By: Dr. Patrick Davis, University of Missouri Extension County Livestock Specialist Jeff Yearington, Lincoln University Farm Outreach Worker West

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1 By: Dr. Patrick Davis, University of Missouri Extension County Livestock Specialist Jeff Yearington, Lincoln University Farm Outreach Worker West Central Region

2 Goat Nutrition Forage Quality Feeding Strategies

3 Goat Digestive Physiology Goat Feeding Behavior Nutrient Requirements

4 Rumen Fermentation vat where bacteria and protozoa break down fiber. Reticulum Extension of the rumen, collects heavier particles. Omasum Removal of excess moisture and further grinding. Abomasum Gastric juices and enzymes secreted.

5 Kid Digestive System Adult Goat Digestive System 1 Rumen; 2 Reticulum; 3 Omasum; 4 - Abomasum

6 Goats are browsers They eat with there heads up If pasture gets to short that could increase parasite problems Prefer forage diversity Brush/weeds Grass Legumes

7 Pasture Grazing Systems Good quality pasture system 6 to 8 goats per acre Good brush browse system 9 to 11 goats per acre

8 Poisonous plants Clippings from Yews and rhododendrons Clippings from cherry, apricot, and peach trees Plant during certain times of the year Cocklebur Symptoms of poisoning Vomiting and death Call vet immediately Learn response associated with poisonous plants or bad tastes

9 Class of nutrients Water Protein Energy Vitamins Minerals All are required

10 Water Most important as it is related to intake Insufficient water intake affects Production Growth General appearance Should always have access to high quality source of water

11 Protein Source of nitrogen for the bugs in the rumen Source of amino acids for protein synthesis in the animals body Used for Body tissue development Development of hormones and enzymes Milk production

12 Energy Primarily comes from carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fibers Fats 2.25 times the energy of carbohydrates Sources Animal and plant No more that 2 to 3% of the ration

13 Energy Needed for Growth Reproduction Milk production Health Proper kidding and raising kids

14 Protein RDP RUP Microbial Cell Carbohydrates Fiber and Starch Peptides AA Microbial Enzymes Sugars NH 3 + Carbons Skeleton VFA Urea Via Urea Cycle AA Synthesis Microbial protein for use by animal to meet its needs For animal Growth Reproduction Lactation For Microbes Cell growth Cell division

15 Physiological states effect on intake of goats Lbs. of dry matter Weaning Yearling Gestation Lactating AVG Lactating High Intake Buck

16 % Physiological state effects on energy and protein levels required for goats Weaning Yearling Gestation Lactating AVG Lactating High Buck TDN %CP

17 Minerals Required in small portion Macro Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, S Micro Co, Cu, F, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn Required Bone formation Construction of muscles, blood cells, internal organs and enzymes Develop proper immunity to diseases

18 % Goat Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements Weaning Yearling Gestation Lactating AVG Lactating High Buck Ca P

19 Vitamins Small portion of the diet but essential for life Required for Normal growth, production, reproduction, fight stress, disease and maintain good health

20 Vitamin Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Source Animal conversion of β Carotene from forage and corn Developed by microorganisms of a fully functional rumen Synthesized by animal tissues Animal conversion of sunlight and sun cured hays High quality legume hay Green leafy fresh or dry feedstuffs and rumen microorganisms

21 Forage quality related to Fiber Protein Content Factors that influence forage quality Species Maturity Plant parts Post harvest handling Storage

22 Nutritive values of different full bloom hays Feed stuff NDF (%) TDN (%) CP (%) Fescue K Timothy Alfalfa Red Clover Beef Cattle NRC, 2000

23 Forage Crop Stage of maturity NDF% TDN% CP% Alfalfa Early Vegetative Early Bloom Mid Bloom Full Bloom Late Bloom Mature Beef Cattle NRC, 2000

24 1 st bite: leaves with low fiber 2 nd bite 3rd bite: stems with high fiber

25 Body Condition Scoring Flushing Does Managing Goats and Cattle Fescue Toxicity Ration Balancing

26 Feel fat condition over the backbone, ribs, spine, and loin Score from 1 to 5 1. Emaciated 2. Thin 3. Average 4. Fat 5. Obese

27

28 Does Breeding 3 Late Gestation 3 Kidding 3 or better Weaning 2 Bucks Pre breeding 3 4 Use to determine supplementing strategies

29 Feeding a high energy diet days before breeding Increase body weight, ovulation rate and litter size Poor body condition does respond better Make sure the does do not get too fat Strategies Move goats to high quality lush pasture or feed ½ pound of corn or whole cottonseed per day

30 Goat first then cattle Goats clean the mature plant growth and brush away and leave the lush growing forage for cattle Recommended stocking rate of 1 2 goats per beef cow without reducing forage availability Improve productivity of pastures

31 Caused by endophyte that lives in the fescue plant Concentrated in the seed head Symptoms poor conception rates, low pasture gains, low milk production, heat stress, hoof and tail rot Pregnant Does Birthing issues Thickening placenta wall making it hard for the kid to get out of the sack leading to death

32 Ways to reduce symptoms Pasture Rotation Interseed legumes Supplement with other feed stuffs to dilute effect Graze or cut fescue before it gets to the seed head stage

33 Balance the ration to meet the nutrient requirements of the animal Forage testing Animal Requirements Weanling, Yearling, gestation, average or high lactating doe, and buck Formulate the ration to meet the energy and protein requirements

34 Minerals Feed a free choice complete goat mineral that fits your animals needs Macro minerals likely to be deficient Salt (NaCl) Mg Ca and P (ratio 2:1) Micro minerals likely to be deficient Cu Zn Se

35 Vitamins Usually don t worry about vitamin B, C, and K Look at Vitamins A, D, E. Supplement D if the goats are being housed inside Use a commercially available complete mix that fits the needs of the animal

36 Presentation of the Ration Balancing Software from Maryland University By Jeff Yearington RationMixer

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