Plant Diseases in Globally Changing Russian Climate

Transcription

1 Journal of Life Sciences 9 (2015) doi: / / D DAVID PUBLISHING Mark Levitin Department of Mycology and Phytopathology All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Saint-Petersburg , Podbelsky Shosse, 3, Russia Abstract: Across all Russia global climate change is observed. Consequences of climatic changes, undoubtedly, will be reflected in distribution of harmful organisms, ir injuriousness and will demand development of new approaches in plant protection. Over last 10 years, spread of cereal crop diseases in Northwest Russia has been monitored. The purpose of researches is to find new diseases in Northwest region of Russia. Disease progression was mainly monitored 3 or 4 times during growing season, from germination to crop maturity. As a result in this region new diseases were found. In causal agent of yellow leaf spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was found on wheat. Fusarium graminearum historically has two areas in Russia: North Caucasus and Far East. However, since 2003 F. graminearum appeared on territory of North-West of Russia. Septoria tritici became main pathogen of wheat in North-Western Region.. In 2013 Ramularia collo-cygni was found in Arkhangelsk region. These observations suggest that global warming of climate leads to an expansion south species pathogen to north regions of Russia. Key words: Climate change, phytopathogenic fungi, plant diseases. 1. Introduction The climate of our planet has been changing rapidly. In Russia, from 1990 to 2000, air temperature has increased by 0.4 C. By middle of century, temperature will increase by almost 2 C ( 518.html). Global warming manifests itself throughout Russia, but Northwest Russia and Siberia are most sensitive to warming. Climate change will undoubtedly affect spread of harmful organisms and ir hazard level and will require development of new approaches of fighting against m. Over 10 years, specialists of Mycology and Phytopathology Laboratory, All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, having monitored spread of cereal crop diseases in Northwest Russia, identified some new diseases in region. This article contains results of monitoring, phytosanitary forecast based on changing climate, and suggested approaches to improvement of phytosanitary condition of agroecosystem. Corresponding author: Mark Levitin, professor, research fields: mycology and phytopathology. mark_levitin@rambler.ru. 2. Material and Methods Disease progression was mainly monitored 3 or 4 times during growing season, from germination to crop maturity. During germination, plants affection by soil pathogens or infections transmitted by infected seeds is primarily determined. During vegetative mass accumulation, occurrence of diseases on any vegetative aerial organ is monitored and during crop formation, manifestation of reproductive organ diseases is monitored. Key monitored elements included such indicators as disease distribution, affection intensity, and disease development. 3. Results and Discussion In 1980s, a new wheat disease, yellow leaf spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler was diagnosed in South Russia [1]. Fig. 1 shows disease prevalence in 1980s. The disease was most harmful in south of Russia, in North Caucasus. It had been never encountered in north. However, in , yellow leaf spot was found in wheat in Northwest Russia: in Leningrad, Pskov, and Novgorod regions [2]. In some

2 477 Fig. 1 Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. The arrow showed distribution of pathogen from South on northwest of Russia. varieties of spring and winter wheat, development of disease reached 70% [3]. Fusarium head bligth is considered most harmful cereal crop disease. The disease causes significant yield losses and its pathogens produce mycotoxins that are hazardous to humans and animals. In late 1980s and early 1990s, heaviest wheat ear Fusarium epiphytoty broke out in North Caucasus. Fusarium graminearum Schwabe was main pathogen. Historically, its main habitat in Russia has been North Caucasus and Far East (Fig. 2). The fungus rarely manifested itself on cereal crops in Central Black Earth Region and Central Russia. However, since 2003, F. graminearum has been encountered in Northwest Russia. Initially, it was found in Leningrad region, in 2007 in Vologda, Novgorod, and Kirov, and in 2008 in Kaliningrad and Pskov regions. An average number of Fusarium-infected samples in Northwest Region made 93.3% in 2007 and 87.3% in Disease distribution in norrn areas of country is well explained by global warming and changes in air composition. It is evidenced by articles of our colleagues from Nordic countries. In recent years, F. graminearum has become dominant species in cereals in Nerlands [5], England [6], Norrn Germany [7], and Finland [8]. A change of air temperature can actually change dominant species. The situation in Norrn Italy [9] can serve as an example. In this region, Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg prevailed in maize. The optimum growth factor of this species is temperature of C. In , summer was hot and dry. Aspergillus flavus Link ex Gray, which is tolerant to temperature of 35 C, has become dominant species. Septoria spot is anor hazardous wheat disease. In Russia, two main pathogens exist: Stagonospora

