FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT AND FUSARIUM SPP. OCCURRING ON GRAIN OF SPRING WHEAT IN AN ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM. Abstract

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1 University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT AND FUSARIUM SPP. OCCURRING ON GRAIN OF SPRING WHEAT IN AN ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM L. Lenc Abstract Resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB)and grain colonization by Fusarium was assessed in different cultivars of spring wheat grown at Osiny in The main objective was to identify wheat cultivars with some level of resistance to FHB for growing in high risk areas and ultimately in organic farming. Fusarium head blight occurred sporadically in In 2007 it occurred on % of ears, depending on cultivar. The smallest percentages of ears with FHB were recorded in cv. Torka and the largest in cvs. Vinjett and Zebra. Cultivars differed in the extent of grain colonization by Fusarium spp. Fusarium poae was the most common Fusarium on/in grain. It was followed by F. avenaceum (Gibberella avenacea), F. culmorum, F. graminearum (G. zeae), F. langsethiae, F. sporotrichioides and F. tricinctum (G. tricincta). Key words: cultivar, Fusarium, organic farming, spring wheat Introduction Fusarium head blight (FHB)intensity is associated with weather conditions during flowering (anthesis)and up to the hard dough stage of kernel development. Rainfall and humidity in the wheat-field contribute to infection by Fusarium (Parry et al. 1995, Kiecana et al. 1997). In favourable weather conditions, more than 10% of ears may become infected, resulting in severe disease. Severe head blight occurrence decreases not only the grain yield but also the grain quality. Fusarium head blight is most often caused by the following species of Fusarium: F. culmorum, F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. moniliforme (G. fujikuroi), F. poae and F. tricinctum (G. tricincta). The last two species may occur instead of F. culmorum and Phytopathologia 62: The Polish Phytopathological Society, Poznań 2011 ISSN

2 32 L. Lenc F. graminearum when weather conditions are drier and colder at the time of flowering and wetter at kernel development (Rintelen 1995). Fusarium poae and F. tricinctum may not produce macroscopic symptoms of disease on the wheat ears. Infection by Fusarium species can change the technological properties of wheat grain. Changes concern total protein, starch and wet gluten (WG)contents, Hagberg falling number (HFN)and sedimentation value (SV)(Siuda et al. 2010). The greatest problem, however, concerns the production of toxins by some species of Fusarium. Toxins may contaminate human food and animal feed, with implications for human and animal health, economics and international trade. Infestation of grain by Fusarium is affected by farming system, type of preceding crop, crop management and cultivar of the cereal crop (Lenc et al. 2011). The objective of this study was to assess the resistance of 10 wheat cultivars used in commercial wheat farming in Poland to: (i)fusarium head blight, determined as percentage of diseased ears and FHB index (DI)and (ii)colonization of grain by Fusarium spp. Recognition of the level and variation in resistance to FHB is necessary for selection of the more resistant cultivars for areas of high risk to FHB or eventual organic farming (Bottalico and Perrone 2002, Dardis and Walsh 2002, Goliński et al. 2002, Wiśniewska 2005, Lenc et al. 2009, Sadowski et al. 2010). Materials and methods A survey of Fusarium head blight on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)grown in an organic system was performed in Osiny, Poland (51 52'02'' N, 22 05'25'' E)in in experimental fields belonging to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Puławy. Ten cultivars of wheat were evaluated: Bryza, Ismena, Jasna, Koksa, Napola, Rokicka, Vinjett, Zebra and Ostka Puławska (in 2006 and 2007 only), Torka (in 2007 only). Spring wheat was grown in a five-year rotation after potato, spring wheat with companion crop (i.e. meadow fescue Festuca pratensis, perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne, red clover Trifolium pratense, and white clover T. repens), clover with grasses and winter wheat. Agronomic practices, including tillage, complied with the requirements of each respective crop. Dolomite lime was applied in autumn, after the potato harvest. Potassium sulphate and ground rock phosphate were applied in spring, before sowing. Additionally, solid cattle manure and compost (25-30 t/ha)were applied before the potato planting. All organic fertilizers applied are approved for use in organic farming. Fusarium head blight was assessed at the late milk early dough development stages (GS 77-83, Zadoks et al. 1974)on ears collected randomly from each cultivar, using a 0 5 severity scale (Sadowski et al. 2010). Grain colonization by Fusarium was determined after harvest, on grains collected randomly from each cultivar according to the method of Sadowski et al. (2010). Sporulating Fusarium spp. were identified by their morphology according to Booth (1971) and Kwaśna et al. (1991).

