AUSTRALIAN TOTAL DIET STUDY (ATDS) Dr Leanne Laajoki Section Manager Scientific Strategy, International and Surveillance
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1 AUSTRALIAN TOTAL DIET STUDY (ATDS) Dr Leanne Laajoki Section Manager Scientific Strategy, International and Surveillance
2 ABOUT US We are a bi-national statutory agency Our main function is to develop and administer the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code) Not responsible for enforcement
3 FOOD REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Standards setting FSANZ Policy Forum on Food Regulation (ministers) Enforcement States and territories, NZ MPI DAFF (imported foods)
4 THE FOOD STANDARDS CODE Labelling requirements Substances added to foods Maximum residue limits Compositional requirements for specific foods Food safety requirements for food handlers Australia only Standards for agricultural commodities Australia only GM foods
5 IN DEVELOPING MEASURES CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO: Protection of public health and safety Providing adequate information to consumers Preventing misleading and deceptive conduct
6 FUNCTIONS RELEVANT TO THE AUSTRALIAN TOTAL DIET STUDY AND OTHER SURVEY WORK (g) in consultation with the States and Territories, to co-ordinate the monitoring, surveillance and enforcement of activities relating to food available in Australia; and (h) in consultation with the States and Territories, or on its own initiative, to conduct research and surveys in relation to any of the matters that may be included in a standard;
7 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To estimate the dietary exposure (intake in the case of nutrients) of the Australian population to a range of chemicals that may be found in the food supply and determine whether there are any public health and safety concerns.
8 WHY IS IT UNIQUE? There are other surveys conducted in Australia on levels of chemicals in the food supply (e.g. National Residue Survey) In the ATDS, food is prepared to a ready to eat state prior to analysis (e.g. vegetables may be peeled or chicken grilled) Analytical results for foods as consumed are used to estimate the dietary exposure of the Australian population to the substances analysed
9 WHAT CAN AN ATDS BE USED FOR? Evaluation tool Screening tool Risk management tool Communication tool Complement to other related food safety activities
10 WHEN CAN T AN ATDS APPROACH BE USED? To detect local or sporadic contamination As a compliance tool Where dietary habits are not defined To provide a comprehensive view of the distribution of a chemical in the food supply
11 THE ATDS Aim Method Outcome Investigate chemicals/nutrients in the total diet of a national population and sub population groups Sample commonly consumed foods to represent total diet Foods purchased at typical retail outlets Foods prepared to a ready to eat state for analysis Results used to estimate dietary exposures Provides valuable quantitative information on concentrations of chemicals of interest in the food supply and actual dietary exposure Essential scientific basis for standards development Informs risk management and public health decisions re. food domestically and internationally
12 HISTORY OF THE STUDY The first study was conducted by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in 1970 NHMRC conducted a further 15 studies before responsibility passed to FSANZ (formerly the National Food Authority and the Australia New Zealand Food Authority) Previously referred to as the Australian Market Basket Survey Now a commonly adopted approach throughout the world
13 HISTORY OF THE STUDY 23 ATDS reports now published 24 th study nearing finalisation 25 th study sampling and analysis phase ages/australiantotaldiets1914.asp Given Australia s extensive experience in conducting TDSs, FSANZ staff contributed 10 chapters to the recently published Total Diet Study publication
14 CHANGING FOCUS OF THE STUDY Up to the 20 th ATDS, focus was to estimate dietary exposure to agricultural and veterinary chemical residues and contaminants In general, the results from these studies consistently showed that the dietary exposures to ag/vet chemicals and contaminants were low, below the health-based guidance value (HBGV) It was agreed that other substances be included such as food additives and nutrients.
