head and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid tails
38 Fats Fats perform essential functions in the human body including energy storage more energy in fat than in carbs cushioning insulation plasma membrane of cells phospholipid bilayer
39 Fats If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens, it is unsaturated; if it has the maximum number of hydrogens, it is saturated. A saturated fat has no double bonds all three of its fatty acids saturated.
40 Fats
41 Figure 3.12a Saturated Fats
42 Figure 3.12b Unsaturated Fats Margarine Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats
43 Fats Most animal fats are saturated have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids can easily stack, tending to be solid at room temperature contribute to atherosclerosis, in which lipid-containing plaques build up along the inside walls of blood vessels.
44 Fats Most plant and fish oils tend to be high in unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature.
45 Fats Hydrogenation adds hydrogen atoms to fatty acid tails converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats makes liquid fats solid at room temperature creates trans fat, a type of unsaturated fat that is particularly bad for your health trans fat levels of less than 0.5 grams per serving can be listed as 0 grams trans fat on the food label.
46 Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function. The carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings. Steroids vary in the functional groups attached to this set of rings, and these chemical variations affect their function. Steroids
47 Cholesterol is a key component of cell membranes the base steroid from which your body produces other steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone, which are chemical messengers. Steroids
48 Figure 3.13 Cholesterol can be converted by the body to Testosterone A type of estrogen
49 Proteins Proteins composed of C, H, N, O and S. are polymers constructed from amino acid monomers account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells perform most of the tasks required for life form enzymes, chemicals that change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process.
50 Keratin Structural Proteins (provide support)
51 Storage Proteins (provide amino acids for growth)
52 Contractile Proteins (help movement)
53 Transport Proteins (help transport substances)
54 Figure 3.15e Enzymes (help chemical reactions)
55 The Monomers of Proteins: Amino Acids All proteins are macromolecules constructed from a common set of 20 kinds of amino acids. Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners. Three of those attachment groups are common to all amino acids: a carboxyl group (-COOH) an amino group (-NH 2 ) a hydrogen atom.
56 Figure 3.16a Amino group Carboxyl group Side group The general structure of an amino acid
57 Figure 3.16b Hydrophobic side group Hydrophilic side group Leucine Serine
58 Proteins as Polymers Cells link amino acids together by dehydration reactions forming peptide bonds creating long chains of amino acids called polypeptides.
59 Figure Carboxyl Amino OH H
60 Figure Carboxyl Amino OH H H 2 O Dehydration reaction Peptide bond
61 Proteins as Polymers Your body has tens of thousands of different kinds of protein each with a different function!!!! Proteins differ in their arrangement of amino acids. The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein is its primary structure.
62 Primary Structure Amino acid
63 Proteins as Polymers A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function. The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease, an inherited blood disorder.
64 SEM SEM Leu Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin Leu Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin The sickle-cell disease occurs when the sixth amino acid, glutamic acid, is replaced by valine to change its structure and function; as such, sickle cell anemia is also known as E6V. Valine is hydrophobic, causing the haemoglobin to collapse in on itself occasionally. The structure is not changed otherwise. When enough haemoglobin collapses in on itself the red blood cells become sickle-shaped.
65 Protein Shape A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a molecule of unique shape.
66 Protein Shape Proteins consisting of one polypeptide have three levels of structure. Proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide chain have a fourth level, quaternary structure.
67 Figure (a) Primary structure
68 Figure Amino acids (b) Secondary structure (a) Primary structure Pleated sheet Hydrogen bond Alpha helix
69 Figure Amino acids (b) Secondary structure (c) Tertiary structure (a) Primary structure Pleated sheet Hydrogen bond Polypeptide Alpha helix
70 Figure Amino acids (b) Secondary structure (c) Tertiary structure (d) Quaternary structure (a) Primary structure Pleated sheet Hydrogen bond Polypeptide A protein with four polypeptide subunits Alpha helix
71 Protein Shape A protein s three-dimensional shape typically recognizes and binds to another molecule enables the protein to carry out its specific function in a cell.
