The Effect of Zinc on Worms
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1 Sanders 1 The Effect of Zinc on Worms Da'Jhnae Gambrell-Sanders Sustainability and Conservation 1H DSHA February 26, 2016
2 Sanders 2 Abstract The purpose of this lab is to determine if earthworms are capable of detecting high levels of zinc in their environment. In order to test this, worms were placed in the middle of four quadrants, each containing a different concentration of zinc.the worms were then observed for twenty minutes to see which quadrants they decided to burrow in. Our results show that the worms would burrow into a quadrant at random and would remain inside that quadrant for the full time period. These results support the theory that worms cannot initially detect harmful substances within the soil, which furthermore can have harmful ramifications on our environment as well as the food chain. Introduction Environmentalists have made the argument that insects and other animals that reside in the soil are not able to avoid chemicals used by farmers and manufacturers. Two experimental labs were conducted at Divine Savior Holy Angels High School to test this argument; a simple sensorimotor reaction lab and a preference avoidance behavior lab. With the first lab, worms were placed in low, medium, and high concentrations of zinc and data was recorded on what types of reactions the worms had. Zinc is a natural substance found in the environment and is necessary for life and our environment. However, zinc in the environment has been rising unnaturally due to human activities such as mining and steel processing. (Lenntech, 2016) Zinc is beneficial for the human body to function in reasonable doses; however, high levels of zinc in the human body are incredibly toxic and can lead to many health risks. Symptoms of zinc poisoning include: chills, convulsions, fever, low blood pressure, vomiting, shock, and yellowing of skin or eyes (National Library of Medicine, 2016). Therefore, because of this build up in the environment and its health risk factors, zinc was used in this experiment. What was concluded after the experiment is that when the worms were placed in low concentrations of zinc, they had
3 Sanders 3 little to no reaction to it. However, as the zinc concentration increased, the worms would have stronger reactions on initial contact. The second lab that was conducted was that a worm is placed between two lines of liquids; a line of water and one line of highly concentrated zinc. The experiment was conducted to see if red worms were able to sense the liquids and make the safest decision and choose to cross the water line. On all attempts with a different worm used in each attempt, the worms each chose the zinc. Therefore, it was concluded from both experiments that worms are affected by chemicals in the environment and they are not able to sense and avoid them. But will the results from the previous experiments hold true when red worms are placed in a natural soil environment with multiple concentrations of zinc? To test this, a lab was conducted using three different concentrations of zinc; 10 ppm, 100 ppm, 1000 ppm, and one control group of distilled water in four different quadrants of soil. The locations of the worms will then be timed to see how much time they spend in each quadrant. If the Earthworm is placed in the middle of these four quadrants over twenty minutes, then the Earthworm will initially enter the medium and high concentrations of Zinc but will retreat and spend most of its time in the lower concentrations because our second lab proved that the Earthworm was unable to recognize the difference between the line of water and the line of zinc. Materials and Methods Materials: Pipets Latex gloves Safety goggles Dissecting tray Red worms
4 Sanders 4 Potting soil 10 ml. each of zinc solutions of 10 ppm, 100 ppm, 1000 ppm Distilled Water Stopwatch Methods: 1. Gather all materials; divide lab tray into four quadrants using your finger and label each quadrant by number as well as mark which quadrant will have which concentration of zinc or water as shown here in Figure 1 and Figure 2: Figure 1: Soil Quadrant setup) Figure 2: Zinc Concentration Quadrant setup Quadrant One ( 10 ml. 10 ppm) Quadrant Three (10 ml.1000 ppm) Quadrant Two (10 ml. 100 ppm) Quadrant four (10 ml. distilled water) 2. Place on goggles and gloves; distribute potting soil evenly amongst the quadrants 3. Take pipet and measure 10 ml. 10 ppm of Zinc into quadrant one (Reference Fg. 2)
