Explain what is meant by the term cephalization

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1 Learning Outcomes and for Biology 104 Chapter 29 Introduction to Invertebrates Learning Outcome 29.a. Knowledge of the evolution of animals List the criteria for the classification of animals Explain what is meant by the term cephalization Distinguish between acoelmates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates Learning Outcome 29.b. Knowledge of multicellularity Describe the major characteristics of sponges that make them a group of animals at the cellular level of organization Describe sponge dispersal Explain the sponge skeleton Learning Outcome 29.c. Knowledge of true tissue layers Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry Describe organisms of the phylum Ctenophora Describe organisms of the phylum Cnidaria Learning Outcome 29.d. Knowledge of bilateral symmetry Distinguish between a sac body plan and a tube-withina-tube body plan Describe the organisms of the phylum Platyhelminthes List some adaptations in tapeworms and flukes that allow them to be parasitic organisms Learning Outcome 29.e. Knowledge of pseudocoelomates Describe the pseudocoelom Chapter 30 More Invertebrates List the two phyla containing pseudocoelomate organisms Identify methods of transmission of Ascaris roundworms List some conditions/diseases that may result from infection with other roundworm species

2 Learning Outcome 30.a. Knowledge of the coelomates Distinguish between protostomes and deuterostomes Define coelome List the advantages of having a coelom Learning Outcome 30.b. Knowledge of Mollusks List the three parts of the mollusk body plan Describe the composition of the shell of a bivalve Describe cephalopod predation and movement Describe the different types of organisms found in the class Gastropoda Describe developmental torsion as seen in the gastropods Define hermaphroditism List advantages of hermaphroditism in slow-moving organisms Learning Outcome 30.c. Knowledge of Annelids Distinguish between polychaetes and oligochaetes What are setae and what is their purpose List the evidence of segmentation found in earthworms What is a hydrostatic skeleton Describe reproduction in earthworms Learning Outcome 30.d. Knowledge of Arthropods Describe the arthropod skeleton What are disadvantages associated with the arthropod skeleton List the characteristics that make arthropods the most successful group of animals List the three main body segments of the arthropods

3 List major characteristic associated with the Uniramians Describe the major characteristic and adaptations found in the Chelicerates Learning Outcome 30.e. Knowledge of Echinoderms Describe the symmetry found in echinoderms Describe the eater vascular system Describe the role of the coelom in the exchange and movement of gases and wastes in the echinoderms Chapter 31 Vertebrates Learning Outcome 31.a. Knowledge of Chordates Describe the four principal characteristics of chordates Compare and contrast the non-vertebrate chordates and the vertebrate chordates Learning Outcome 31.b. Knowledge of Vertebrates List the major characteristics shared by all vertebrates Chapter 32 Human Evolution How do jawless fishes differ from the other vertebrates Explain characteristics involved in the evolution of terrestrial organisms from aquatic organisms How do amphibians differ from all of the other terrestrial vertebrates Explain how reptiles have adapted for life on land Describe the amniotic egg and which groups of organisms produce this type of egg List special adaptations found in birds to accommodate flight List the major characteristics found in all mammals Differentiate between marsupials, monotremes and placental mammals

4 Learning Outcome 32.a. Knowledge of the evolution of primates List the major characteristics of all primates What is the major advantage of binocular vision Learning Outcome 32.b. Knowledge of the evolution of hominids List some characteristics that distinguish hominids from other primates What is bipedalism Describe adaptation of the human skeleton to allow for standing erect Describe the major characteristics of Australopithecines Learning Outcome 32.c. Knowledge of humans What is culture List the accomplishments of early Homo sapiens Describe the Out-of-Africa hypothesis Describe the multiregional continuity hypothesis List some evidence to support the hypothesis that Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus Describe cultural advancements seen in Neanderthals and Cro-magnons Chapter 33 Animal Organization and Homeostasis Learning Outcome 33.a. Knowledge of tissue types Understand how vertebrate cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems List the major tissue types found in vertebrates Describe the general characteristic and functions of epithelial tissues List and describe the different epithelial tissue types Describe the functions of connective tissues