72 What Determines Protein Shape? A protein s shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment. An unfavorable change in temperature and/or ph can cause denaturation of a protein, in which it unravels and loses its shape. High fevers (above 104 F) in humans can cause some proteins to denature.
73 What Determines Protein Shape? Misfolded proteins are associated with Alzheimer s disease mad cow disease Parkinson s disease Sickle Cell Anemia
74 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store information, provide the directions for building proteins, include DNA and RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid
75 Nucleic Acids DNA resides in cells in long fibers called chromosomes. A gene is a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. The chemical code of DNA must be translated from nucleic acid language to protein language.
76 Gene DNA Nucleic acids RNA Amino acid Protein
77 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: 1. a five-carbon sugar, 2. a phosphate group, and 3. a nitrogen-containing base. Nitrogen base Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar
78 Figure 3.23a Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Phosphate group (a) Atomic structure Sugar (deoxyribose)
79 Figure 3.24 Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Space-filling model of DNA
80 Dehydration reactions link nucleotide monomers into long chains called polynucleotides, form covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next form a sugarphosphate backbone. Nitrogenous bases hang off the sugarphosphate backbone. Nucleic Acids
81
82 Figure 3.25 Sugar-phosphate backbone C T G A Nucleotide Base pair A T T Hydrogen bond G A A T C A G T A T Bases C G A T (a) DNA strand (polynucleotide) (b) Double helix (two polynucleotide strands)
83
84 Nucleic Acids Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix. Bases along one DNA strand hydrogen-bond to bases along the other strand. The functional groups hanging off the base determine which bases pair up: A only pairs with T and G can only pair with C.
85 Nucleic Acids RNA, ribonucleic acid, is different from DNA. RNA uses the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose RNA uses the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). RNA is usually single-stranded, but DNA usually exists as a double helix.
86 Figure 3.26 Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) Uracil (U) Phosphate group Sugar (ribose)
87 ENZYMES are PROTEINS!! Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism. Most metabolic reactions require the assistance of enzymes, proteins that speed up chemical reactions. All living cells contain thousands of different enzymes, each promoting a different chemical reaction.
88 Activation Energy Activation energy is the energy needed to get a reaction started. It works by activating the reactants triggering a chemical reaction. Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy required to break bonds of reactant molecules. Small input needed to trigger a large output.
89 Figure 5.7a Energy Activation energy barrier Reactant Products (a) Without enzyme
90 Figure 5.7b Energy Enzyme Activation energy barrier reduced by enzyme Reactant Products (b) With enzyme
91 Induced Fit An enzyme is very selective in the reaction it catalyzes (a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of reaction) Each enzyme recognizes a substrate, a specific reactant molecule. The active site fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly. This interaction is called induced fit because the entry of the substrate induces the enzyme to change shape slightly.
92 Induced Fit Enzymes can function over and over again, a key characteristic of enzymes. Many enzymes are named for their substrates, but with an ase ending. Example = lactase.
93 Figure Active site 1 Ready for substrate Enzyme (sucrase)
94 Figure Substrate (sucrose) Active site 1 Ready for substrate 2 Substrate binding Enzyme (sucrase)
95 Figure Substrate (sucrose) Active site 1 Ready for substrate 2 Substrate binding Enzyme (sucrase) H 2 O 3 Catalysis
96 Figure Substrate (sucrose) Active site 1 Ready for substrate 2 Substrate binding Enzyme (sucrase) Fructose Glucose H 2 O 4 Product released 3 Catalysis
97 Enzyme Inhibitors Enzyme inhibitors can prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site near the active site, resulting in changes to the enzyme s shape so that the active site no longer accepts the substrate.
98 Figure 5.10a Substrate Active site Enzyme (a) Enzyme and substrate binding normally
99 Figure 5.10b Inhibitor Active site Substrate Enzyme (b) Enzyme inhibition by a substrate imposter
100 Figure 5.10c Active site Substrate Inhibitor Enzyme (c) Inhibition of an enzyme by a molecule that causes the active site to change shape
101 Enzyme Inhibitors Some products of a reaction may inhibit the enzyme required for its production. This is called feedback regulation. It prevents the cell from wasting resources. Many beneficial drugs work by inhibiting enzymes. Penicillin blocks the active site of an enzyme that bacteria use in making cell walls. Ibuprofen inhibits an enzyme involved in sending pain signals. Many cancer drugs inhibit enzymes that promote cell division.