3 478 Fig. 2 Fusarium graminearum. The arrow showed distribution of pathogen from South on northwest of Russia. nodorum (Berk.) Castell. et Germano [teleomorph Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E. Mull.) Hedjiar.], which causes septoria spot in wheat leaves and ears, and Septoria tritici Roberge ex Desm. [teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schroet.], a pathogen of septoria spot in wheat leaves. S. nodorum is widespread but dominates and is most harmful in Northwest and Volga-Vyatka regions, i.e. in norrn zone of Russia. S. tritici is prevalent and causes most damage in sourn regions: in North Caucasus and Lower Volga Region (Fig. 3). However, since 2007, S. tritici, has become a dominant pathogen in Northwest [10]. Disease affection in spring wheat during phase of milky-wax ripeness made % depending on wheat grade, while disease development varied from 8% to 30%. In 2011, in Krasnodar region, a new pathogen, Ramularia collo-cygni B. Sutton & J.M. Waller, was encountered in barley [11]. This species is common mainly in sourn countries, but in 2013 it was found in north of Russia (Fig. 4), in Arkhangelskk region, not far from Kotlas (private message from O. Afanasenko). All above mentioned observations suggest thatt global warming causes expansion of geographic range of rmophilic species of fungi and spread of "sourn" diseases to north. Therefore, constantt monitoring of emergence of new plant diseases is primarily required. Particularr attention shall be paid to sourn species of pathogens that may distribution in norrn regions. Warmer wear willl facilitate spread of a cereal crops Fusarium pathogen, Fusarium graminiarum, in Northwestt Russia. At same time, harmfulness of such species as F. culmorum and Microdochium nivale thatt require cooler wear for growth will decrease. In barley and rye, pathogen of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) Davis is likely to intensify. The disease progression is more rapid in warm and dry

4 479 Fig. 3 Mycosphaerella graminicola. The arrow showed distribution of pathogen from South on northwest of Russia. Fig. 4 Ramularia collo-cygni. The arrow showed distribution of pathogen from Krasnodar Krai to Arkhangelskk region.

5 480 wear. The harmfulness of powdery mildew in gray breads will increase as disease pathogen loves warm and dry wear as well. In oats, prevalence and harmfulness of red-brown spot (caused by pathogen, Pyrenophora avenae Ito et Kuribay) will also increase. In , distribution of disease reached 70%. During global warming, harmfulness of potato late blight will probably decrease as pathogen Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary requires cool and wet wear for growth. Climatic factors definitely influence result of protective measures. Extreme temperatures, winds, rainfalls, etc. may affect phytotoxicity, dynamics of soil content, and deposition on leaves, leaf absorption, and degradation of fungicides. Special attention shall be paid to selection of disease-resistant varieties, in particular to creation of varieties with a broader ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. A scientifically-based integrated plant protection system is one of factors of maintaining stability of agroecosystem. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank colleague of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection, T. Ishkova, E. Gultyaeva, T. Gagkaeva, O. Gavrilova, O. Afanasenko, for ir assistance in field studies. Researches are supported by Russian Science Foundation ( project No ). References [1] Granim, E. F., Monastyrskaya, E. M., Kraeva, G. A., and Kochubey K Winter Wheat Tan Spot on Winter Wheat in North Caucasus. Plant Protection 12: 21. [2] Gultyaeva, E. I., Levitin, M. M., Semenyakina, N. F., Nikiforova, N. V., and Savelieva, N. I Cereal Crop Diseases in Northwest Russia. Plant Protection and Quarantine 6: [3] Mikhailova, L. A., Ternyuk, I. G., and Mironenko, N. V Characteristics of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Populations by Their Virulence. Mycology and Phytopathology 44 (3): [4] Gavrilova, O. P., and Gagkaeva, T. Yu Fusarium on Grain in North of Non-Black Earth Region and Kaliningrad Region in Plant Protection and Quarantine 2: [5] Waalwijk, C., Kastelein, P., De Vries, Ker, Z., Van Der Lee, T., Hesselink, T., Kohl, J., and Kema, G Major Changes in Fusarium spp. in Wheat in Nerlands. Europ. J. Plant Pathol. 109 (7): [6] Jennings, P., Coates, M. E., Walsh, K., Turner, J. A., and Nicholson, P Determination of Deoxynivalenoland Nivalenol-producing Chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Wheat Crops in England and Wales. Plant Pathol. 53 (5): DOI: /j x. [7] Miedaner, T., Cumagun, C. J. R., and Chakraborty, S Population Genetics of Three Important Heat Blight Pathogens Fusarium graminearum, F. pseudograminearum and F. culmorum. J. Phytopathol. 156 (3): DOI: /j x. [8] Yli-Mattila, T., and Gagkaeva, T Molecular Chemotyping of Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, and F. cerealis Isolates from Finland and Russia. In book: Molecular Identification of Fungi. Ed. by Y. Gherbawy and K. Voigt. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p [9] Magan, N., Medina, A., and Aldred, D Possible Climate-change Effects on Mycotoxin Contamination of Food Crops Pre- and Postharvest. Plant Pathol. 60 (1): DOI: /j x. [10] Gultyaeva, E. I., Levitin, M., Semenyakina, N. F., Nikiforova, N. V., and Kazakevich, E. V Phytosanitary Situation in Cereal Crops in Northwest Russia. Plant Protection and Quarantine 5: [11] Afanasenko, O. S.,. Hevis, N., Bespalova, L. A., Ablova, I. B., and Maryenko, V. I The ramularia, a New Barley Disease in Russia. Plant Protection and Quarantine 1: 11-3.