5 Sanders 5 4. Take pipet and measure 10 ml. of the 100 ppm of Zinc into quadrant two (Reference Fg. 2) 5. Take pipet and measure 10 ml. of the 1000ppm of Zinc into Quadrant three (Reference Fg. 2) 6. Take pipet and measure 10 ml. of distilled water into quadrant four (Reference Fg. 2) 7. Place the worm in the center of tray so that it is positioned in the middle of the quadrants 8. Record which quadrant the worm enters first and begin timer for twenty minutes 9. In those twenty minutes, record how much time the worm spends in each quadrant using your notebook and pen Data Tables and Graphs Minutes Worm Spent in Each Quadrant: Days Quadrant 1 (10 ppm) Quadrant 2 (100 ppm) Quadrant 3 (1000 ppm) Quadrant 4 (10 ml. Water) 1 0 minutes 0 minutes 0 minutes 20 minutes 2 0 minutes 20 minutes 0 minutes 0 minutes 3 0 minutes 0 minutes 20 minutes 0 minutes 4 0 minutes 20 minutes 0 minutes 0 minutes
6 Minutes Sanders 6 Which Concentrations Did the Worm Enter Each Day? ppm 100 ppm 1000 ppm Control (10 ml. of Distilled Water) 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Days Percentages of Time Spent in Each Quadrant Quadrant 2 Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4 Quadrant 1 0% 25% 50% 25% Results In this experiment, there are three types of variables. The first one is the independent variable which include the different concentrations of Zinc in each quadrant. The dependent variable was the amount of time the earthworm spent in each quadrant. The control variables were the amount of soil in each quadrant as well as the amount of solution in each quadrant.
7 Sanders 7 While on each day of experimentation the worms had the choice of which quadrant to enter in, on days 2 and 4, the worms decided to enter into Quadrant 2, which contained a medium zinc concentration of 100 ppm; to add to that, the worm spent 50% of the experiment in this quadrant over the four days. Also, all of the earthworms spent their 20 minutes in the quadrant they initially decided to burrow into. Figure 1 below shows where the worm was placed at the beginning of each experiment trial. One trend that was seen is that out of the four days of experimentation, the worm spent time in three out of the four quadrants; these quadrants included the distilled water, medium, and high zinc concentration quadrants. Figure 1: Figure 1:At the beginning of each trial, the worm are placed in the center of the tray so they have an equal chance of picking one of the four quadrants. Discussion To conclude, our data failed to support our hypothesis. We had originally thought that the worm would enter the medium to high concentrations and then retreat to low concentrations. While we were correct that the worm spent most of its time in Quadrants two and three, specifically 75% of experiement time, however on each of those days the worm would spend the full twenty minutes in those quadrants instead of moving to a lower concentration upon
8 Sanders 8 exposure. However, while our hypothesis was not supported by our data, this lab was able to further prove that worms cannot initially sense pollutants in the soil as they made no effort to avoid the high concentrations of zinc. In regards to possible errors in our experiment, we added less solution, about 5 ml. of solution, in each quadrant which may have affected our results from day one because 5 ml of zinc may not have been as potent on the worms as with a higher dosage. Soil pollution can negatively affect the metabolism of microorganisms and arthropods, which can destroy some layers of the primary food chain and have a harmful effect on predator animal species. Also, small life forms may consume harmful chemicals in the soil which may then be passed up the food chain to larger animals, which may lead to increased mortality rates and even animal extinction (Everything Connects, 2016). The pollutants can be passed on from consumer to consumer throughout the food chain and can increase the concentration as move up into the higher trophic levels which could potentially affect our health, as well. Further Questions Our experiment observed and tested whether earthworms can detect different concentrations of zinc in soil and if they can, does that affect where they choose to live and burrow. After completing this lab, one major question emerges; How does Zinc affect the worm s bodily functions, specifically its nervous system over a prolonged amount of time? Works Cited "Office of Dietary Supplements - Zinc." Zinc Health Professional Fact Sheet. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb "Soil Pollution." Everything Connects. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb "US Environmental Protection Agency." US Environmental Protection Agency. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb "Water Treatment Solutions." Zinc (Zn). N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb
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