102 The Process of Science: Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis? Observation: Most lactose-intolerant people have a normal version of the lactase gene. Question: What is the genetic basis for lactose intolerance? Hypothesis: Lactose-intolerant people have a mutation but not within the lactase gene Pearson Education, Inc.
103 The Process of Science: Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis? Prediction: A mutation would be found near the lactase gene. Experiment: Genes of 196 lactose-intolerant people were examined. Results: Researchers found a 100% correlation between lactose intolerance and a nucleotide at a site approximately 14,000 nucleotides away from the lactase gene Pearson Education, Inc.
104 Figure 3.27 DNA Lactase gene C or T Human cell Chromosome 2 Section of chromosome 2
105 Evolution Connection: The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans Most people are lactose-intolerant as adults. Lactose intolerance is found in 80% of African Americans and Native Americans, 90% of Asian Americans, but only 10% of Americans of northern European descent Pearson Education, Inc.
106 Evolution Connection: The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans Lactose tolerance appears to have evolved in northern European cultures that relied upon dairy products. Ethnic groups in East Africa that rely upon dairy products are also lactose tolerant but due to different mutations Pearson Education, Inc.
107 Figure 3.28
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life Biology and Society: Got Lactose?
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life Biology and Society: Got Lactose? Lactose is the main sugar found in milk. Lactose intolerance is the inability to properly digest lactose. Instead of lactose being broken
More informationChapter 3. The Molecules of Life. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Fourth Edition Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane
More informationGeneral Biology 1004 Chapter 3 Lecture Handout, Summer 2005 Dr. Frisby
Slide 1 CHAPTER 3 The Molecules of Life PowerPoint Lecture Slides for Essential Biology, Second Edition & Essential Biology with Physiology Presentation prepared by Chris C. Romero Copyright 2004 Pearson
More informationChapter 3 The Molecules of Life
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life State Standards Standard 1.h. Standard 5.a. Standard 4.e. Organic Molecules A cell is mostly water. The rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon based molecules organic
More informationMany of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called organic chemistry
1 2 3 4 Bio 1101 Lecture 3 Chapter 3: Molecules of Life Organic Molecules Many of the compounds we are concerned with in biology are carbon-based compounds The study of carbon-based compounds is called
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 3.1 I can explain why carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules. Diverse molecules found in cells are composed of carbon bonded to other elements
More informationChapter 3- Organic Molecules
Chapter 3- Organic Molecules CHNOPS Six of the most abundant elements of life (make up 95% of the weight of all living things)! What are they used for? Structures, enzymes, energy, hormones, DNA How do
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY. How Are Macromolecules Formed? Dehydration Synthesis or condensation reaction Polymers formed by combining monomers and removing water.
BIOCHEMISTRY Organic compounds Compounds that contain carbon are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as
More informationBiological Molecules. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Organic Molecules Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Carbon is missing four electrons Capable of forming 4 covalent bonds
More informationWhat are the molecules of life?
Molecules of Life What are the molecules of life? Organic Compounds Complex Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Organic Compounds Carbon- hydrogen based molecules From Structure to Function Ø Carbon
More informationBiology 5A Fall 2010 Macromolecules Chapter 5
Learning Outcomes: Macromolecules List and describe the four major classes of molecules Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage and distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
More informationChapter 2 pt 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life. Gregory Ahearn. John Crocker. Including the lecture Materials of
Chapter 2 pt 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life Including the lecture Materials of Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida with amendments and additions by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
More informationAgenda. Chapter 3: Macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates. Macromolecules (in general) What are organic compounds?