15 Sampled Published Number of Foods ATDS Analytes 19 th Agricultural chemical residue screen Contaminants: antimony, total arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead mercury, selenium, tin, zinc, aflatoxins, polychlorinated biphenyls. 20 th 2000/ Agricultural chemical residue screen Contaminants: antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, tin, zinc. Natural toxicants: aflatoxins & ochratoxin A* Inhibitory substances: penicillin G, streptomycin, oxytetracycline*. 21 st Additives: sulphites, nitrates, nitrites, benzoates, sorbates. 22 nd Essential trace elements: iodine, chromium, molybdenum, selenium and copper Additional survey activity on ATDS samples: e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)*. 23 rd Agricultural chemical residue screen Metals & other elements Natural toxicants 24 th 2011/12 Aluminium, acrylamide, perchlorate, bisphenol A, epoxidised soy bean oil, phthalates, printing inks, perflourinated compounds
16 SELECTION OF ANALYTES Internal consideration of: emerging issues; standards development matters; data gaps in evidence base Consultation with: State and Territory food regulatory agencies; other domestic regulatory agencies; international food regulatory agencies; industry and public health stakeholders
17 CRITERIA ARE USED TO ESTABLISH A PRIORITY LIST OF CHEMICALS Chemical recognised to be of potential health risk Chemicals with uncertain levels in food (eg certain contaminants) Consumer concerns Availability and cost of analytical methods
18 ATDS PROCESSES Generally 2-3 years Planning Sampling and analysis Problem formulation Sampling by jurisdictions Define objectives Literature review Develop food list, sampling and analytical plan Contract laboratories Transport, freight, storage Preparation (eg cooking and compositing Analyse samples Data checking, reanalyse, QC Risk Assessment & Management Exposure assessment Toxicological assessment Risk Characterisation (compare exposure with health based guidance value Risk management Publication of results Prepare report & communication messages Peer review Publish report Share data with GEMS
19 METHODOLOGY - SAMPLING ATDS included on a Coordinated Food Survey Plan, designed to prioritize and coordinate survey activities that are being conducted by Australian State and Territory government food regulatory agencies. Officers in each Australian State and Territory collect food samples according to an agreed sampling plan. Ensures nationally representative data covering national and regional foods. 2 sampling phases generally summer / winter
20 METHODOLOGY FOOD SELECTION Most representative foods are selected according to food consumption patterns and analyte distribution In Australia, food consumption data is drawn from two Australian National Nutrition Surveys (NNS): The 1995 National Nutrition Survey 2007 Australian National Children s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey
21 METHODOLOGY - ANALYSIS Sample analysis conducted by a commercial laboratory selected by an open tender process Laboratory prepares and analyses samples in accordance with a procedures manual, methodologies stipulated in the contract and requirements for data provision (including QA/QC)
22 METHODOLOGY - EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Translates concentrations in individual foods to exposure estimates, according to: Food mapping match analysed foods in the ATDS to foods consumed in the NNSs. Dietary exposure is calculated for mean and 90 th percentile consumers using two scenarios: Concentrations <LOR=0 (lower bound) or; Concentrations <LOR = LOR (upper bound; more conservative)
23 RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION Health-based guidance value OCS, JECFA, JMPR Additives, residues of ag/vet chemicals = ADI Contaminants= TDI Risk Characterisation Risk Management Risk Communication Peer review Further information: EHC 240 Principles and Methods for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food. FAO/WHO (2009)
24
25 OUR ROLE AS A COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR FOOD CONTAMINATION MONITORING Agreed activity to submit survey data (including ATDS) to GEMS/Food Automated conversation of our ATDS generated data to GEMS format Now submitted 350,000 results
26 CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION OF A FOOD ADDITIVE IN THE ATDS Additive has an ADI Permitted for use in Australia General use, or extensive use within specific food categories Previously identified as a cause for concern in Australia or internationally Data gap in the literature
27 FOOD ADDITIVES IN ATDS Study Additive Outcome 21 st Sulphites Exceedance of ADI, Proposal prepared, further survey work Benzoates Sorbates Exceedance of ADI, Proposal prepared, refined DEA No concern for public health and safety, no further work Nitrates / Nitrite Highest contribution to nitrate dietary exposure green leafy vegetables, no further work 22 nd / 23 rd Aluminium Small exceedance of ADI for young chilren at 90 th percentile. Consultation with industry.
28 SULPHITES Review of Code in 2000 indicated that estimated dietary exposures based on MPLs exceeded the ADI. Food manufacturers requested to provide details of actual levels. Estimated dietary exposures still exceeded the ADI. Recommended that sulphite concentrations in food and dietary exposures should be monitored.