5 Describe the specialized connective tissues Differentiate among smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle tissues Be able to label the major parts of a neuron Describe the function and location of nervous tissue Learning Outcome 33.b. Knowledge of organs and organ systems Describe the integumentary system Describe the functions of skin in humans Identify the components contained within the different regions of the skin List some accessory organs to the skin and their functions Label the different mammalian body cavities Learning Outcome 33.c. Knowledge of homeostasis What is homeostasis Explain how organ systems in the human body contribute to homeostasis Describe negative feedback homeostatic mechanisms; give an example these Describe positive feedback homeostatic mechanisms; give an example of these Chapter 34 Circulation and Cardiovascular System Learning Outcome 34.a. Knowledge of transport in invertebrates Describe circulation in invertebrates that do not have a circulatory system. Distinguish between the terms blood and hemolymph Distinguish between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system Learning Outcome 34.b. Knowledge of transport in vertebrates Describe the three types of blood vessels

6 Compare and contrast the circulatory pathways that exist among different vertebrates Define the term cardiovascular system Learning Outcome 34.c. Knowledge of transport in humans Describe the structure of the human heart Trace the path of blood flow through the heart Describe the heartbeat and the normal cardiac cycle Describe the two major circular pathways of the human cardiovascular system Describe human blood pressure and how it is measured Learning Outcome 34.d. Knowledge of cardiovascular disorders Explain the causes of hypertension and identify two genes that may be associated with this disorder Explain the causes of the disorder atherosclerosis Distinguish between an embolus and a thrombus Describe the causes and symptoms of a heart attack and a stroke Learning Outcome 34.e. Knowledge of blood as a transport medium Identify the two main components of the blood of mammals. List and describe the three types of formed elements found in blood Describe the process of blood clotting Describe the role of vitamin K in the blood Define the term tissue fluid Explain how osmotic pressure and blood pressure control the movement of fluid through the capillary walls Chapter 35 - Lymph Transport and Immunity

7 Learning Outcome 35.a. Lymphatic system Describe the lymphatic vessels Explain what causes edema Define lymph Distinguish between the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct List and describe the lymphoid organs Describe the role of the lymphatic system in defending the body against diseases Distinguish between red pulp and white pulp Describe the function of the tonsils and the peyer s patches Learning Outcome 35.b. Nonspecific and specific defenses Define the term immunity Distinguish between nonspecific and specific defenses List and describe the four nonspecific defenses Identify four symptoms of an inflamed area What are natural killer cells? Distinguish between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes Describe antibody-mediated immunity Define the term apoptosis Describe the structure of an antibody List and describe the types of antibodies Describe cell-mediated immunity List and describe the types of T-cells

8 Learning Outcome 35.c. Induced immunity Distinguish between active and passive immunity What are cytokinins? Describe and diagram hydrogen bonding between water molecules Describe how interferon and interleukins are used in the fight against cancer What are monoclonal antibodies? Describe how they are produced Learning Outcome 35.d. Immunity side effects Distinguish between the terms allergy and allergen Distinguish between an immediate and a delayed allergic response Describe the ABO system and the four blood types Explain what causes agglutination Distinguish between Rh positive and Rh negative. Explain why Rh factor is important during pregnancy Explain what causes tissue rejection to occur and what can be done to prevent it from occurring Define the term autoimmune diseases Chapter 36 Digestive System and Nutrition Learning Outcome 36.a. Knowledge of Digestive tracts Compare and contrast a complete and incomplete digestive tract Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous feeders Distinguish among omnivores, herbivores, and carnivores. Describe the dentition of mammals according to their mode of nutrition. Learning Outcome 36.b. Knowledge of the human digestive tract