Agenda Chapter 3 The molecules of life Macromolecules --Detour into Healthy Pig Land 4. Nucelic acids Chapter 3: Macromolecules Macromolecules is just a fancy word for: Giant Molecules Made From Smaller
More informationChapter 3: Macromolecules. 1. Carbohydrates. Polysaccharides. Maltose is a disaccharide. Macromolecules (in general) Most macromolecules are polymers
Chapter 3: Macromolecules Macromolecules is just a fancy word for: Giant Molecules Made From Smaller Building Blocks Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Macromolecules (in general) Most macromolecules
More informationThe Atoms of Life. What are other elements would you expect to be on this list? Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur (sometimes)
Macromolecules The Atoms of Life The most frequently found atoms in the body are Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur (sometimes) What are other elements would you expect to be on this list?
More informationBiology Chapter 5. Biological macromolecules
Biology Chapter 5 Biological macromolecules Small molecules (like water and NaCl) have certain properties that arise from the bonds which hold atoms together in a particular arrangement. Many of the molecules
More informationBiology Kevin Dees. Biology Chapter 5. Biological macromolecules
Biology Chapter 5 Biological macromolecules Small molecules (like water and NaCl) have certain properties that arise from the bonds which hold atoms together in a particular arrangement. Many of the molecules
More informationThe Amazing Molecule: Water
The Amazing Molecule: Water All living things are made of chemicals. Understanding life requires an understanding of chemistry. Biochemistry- the chemistry of life helps us understand todays biological
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 2: The Chemistry of Life Biological Molecules The Chemistry of Life : Learning Outcomes 2.4) Describe the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biological
More informationBiochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes. Unit 02
Biochemistry Macromolecules and Enzymes Unit 02 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. What is Carbon? Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds
More informationMacromolecules. copyright cmassengale
Macromolecules 1 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 2 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent
More informationOrganic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Macromolecules Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent
More informationHonors Biology Chapter 3: Macromolecules PPT Notes
Honors Biology Chapter 3: Macromolecules PPT Notes 3.1 I can explain why carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules. Diverse molecules found in cells are composed of carbon
More informationChapter 3. The Molecules of Cells. Lecture by Richard L. Myers
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard
More informationLesson 2. Biological Molecules. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1
Lesson 2 Biological Molecules Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Carbon in Biological Molecules Organic molecules contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Example: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Inorganic
More informationMost life processes are a series of chemical reactions influenced by environmental and genetic factors.
Biochemistry II Most life processes are a series of chemical reactions influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Metabolism the sum of all biochemical processes 2 Metabolic Processes Anabolism-
More informationCarbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids Is it made of carbohydrates? Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. A carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms would have
More informationCHAPTER 3. Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
CHAPTER 3 Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Carbon: The Organic Element Compounds that are synthesized by cells and contain carbon are organic So what is inorganic? Why are carbon compounds so prevalent?
More informationBiology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life
Biology: Life on Earth Chapter 3 Molecules of life Chapter 3 Outline 3.1 Why Is Carbon So Important in Biological Molecules? p. 38 3.2 How Are Organic Molecules Synthesized? p. 38 3.3 What Are Carbohydrates?
More informationComposed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of polymerization
Chapter 5, Campbell Composed of long chains of smaller molecules Macromolecules are formed through the process of polymerization. Polymerization = large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together
More informationCarbon. Isomers. The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Carbon Chapter 3 Framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to Carbon O, N, S, P or H Can form up to 4 covalent bonds Hydrocarbons molecule
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Introduction: Got Lactose? The Molecules of Cells. Most of the world s population cannot digest milkbased
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Introduction: Got Lactose? Most of the world s population cannot digest milkbased foods They are lactose intolerant, because they lack the enzyme lactase This illustrates
More informationThe Building blocks of life. Macromolecules
The Building blocks of life Macromolecules 1 copyright cmassengale 2 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 3 LIFE ON EARTH IS CARBON-BASED
More informationThe Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley
More informationThe Carbon Atom (cont.)
Organic Molecules Organic Chemistry The chemistry of the living world. Organic Molecule a molecule containing carbon and hydrogen Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell and can share electrons with
More informationBIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds.
BIOLOGY 12 BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES NAME: Although many inorganic compounds are essential to life, the vast majority of substances in living things are organic compounds. ORGANIC MOLECULES: Organic molecules
More informationBiological Molecules
Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationMacromolecules. Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own.
