Elaine N. Marieb Katja N. Hoehn Ninth Edition

Transcription

1 Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Katja N. Hoehn Ninth Edition

2 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: Pearson Education Limited 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: ISBN 13: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Printed in the United States of America

3 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Pearson New International Edition - PDF - PDF Table of Contents Cover Table of Contents Glossary 1. The Human Body: An Orientation An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Levels of Structural Organization Maintaining Life Homeostasis The Language of Anatomy 2. Chemistry Comes Alive Part 1: Basic Chemistry Definition of Concepts: Matter and Energy Composition of Matter: Atoms and Elements How Matter is Combined: Molecules and Mixtures Chemical Bonds Chemical Reactions Part 2: Biochemistry Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds 3. Cells: The Living Units The Cellular Basis of Life The Plasma Membrane: Structure The Plasma Membrane: Membrane Transport The Plasma Membrane: Generation of a Resting Membrane Potential The Plasma Membrane: Cell-Environment Interactions The Cytoplasm The Nucleus Cell Growth and Reproduction Extracellular Materials Developmental Aspects of Cells 4. Tissue: The Living Fabric Preparing Human Tissue for Microscopy Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue

4 Muscle Tissue Covering and Lining Membranes Nervous Tissue Tissue Repair Developmental Aspects of Tissues 5. The Integumentary System The Skin Appendages of the Skin Functions of the Integumentary System Homeostatic Imbalances of the Skin Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System 6. Bones and Skeletal Tissues Skeletal Cartilages Classification of Bones Functions of Bones Bone Structure Bone Development Bone Homeostasis: Remodeling and Repair Homeostatic Imbalances of Bone Developmental Aspects of Bones: Timing of Events 7. The Skeleton Part 1: The Axial Skeleton The Skull The Vertebral Column The Thoracic Cage Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle The Upper Limb The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle The Lower Limb Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton 8. Joints Classification of Joints Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints

5 Developmental Aspects of Joints 9. Muscles and Muscle Tissues Overview of Muscle Tissues Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Developmental Aspects of Muscles 10. The Muscular System Actions and Interactions of Skeletal Muscles Naming Skeletal Muscles Muscle Mechanics: Importance of Fascicle Arrangement and Leverage Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body 11. Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Functions and Divisions of the Nervous System Histology of Nervous Tissue Membrane Potentials The Synapse Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors Basic Concepts of Neural Integration Developmental Aspects of Neurons 12. The Central Nervous System The Brain Higher Mental Functions Protection of the Brain Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain The Spinal Cord Diagnostic Procedures for Assessing CNS Dysfunction Developmental Aspects of the Central Nervous System 13. The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity Part 1: Sensory Receptors and Sensation Sensory Receptors Sensory Integration: From Sensation to Perception Part 2: Transmission Lines: Nerves and Their Structure and Repair Nerves and Associated Ganglia Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Part 3: Motor Endings and Motor Activity Peripheral Motor Endings

6 Motor Integration: From Intention to Effect Part 4: Reflex Activity The Reflex Arc Spinal Reflexes Developmental Aspects of the Peripheral Nervous System 14. The Autonomic Nervous System Overview ANS Anatomy ANS Physiology Developmental Aspects of the ANS Homeostatic Imbalances of the ANS 15. The Special Senses The Eye and Vision The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste The Ear: Hearing and Balance Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses 16. The Endocrine System The Endocrine System: An Overview Hormones The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus The Thyroid Gland The Parathyroid Glands The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands The Pineal Gland Other Endocrine Glands and Tissues Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System 17. Blood Overview: Blood Composition and Functions Blood Plasma Formed Elements Hemostasis Transfusion and Blood Replacement Diagnostic Blood Tests Developmental Aspects of Blood 18. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits Heart Anatomy

7 Cardiac Muscle Fibers Heart Physiology Developmental Aspects of the Heart 19. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Arterial System Part 1: Blood Vessel Structure and Function Structure of Blood Vessel Walls Capillaries Venous System Vascular Anastomoses Part 2: Physiology of Circulation Introduction to Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance Systemic Blood Pressure Maintaining Blood Pressure Blood Flow Through Body Tissues: Tissue Perfusion Principal Vessels of the Systemic Circulation Part 3: Circulatory Pathways: Blood Vessels of the Body The Two Main Circulations of the Body Systemic Arteries and Veins: Differences in Pathways and Courses Developmental Aspects of Blood Vessels 20. The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues Lymphatic System Lymphoid Cells and Tissues Lymph Nodes Other Lymphoid Organs Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 21. The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses Surface Barriers: Skin and Mucosae Part 1: Innate Defenses Internal Innate Defenses: Cells and Chemicals Part 2: Adaptive Defenses Antigens Cells of the Adaptive Immune System: An Overview Humoral Immune Response Cellular Immune Response Homeostatic Imbalances of Immunity Developmental Aspects of the Immune System

8 22. The Respiratory System Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System Mechanics of Breathing Gas Exchanges Between the Blood, Lungs, and Tissues Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood Control of Respiration Respiratory Adjustments Homeostatic Imbalances of the Respiratory System Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System 23. The Digestive System Part 1: Overview of the Digestive System Digestive Processes Digestive System Organs: Relationships Basic Functional Concepts Part 2: Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System The Mouth and Associated Organs The Pharynx The Espophagus Digestive Processes: Mouth to Esophagus The Stomach The Small Intestine and Associated Structures The Large Intestine Part 3: Physiology of Digestion and Absorption Digestion Absorption Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System 24. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation Diet and Nutrition Overview of Metabolic Reactions Metabolism of Major Nutrients Metabolic States of the Body The Metabolic Role of the Liver Energy Balance Developmental Aspects of Nutrition and Metabolism 25. The Urinary System Kidney Anatomy Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation

9 Clinical Evaluation of Kidney Function Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Body Fluids Water Balance and ECF Osmolality Electrolyte Balance Acid-Base Balance Developmental Aspects of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 27. The Reproductive System Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System Physiology of the Male Reproductive System Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Physiology of the Female Reproductive System Sexually Transmitted Infections Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System 28. Pregnancy and Human Development From Egg to Zygote Events of Embryonic Development: Zygote to Blastocyst Implantation Events of Embryonic Development: Gastrula to Fetus Events of Fetal Development Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Parturition (Birth) Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life Lactation Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Cloning 29. Heredity The Vocabulary of Genetics Sexual Sources of Genetic Variation Types of Inheritance Environmental Factors in Gene Expression Nontraditional Inheritance Genetic Screening, Counseling, and Therapy Appendix: The Metric System Appendix: Functional Groups in Organic Molecules Appendix: The Amino Acids Appendix: Two Important Metabolic Pathways

10 Appendix: Periodic Table of the Elements Appendix: Reference Values for Selected Blood and Urine Studies Appendix: Focus on Innervation of the Upper Limb Appendix: Focus on Innervation of the Lower Limb Index 1 2 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z