29 SULPHITES Mean estimated exposure to sulphites was 80% or less of the ADI for all population groups assessed 95 th percentile dietary exposure exceeded the ADI for sulphites for nine of the 10 population groups assessed. The greatest exceedance was for children 2-5 years. Major foods for children were beef sausages, dried apricots and cordial Further work (Proposal P298)
30 SULPHITES Since 21 st study, FSANZ took a decision to use 90 th percentile estimates for high consumers based on an external peer review of dietary exposure assessment practices and procedures Further refinement to dietary exposure estimates including further analytical surveys on two major contributors (dried apricots and sausages) Exceedance of ADI for young children at the 90 th percentile remains, work is ongoing
31 BENZOATES Mean estimated dietary exposure was less than 50% of the ADI for all population groups assessed 95 th percentile estimated dietary exposure to benzoates exceeded the ADI for children 2-5 years Further work (Proposal P298)
32 BENZOATES Use of 90 th percentile as representative of high consumers and further refinement of dietary exposure estimates resulted in there no longer being an exceedance of ADI No further work
33 SORBATES Mean and 95 th percentile estimated dietary exposure was 40% of the ADI or less for all population groups assessed Orange juice was the major contributor. Other foods included, processed cheese, chocolate cake, meat pastries No further work
34 NITRATES AND NITRITES Ubiquitous in environment; also used as food additives as sodium or potassium salts Some health concerns raised in relation to methaemoglobinaemia and possible increased cancer risk Survey conducted as part of ATDS, but published as a separate survey in 2011
35 NITRATES AND NITRITES Major sources of nitrate and nitrite in the diet were leafy vegetables and fruits. Nitrite exposure in processed meats contributed only a relatively small amount to total dietary exposure Health benefits of fruit and vegetables widely accepted No further work
36 ALUMINIUM Abundant element in Earth s crust Occurs in foods through natural processes and use as food additive Leavening agents, emulsifiers, anti-caking agents JECFA PTWI 2 mg/kg bw based on adverse effects on reproduction and development in laboratory animals
37 ALUMINIUM In the 23 rd ATDS estimated dietary exposures below the PTWI for all age groups (median and 90 th percentile) In the 24 th ATDS estimated dietary exposures of Australian consumers to aluminium were higher Discussions with industry ongoing
38 OTHER SURVEYS INVESTIGATING FOOD ADDITIVES Survey Analytes Outcome Survey of added colours in Australian foods Intense sweetener survey Allura red, amaranth, azorubine, brilliant black, brilliant blue, brown HT, erythrosine, fast green FCF, green S, indigotine, ponceau 4R, quinoline yellow, sunset yellow, tartrazine, annatto, cochineal/carmine Cyclamate, saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K, sucralose, alitame Estimated dietary exposure under ADI for all population groups at mean and 90 th percentile exposure. No further work. Exceedance of ADI for year olds at 95 th percentile for cyclamates only. Proposal prepared.
39 INTENSE SWEETENER SURVEY Baseline survey in 1994 Further survey in 2004 (methodology below) Telephone survey to determine consumption patterns and levels (screener survey) Diary survey of potential high consumers (selected from screener survey) Supplementary diary survey of people with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance Manufacturer use data was used for concentration data to use with consumption data to estimate dietary exposure
40 INTENSE SWEETENER SURVEY CONT Some high consumers of foods containing cyclamate had estimated dietary exposures exceeding the ADI (e.g. 95 th dietary exposure for year old Australians was estimated to be 150% of the ADI) Outcome maximum permitted level for cyclamates in Standard Food Additives, of the Code, for water-based flavoured drinks was reduced from 600 mg/kg to 350 mg/kg
41 ONGOING ATDS WORK 24 th ATDS (phase one): acrylamide, aluminium and perchlorate 24 th ATDS (phase two): Food packaging chemicals, including printing inks Follows a targeted survey of packaging chemicals in samples packaged in glass, paper, plastic or cans Phthalates, perfluorinated compounds, ESBO, semicarbazide, acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride ESBO the only compound detected at concentrations below international migration limits
42 ONGOING ATDS WORK CONT. Raw results for phase two have been received 94 foods and beverages, approximately 560 samples BPA, ESBO, phthalates, perfluorinated compounds, printing inks Will provide an evidence base to support the FSANZ review of regulatory requirements for food packaging materials
43 ONGOING WORK - 25 TH ATDS 25 th ATDS progress Pesticides and veterinary medicines (200+), antimicrobial residues, heavy metals, radionuclides, vitamin C and Betacarotene First sampling period conducted May 2013, second sampling period February 2014 Analytical results anticipated to be complete by mid-2014
44 THANK YOU All FSANZ survey work can be found on the Monitoring and Surveillance page of the FSANZ website, onitoring/pages/default.aspx
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