Macromolecules Note: If you have not taken Chemistry 11 (or if you ve forgotten some of it), read the Chemistry Review Notes on your own. Macromolecules are giant molecules made up of thousands or hundreds
More informationThe Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Chapter 3
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent
More informationBiological Molecules
The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Chapter 3 Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon may
More informationAll living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:
Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic compounds
More information6/15/2015. Biological Molecules. Outline. Organic Compounds. Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules. What is organic?
Biological Molecules Biology 105 Lecture 3 Reading: Chapter 2 (pages 29 39) Outline Organic Compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids and Proteins Nucleotides
More informationChemistry of Carbon. All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon
Ach Chemistry of Carbon All living things rely on one particular type of molecule: carbon Carbon atom with an outer shell of four electrons can form covalent bonds with four atoms. In organic molecules,
More informationOrganic Molecules. 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1
Organic Molecules 8/27/2004 Mr. Davenport 1 Carbohydrates Commonly called sugars and starches Consist of C, H, O with H:O ration 2:1 Usually classified as to sugar units Monosaccharide are single sugar
More informationChapter 3 The Molecules of Cells
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Introduction Most of the
More informationOrganic Compounds. (Carbon Compounds) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Organic Compounds (Carbon Compounds) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbon s Bonding Behavior Outer shell of carbon has 4 electrons; can hold 8 Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with
More informationORgo! ORganic Chemistry - an introduction to Macromolcules
ORgo! ORganic Chemistry - an introduction to Macromolcules Macromolecule - an organic molecule (containing carbon atoms) made of a very large number of atoms (big). 1 4 main types of macromolecules: 1)
More informationUnit #2: Biochemistry
Unit #2: Biochemistry STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF FOUR MACROMOLECULES What are the four main biomolecules? How is each biomolecule structured? What are their roles in life? Where do we find them in our body?
More informationThe Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules. Chapter 5
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Chapter 5 The Molecules of Life Living things made up of 4 classes of large biological molecules (macromolecules) : 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3.
More informationMacromolecules. Molecules of Life
Macromolecules Molecules of Life Learning Objectives know the difference between a dehydration synthesis reaction and a hydrolysis reaction know the different types of biological macromolecules be able
More informationOrganic Compounds. Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Macromolecules 1 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. 2 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent
More informationBiological Molecules Ch 2: Chemistry Comes to Life
Outline Biological Molecules Ch 2: Chemistry Comes to Life Biol 105 Lecture 3 Reading Chapter 2 (pages 31 39) Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino acids and Proteins Nucleotides and Nucleic
More informationBio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name:
Bio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name: Many molecules of life are.(means many molecules joined together) Monomers: that exist individually Polymers: Large organic molecules
More informationCARBOHYDRATES. Produce energy for living things Atoms? Monomer Examples? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.
CARBOHYDRATES Produce energy for living things Atoms? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio Monomer Examples? Sugars, starches MONOSACCHARIDES--- main source of energy for cells Glucose Know formula?
