! Increase milk production! ! Dilution of maintenance and increased productivity! ! Reduce BCS loss/increase BCS gain!

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1 !"##$%&%'()*+',+',-).("/%0 1).%2,3)4/4%., 5+'6,7489)/2:,;+%,<+/'%/:,!()8%6,<)&4$(+':,!()86,<)&=%$(+':, A4$?+$$4':,B)6'%,-/%C4D:,5%2,-/+=%/(:,!8+D,-++89,E,F%'%,!8?&4(G, H'4I%/.4(6,+J,A4..+"/4,-).("/%01).%2,3)4/6,5%)&, Why feed supplements! Increase milk production!! Dilution of maintenance and increased productivity! Reduce BCS loss/increase BCS gain!! BCS important in getting cows in calf! Get more cows in calf!! Pasture not su"cient supplements increase DMI! Not enough pasture!! Genuine feed restriction! How to feed cows on pasture! Milk yield vs profit in US! Traditional operator trying to save on feed cost!! Probably less than 10 lb pasture for short periods!! Assuming quality is similar, not much ration change if any! Hybrid Operator!! Desire or need for higher yields of milk?!! Probably lb pasture for longer periods!! Design and balance ration for the higher milk yields?! Low Input Producer!! Goal of 50% or greater pasture consumption totally over 365 days!! Design and balance ration! Low protein-higher energy/starch in spring! Moderate protein summer! Low-moderate protein fall! 4-10# DM grain! The more pasture in the diet, the lower the cost of production!!!!intake (energy) drives production! 75 % of milk production response is related to intake!

2 E"ect of energy intake on lactation response! Peak lactation a#ected by energy intake! Adequate NE L intake Supplements only increase milk production if they increase total energy intake. Low NE L intake Nothing magical! As we focus in.. Characteristics of Pasture! 18-34% Protein! High soluble protein Net Energy 30 55% NDF Low non-fiber carbohydrates 12-24% Average nutrient composition for cool season grass pasture and legumes over a grazing season Predominantly Grass Grass with Legumes (Cool season) Spring! Summer! Spring! Summer! Nutrient! Crude Protein (CP), % DM! 21-25! 18-22! 22-26! 20-24! RUP b, % of CP! 20-25! 25-30! 20-25! 25-30! Sol. P c, % of CP! 35-40! 25-30! 30-35! 25-30! ADF d, % DM! 24-28! 28-34! 21-25! 25-30! NDF e, % DM! 40-45! 48-55! 30-36! 35-45! NE, Mcal/lb! ! ! ! ! Non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), 15-20! 12-15! 18-24! 15-20! %DM! Fat, % DM! 3-4! 3-4! 3-4! 3-4! Ca, % DM! ! ! ! ! P, % DM! ! ! ! ! Mg, % DM! ! ! ! ! K, % DM! ! ! ! ! S, % DM! ! ! ! ! Characteristics of Pasture! 18-34% Protein! High soluble protein Net Energy 30 55% NDF Low non-fiber carbohydrates 12-24% TMR Goals 16-19% % max 32-36%

3 Cell Wall & Quality! Availability of Components! Cell Solubles Cell Wall Quality HIGH Quality LOW Cell Wall - 42% Cell Wall 65+% Protein - 25+% Protein 14% NE L -.68 NE L -.50 A cow can consume ~ 1.1% of BW as NDF (cell wall) K?)/)8(%/4.*8.,8+'(L, As quality decreases, good quality forage will be selected if abundant choice DM CP NDF ADF Pasture Masticate Reis & Combs, J..Dairy Sci. 83:2888, 2000 E"ect of supplementation on grazing! Grazing time!! Concentrate consistently decreases GT! Arriaga-Jordan & Holmes!!Barley!2.2 lb/d!gt 467 min!!barley 13.2 lb/d!gt 424 min!!di"erence of 43 minutes in GT! Bargo et al.!!corn!1.8 lb/d!!gt 609 min!!corn 18.9 lb/d!!gt 534 min!!di"erence of 75 minutes in GT!! E"ect of supplementation on grazing! Grazing time!!average of studies in Table 2! Average supplementation 9 lb/day (range lb/d)! Grazing time reduced by 34 minutes! Biting rate and bite size not a"ected!!1 lb decrease in DMI = 2 lb decrease "#! $"%&! Substitution Rate! lb pasture intake substituted per lb concentrate intake!

4 '()*!+,!-.))%*$*#/!0!1+234*! Mayne and Wright (1998)!! Grass silage supplementation! Substitution rate of 0.84 to 1.02 lb/lb grass silage! Is it prudent to feed hay to cows on adequate pasture?!! Concentrate supplementation! Substitution rate of 0.11 to 0.50 lb/lb of concentrate.! Type of supplement Starch or Fibrous! Sayers (1999)! DMI. Lb/d Milk Concentrate type Level Pasture Total lb/d S (barley/wheat/ corn)! 11.0! 27.7 a! 38.7 a! 68.6 a! F (beet/citrus pulp)! 11.0! 29.5 b! 40.5 b! 68.0 a! S (barley/wheat/ corn)! 22.0! 9.5 c! 42.9 c! 76.1 b! F (beet/citrus pulp)! 22.0! 10.9 d! 46.0 d! 77.4 b! a,b,c,d Means with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05) Starch Content & Degradation Rates! Feed Starch Content Starch Degradation Level of Supplementation! Grain 0.0! 11.0! 22.0! DMI! Pasture 30.6 a! 27.9 a! 21.6 b! DMI! Total DMI! 30.6 c! 38.9 b! 43.6 a! Milk, lb/d! 48.0 c! 59.0 b! 66.9 a! FCM, lb/d! 48.2! 51.0! 51.5! Fat %! 3.89 a! 3.50 b! 3.08 c! Protein %! 2.85 c! 2.95 b! 3.05 a! Milk/DMI! Reis & Combs, J..Dairy Sci. 83:2888, ! 1.54! 5*-*3267!+#!-.))%*$*#/38+#!23/*-!23#4*-!,2+$!9:;!0!9<:9!%=>?!!@3-/.2*!ABC!?*62*3-*?!=(!9DE!!FG*234*!$"%&!)2+?.68+#!H"/7!-.))%*$*#/38+#! "#62*3-*?!3=+./!<:I!%=>?!6+$)32*?!/+!)3-/.2*! +#%(!!A+*-!#+/!366+.#/!,+2!/7*!*6+#+$"6-!+,!)3-/.2*!G-! -.))%*$*#/38+#! K+'8$".4+'., Feeding the grazing cow Forage Quality Forage Intake Compliment With Grain only purpose

5 K+'8$".4+'., Feeding the grazing cow Substitution rate 0.20 to 0.60 lb pasture/lb supplementation can be used to maintain pasture wedge Ingredients in supplement 60-70% corn Other cereal grains can be used, consider starch degradation rates 30-40% fibrous type feeds Soy hulls K+'8$".4+'., Feeding the grazing cow Level of supplementation 4-10 lb/cow/day in pure grazing situation Higher levels of supplementation will require adjustments in ingredients Rumen undegradable protein research inconclusive Added fat Limited research in a grazing situation Contains 2.25 times the energy of CHO & Protein Add slowly to the ration How low can you go?! It all depends on the point of view and who tells the story!!!!!!!!-aesop Maxim! 1+D+&,$4'%MLL, N")$4(6,2/4I%.,4'()9%, A%)."/%:,A+'4(+/:,A)')Q%,