9 List and describe the function of each part of the digestive system Describe the enzymes associated with the process of digestion List and describe the function of the three accessory organs associated with the digestive system Describe the function of the pancreas as an exocrine gland and as an endocrine gland Learning Outcome 36.c. Knowledge of digestive enzymes Describe the function of salivary amylase Identify the enzyme associated with protein digestion. Describe protein digestion Describe the enzymatic breakdown of starch, protein, nucleic acids, and fats by the small intestine Learning Outcome 36.d. Knowledge of nutrition Distinguish among the eating disorders obesity, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa Distinguish between soluble and insoluble fiber Identify the number of different amino acids required for protein synthesis Identify the three subunits of the phospholipid molecule. What are the components of a triglyceride or fat molecule? Distinguished between saturated and unsaturated fats. What is meant by polyunsaturated? Identify the three atoms found in carbohydrates and indicate the molecular ratio of these atoms. Define monosaccharide and give some examples of this group of carbohydrates.

10 What are vitamins? Describe how sodium and calcium affect the body Describe the function of antioxidants. Identify how antioxidants can be acquired Chapter 37 Respiratory System Learning Outcome 37.a. Knowledge of gas exchange surfaces Describe respiration of aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms Describe the role of the gills in the process of respiration Describe the function of the lungs and the diaphragm in the process of respiration Learning Outcome 37.b. Knowledge of the human respiratory system Trace the path of air flow from the nose to the alveoli Describe the gas exchange that occurs between air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries Describe the process of transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of respiration Learning Outcome 37.c. Knowledge of respiration and health List and describe some upper respiratory tract infections Distinguish among the lower respiratory tract disorders acute bronchitis, Pneumonia, and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Identify the causes of respiratory disorders such as chronic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, asthma, and lung cancer Chapter 38 Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory System

11 Learning Outcome 38.a. Knowledge of body fluid regulation Describe how the regulation of body fluid concentrations can be achieved by regulating the water and ions in body fluids. Describe how marine environments can promote water loss while fresh water can promote the gain of water Describe how osmolarity can affect the movement of water Learning Outcome 38.b. Knowledge of nitrogenous waste products Describe how the breakdown of nucleic acids and amino acids can result in nitrogenous wastes Describe the excretion of nitrogenous wastes in terrestrial amphibians and mammals. Explain the urea cycle Describe how uric acid is synthesized Learning Outcome 38.c. Knowledge of the organs of excretion Describe the functions of flame cells, nephridia, and malpighian tubules in the process of excretion Learning Outcome 38.d. Knowledge of the urinary system in humans Describe the four parts of the human urinary system Describe the structure of the kidney Describe the process of urine formation, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion Describe the role of antidiuretic hormones (ADH) Distinguish between the terms diuresis and antidiuresis Describe the process of salt reabsorption Explain how the acid-base balance is maintained Chapter 39 - Neurons And Nervous Systems Learning Outcome 39.a. Knowledge of evolution of the nervous system

12 Trace the evolution of the nervous system by contrasting its organization in hydras, planarians, earthworms, and humans. Learning Outcome 39.b. Knowledge of nervous tissue Describe the structure of a neuron, and give a function for each part mentioned. Name three types of neurons, and give a function for each. What are the major events of an action potential, and what ion changes are associated with each event? Describe the mode of action of a neurotransmitter at a synapse, including how it is stored and how it is destroyed. Learning Outcome 39.c. Knowledge of the Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord Name the major parts of the human brain, and give a principal function for each part. Describe the limbic system, and discuss its possible involvement in learning and memory. Learning Outcome 39.d. Knowledge of the Peripheral Nervous System Discuss the structure and function of the peripheral nervous system. Trace the path of a spinal reflex. Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system. Chapter 40 - Sense Organs Learning Outcome 40.a. Knowledge of the chemical senses Discuss the structure and function of human chemoreceptors. Learning Outcome 40.b. Knowledge of the sense of vision In general, how does the eye in arthropods differ from that in humans? What types of animals have eyes that are constructed like the human eye? Name the parts of the human eye, and give a function for