More informationChapter 3 The Molecules of Cells
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Introduction Most of the world
More informationCarbon s Bonding Pattern
Organic Compounds It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells German chemists in the 1800 s learned how to do this in the lab, showing
More informationOrganic Compounds. Biology-CP Mrs. Bradbury
Organic Compounds Biology-CP Mrs. Bradbury Carbon Chemistry The compounds that form the cells and tissues of the body are produced from similar compounds in the foods you eat. Common to most foods and
More informationA. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
Biological Substances found in Living Tissues Lecture Series 3 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function A. Lipids: Water-Insoluble Lipids can form large biological molecules, but these aggregations
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More informationMacromolecules. Large molecules made up of smaller building blocks or subunits. Chapter
Macromolecules Large molecules made up of smaller building blocks or subunits Chapter 2.8 2.21 Types of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Primary fuel source for
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More informationBiology. Chapter 3. Molecules of Life. Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr
Biology Concepts and Applications 9e Starr Evers Starr Chapter 3 Molecules of Life 2015 3.1 What Are the Molecules of Life? The molecules of life contain a high proportion of carbon atoms: Complex carbohydrates
More informationThe Structure and Function of Macromolecules
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers Polymer long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. Monomer the small building block molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins
More informationChapter Three (Biochemistry)
Chapter Three (Biochemistry) 1 SECTION ONE: CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON BONDING All compounds can be classified in two broad categories: organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made
More informationOutline. Biology 105: Biological Molecules. Carbon Review. Organic Compounds. Carbon 1/28/2016. Biological Molecules Functional Groups
Outline Biology 105: Biological Molecules Lecture 3 Reading: Chapter 2, Pages 29-40 Organic Compounds Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino acids and Proteins Nucleotides and
More information3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World
BIOL 100 Ch. 3 1 3.1 Carbon is Central to the Living World Carbon Central element to life Most biological molecules are built on a carbon framework. Organic molecules Humans 18.5% Carbon Why is Carbon
More informationChp 2 (cont.) Organic Molecules. Spider s web and close up of capture strand - spider silk protein
Chp 2 (cont.) Organic Molecules Spider s web and close up of capture strand - spider silk protein 1! Molecular Diversity is Based on Carbon An organic molecule contains both carbon and hydrogen. Ex: Methane
More informationLecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function
Lecture Series 2 Macromolecules: Their Structure and Function Reading Assignments Read Chapter 4 (Protein structure & Function) Biological Substances found in Living Tissues The big four in terms of macromolecules
More informationMacro molecule = is all the reactions that take place in cells, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism Anabolism:
Macromolecule Macro molecule = molecule that is built up from smaller units The smaller single subunits that make up macromolecules are known as Joining two or more single units together form a M is all
More information5.2 Lipids 5.21 Triglycerides 5.22 Phospholipids 5.23 Wax 5.24 Steroids. 5.3 Proteins 5.4 Nucleic Acids
BIOCHEMISTRY Class Notes Summary Table of Contents 1.0 Inorganic and Organic Compounds 2.0 Monomers and Polymers 3.0 Dehydration (Condensation) Synthesis 4.0 Hydrolysis Reaction 5.0 Organic Compounds 5.1
More informationBiomolecules. Unit 3
Biomolecules Unit 3 Atoms Elements Compounds Periodic Table What are biomolecules? Monomers vs Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Minerals Vitamins Enzymes Triglycerides Chemical Reactions
More informationChapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules
Formation of Macromolecules Monomers Polymers Macromolecules Smaller larger Chapter 5 Structure and Function Of Large Biomolecules monomer: single unit dimer: two monomers polymer: three or more monomers
More informationCarbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates)
Carbon Compounds (2.3) (Part 1 - Carbohydrates) The Chemistry of Carbon (Organic Chemistry) Organic Chemistry: The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon can bond with many
More informationEssential Components of Food
Essential Components of Food The elements of life living things are mostly (98%) made of 6 elements: C carbon H hydrogen O oxygen P phosphorus N nitrogen S sulphur -each element makes a specific number
More informationMacromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4)
Macromolecules Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Q: Which of the above are polymers? (put a star by them). Polymer literally means. Polymers are long
More informationUnit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School
Unit 3: Chemistry of Life Mr. Nagel Meade High School IB Syllabus Statements 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from
More informationMacromolecules. 3. There are several levels of protein structure, the most complex of which is A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary
Macromolecules 1. If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule so that it has only carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule become a molecule. A) carbohydrate B) carbonyl C) carboxyl
More informationOrganic Molecules. Contain C
Contain C Organic Molecules Can form 4 strong covalent bonds Ergo can form many complex, stable molecules Chemistry of life is complex, and requires complex molecules However, several kinds of molecules
More informationDetails of Organic Chem! Date. Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life & The Structure & Function of Macromolecules
Details of Organic Chem! Date Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life & The Structure & Function of Macromolecules Functional Groups, I Attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to
More informationAll living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds:
Biochemistry Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C honk Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon Organic
More informationChapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Part 2 Carbohydrates are Polymers of Monosaccharides Three different ways to represent a monosaccharide Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars and starches and provide
More informationThe building blocks of life.
The building blocks of life. The 4 Major Organic Biomolecules The large molecules (biomolecules OR polymers) are formed when smaller building blocks (monomers) bond covalently. via anabolism Small molecules
More informationBiological Molecules. Biol 105 Lecture 3 Reading Chapter 2 (pages 25 36)
Biological Molecules Biol 105 Lecture 3 Reading Chapter 2 (pages 25 36) Outline Organic compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Amino acids and Proteins Nucleotides
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
BIOCHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Diverse molecules found in cells are composed of carbon bonded to other elements Carbon-based molecules are called organic compounds Carbon
More informationBiological Molecules. Biol 105 Reading Chapter 2 (pages 31 39)
Biological Molecules Biol 105 Reading Chapter 2 (pages 31 39) Outline Organic compounds - definition Functional Groups Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) Organic
More informationsmall molecules that make up larger molecules organic compound made up of sugar molecules sugar that contains one sugar unit
organic molecule carbon based compound inorganic molecule hydrocarbon functional group hydrophilic NON-carbon based compound organic molecule made of only carbon and hydrogen group of atoms bonded to a
More informationIntroduction to Macromolecules. If you were to look at the nutrition label of whole milk, what main items stick out?
Introduction to Macromolecules Macromolecules are a set of molecules that are found in living organisms. Macromolecules essentially mean big molecules as the word macro means large. The functions of these
More informationGlycerol + 3 fatty acids. B) Chemical reactions -forms macromolecules and takes them apart: Dehydration synthesis
Section 5: Molecules of Life - Macromolecules Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms A) Type of macromolecules 4 types: Name Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids subunit monosaccharides
More informationMacromolecules. Honors Biology
Macromolecules onors Biology 1 The building materials of the body are known as macromolecules because they can be very large There are four types of macromolecules: 1. Proteins 2. Nucleic acids 3. arbohydrates
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.
Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function
More informationBiological Chemistry. Is biochemistry fun? - Find it out!
Biological Chemistry Is biochemistry fun? - Find it out! 1. Key concepts Outline 2. Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids 5. Proteins 6. Nucleic Acids Key Concepts: 1. Organic
More informationFrom Atoms to Cells: Fundamental Building Blocks. Models of atoms. A chemical connection
From Atoms to Cells: A chemical connection Fundamental Building Blocks Matter - all materials that occupy space & have mass Matter is composed of atoms Atom simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler
More informationChapter 2. Chemical Composition of the Body
Chapter 2 Chemical Composition of the Body Carbohydrates Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen General formula C n H 2n O n -ose denotes a sugar molecule Supply energy Glucose Complex
More informationOrganic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen.
Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry Introduction Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. All living things contain these organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
More informationMolecule - two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Ex. = water, H O
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES Why study carbon? ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES Why study carbon? * All of life is built on carbon * Cells are made up of about 72% water 3% salts (NaCl, and K) 25% carbon compounds which
More informationI. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers. Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis
I. Polymers & Macromolecules Figure 1: Polymers Polymer: Macromolecule: Figure 2: Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis 1 Dehydration Synthesis: Figure 3: Depolymerization via Hydrolysis Hydrolysis:
More informationChapter 3 Guided Reading Notes Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
AP Biology Name: Block Chapter 3 Guided Reading Notes Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Most of this chapter is new material. We will discuss it all in detail. Section 1 1. Make an electron distribution
More informationBIOLOGY 111. CHAPTER 3: Life's Components: Biological Molecules
BIOLOGY 111 CHAPTER 3: Life's Components: Biological Molecules Life s Components: Biological Molecules 3.1 Carbon's Place in the Living World 3.2 Functional Groups 3.3 Carbohydrates 3.4 Lipids 3.5 Proteins
More informationMacromolecules Carbohydrates A COMPLEX COLORING EXPERIENCE
Macromolecules Carbohydrates A COMPLEX COLORING EXPERIENCE Name: Per: Date: All plants, animals and microorganisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. Carbohydrates are also used as structural building
More information