13 each part. Explain focusing and accommodation in terms of the anatomy of the human eye. Contrast the location and the function of rod cells to those of cone cells. Explain the process of integration in the retina and the brain. Learning Outcome 40.c. Knowledge of the sense of hearing and balance. Describe the structure of the human ear. Describe how we hear. Describe the role of the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule in balance. Chapter 41 Locomotion and Support Systems Learning Outcome 41.a. Knowledge of the diversity of skeletons What are the three types of skeletons found in the animal kingdom and how do they differ? Cite animals that have these types of skeletons. Learning Outcome 41.b. Knowledge of the human skeletal system Give several functions of the skeletal system in humans. How does the skeletal system contribute to homeostasis? Contrast compact bone with spongy bone. Explain how bone grows and is renewed. Distinguish between axial and appendicular skeletons. List the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb; the pelvic girdle and lower limb. How are joints classified? Describe the anatomy of a freely movable joint. Learning Outcome 41.c. Knowledge of the Human Muscular System Give several functions of the muscular system in humans. How does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis? Describe how muscles are attached to bones. What is

14 accomplished by muscles acting in antagonistic pairs? Discuss the microscopic structural features of a muscle fiber and a sarcomere. What is the sliding filament model? Discuss the availability and the specific role of ATP during muscle contraction. What is oxygen debt, and how is it repaid? Describe the structure and function of a neuromuscular junction. Describe the cyclical events as myosin pulls actin toward the center of a sarcomere. Chapter 42 - Hormones and Endocrine Systems Learning Outcome 42.a. Knowledge of Endocrine Glands Categorize chemical signals into three groups based on the distance between site of secretion and site of reception, and give examples for each group. Explain how steroid hormones and peptide hormones affect the metabolism of the cell. Learning Outcome 42.b. Knowledge of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glands Explain the relationship of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland and to the anterior pituitary gland. List the hormones secreted by the posterior and the anterior pituitary gland. Give an example of the negative feedback relationship among the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the other endocrine glands. Discuss the effect of there being too much or too little growth hormone when a young person is growing. What is the result if the anterior pituitary produces growth hormone in an adult. Learning Outcome 42.c. Knowledge of other Endocrine Glands and Hormones

15 What two types of goiters are associated with a malfunctioning thyroid? Explain each type. How do the thyroid and the parathyroid work together to control the blood calcium level. How do the adrenal glands respond to stress? What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla and what effects do these hormones have? Name the most significant glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid, and discuss the function of each. Explain the symptom of Addison disease and Cushing syndrome. Draw a diagram to explain how insulin and glucagons maintain the blood glucose level. Use your diagram to explain three major symptoms of type I diabetes mellitus. Name the other endocrine glands cited in your reading, and discuss the functions of the hormones they secrete. Also discuss the hormones not produced by endocrine glands. Chapter 43 - Reproductive Systems Learning Outcome 43.a. Knowledge of how Animals Reproduce Contrast asexual reproduction with sexual reproduction, reproduction in water with reproduction on land, and the life history of an insect with that of a bird. Learning Outcome 43.b. Knowledge of the male reproductive system Trace the path of sperm in a human male. What glands contribute fluids to semen? Name the endocrine glands involved in maintaining the sex characteristics of males and the hormones produced by each. Learning Outcome 43.c. Knowledge of the Female Reproductive System Trace the path of an oocyte in a human female. Where do fertilization and implantation occur? Name two functions of the vagina.

16 Describe the external genital organs in females. Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the ovaries. Describe the ovarian cycle and ovulation. Describe the uterine cycle, and relate it to the ovarian cycle. In what way is menstruation prevented if pregnancy occurs? What events occur at fertilization? Name three function of the female sex hormones, aside from their involvement in the uterine cycle. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the breast Learning Outcome 43.d. Knowledge of Control of Reproduction Which means of birth control require surgery, use of hormones, use of barrier methods, or are dependent on none of these? If couples are infertile, what assisted reproductive technologies are available? Learning Outcome 43.e. Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Diseases List the cause, symptoms, and treatment for the most common types of sexually transmitted diseases.

Name: Period: Review for Animal Systems Test II - KEY

Name: Period: Review for Animal Systems Test II - KEY Questions 1-9: Write the main functions of the following body s in the spaces below. Then, write the levels of organization for each body. Give specific