3 Fusarium head blight and Fusarium spp The results of fusariosis symptoms were converted into Disease Index (DI)following the Townsend and Heuberger formula (Wenzel 1948)and then they were exposed to the analysis variance and Tukey s test. Settlement of Fusarium spp. on the kernels was determined by the chi-squared (Łomnicki 2003). The weather conditions (temperature, rainfall, number of days with rainfall) during ear emergence, flowering and kernel development are presented in Table 1. The results for (i)incidence and severity of FHB on different cultivars determined as percentage of ears diseased and FHB index, and (ii)colonization of grain by Fusarium spp. were analysed statistically with analysis of variance and chi-square tests. The null hypothesis was that all cultivars had the same amount of FHB and grain colonized by Fusarium spp. The weather conditions in June July 2005 were particularly unfavourable for Fusarium growth and head infection. This applies particularly to the period from 10 June to 10 July, when risk of ear infection is greatest. There were only four days with rainfall, totalling 12.9 mm, between 10 and 20 June and one day with rainfall, totalling 0.1 mm, between 20 June and 10 July. Rainfall for June was only 45% of the long-term average. The weather conditions in 2006 were again not particularly favourable for Fusarium growth and infection. There were relatively high temperatures and low rainfall during flowering and kernel development. In June and July the temperature was higher than the long-term average and rainfall was only 27% and 25% of the long-term average. There was only one day with rainfall (0.5 mm) between 10 June and 10 July. The weather conditions in June July 2007 were more favourable for development of FHB than in There were seven days with rainfall between 10 and 30 June and six days with rainfall between 1 and 10 July. Such rainfall distribution favoured infection by Fusarium and development of FHB (Table 1). Month Decade Table 1 Temperature and rainfall during wheat ear emergence, flowering and kernel development at Osiny in Number of days Temperature ( C)Rainfall (mm) with rainfall June I II III I III July I II III I III

4 34 L. Lenc Results In 2005, incidence of FHB (percentage of ears with symptoms)was low and ranged from 0 in cv. Koksa to 3.8 in cv. Rokicka (Table 2). The low FHB incidence was associated with a small percentage of grains colonized by Fusarium spp. Totals (grains colonized by any species)differed significantly and ranged from 2.0 in cv. Zebra to 11.8 in cv. Vinjett (Table 3). Fusarium poae was the most common species recorded. Table 2 Ears with Fusarium head blight in different cultivars of spring wheat at Osiny in and FHB index Cultivar FHB index Bryza cd 1.5 cd Ismena b 2.4 b Jasna cde 1.1 cd Koksa de 0.9 cd Napola bc 1.6 c Ostka Puławska cde 1.0 cd Rokicka cde 1.4 cd Torka 4.0 e 0.8 d Vinjett a 4.2 a Zebra a 4.9 a LSD P = 0.05 n.s Different letters indicate the significant difference. There were no visible symptoms of FHB in 2006 on grain of any cultivar (Table 2). Despite this, there were significant differences between cultivars in percentage of grains colonized by Fusarium spp. (Table 3). There was most grain colonization in cvs. Ostka Puławska (24.5)and Bryza (22.0)and least in cv. Jasna (2.2). Average percentages of grains colonized were in cvs. Ismena, Koksa and Rokicka, and (significantly different, chi-square test at P = 0.05)were in cvs. Napola, Vinjett and Zebra. Fusarium poae was again the most common species. There was a substantial incidence of FHB only in 2007, when significant differences between cultivars were observed (Table 2). The greatest percentages of ears with FHB were in Zebra (24.5)and Vinjett (21.0)and the smallest in Torka (4.0)and Koksa (4.5). Incidence of FHB in other cultivars ranged from 5.0% to 12.0%. Statistical analysis of Disease Index proved similarities in the occurrence of fusariosis on cultivars tested. The greatest number of Fusarium isolates was received from grains of cv. Bryza in 2007 (25.0%, Table 2). Statistically similar frequencies occurred on grain of

5 Fusarium head blight and Fusarium spp Grains colonized by Fusarium spp. in different cultivars of spring wheat at Osiny in (%) Table 3 Taxon Bryza Ismena Jasna Koksa Napola Ostka Puławska Rokicka Torka Vinjett Zebra 2005 F. poae G. avenacea G. intricans G. tricincta Total 8.8 ab 5.2 bc 2.8 cd 3.0 cd 8.0 ab 7.0 b 11.8 a 2.0 d 2006 F. culmorum 1.0 F. langsethiae F. poae F. sporotrichioides G. avenacea G. intricans G. tricincta Total 22.0 ab 10.8 de 2.2 g 12.0 cd 7.2 ef 24.5 a 16.0 bc 5.0 f 7.0 ef 2007 F. culmorum F. poae F. sporotrichioides G. avenacea G. intricans 1.0 G. tricincta G. zeae Total 25.0 a 12.0 e 19.0 abc 20.2 ab 17.2 bcde 18.0 bcd 13.5 de 16.3 bcde 19.3 abc 14.2 cde Average in a 9.3 bc 8.0 bc 11.7 b 10.8 bc 12.2 b 12.0 bc 7.7 c Different letters indicate the significant difference according to chi-square test at P = 0.05.

6 36 L. Lenc Vinjett, Jasna and Koksa. As in other years, F. poae was the most common species. Fusarium poae was always followed, in order of decreasing frequency, by G. tricincta, G. avenacea, F. culmorum, F. sporotrichioides, G. zeae and G. intricans. Average percentage of grains colonized by Fusarium spp. in was significantly greatest in cv. Bryza and smallest in cv. Zebra (Table 3). Averaged over all years, grain colonization in cvs. Ismena, Jasna, Koksa, Napola, Rokicka and Vinjett was significantly less than in Bryza, and that in cvs. Koksa and Rokicka was significantly more than in Zebra (chi-square test at P = 0.05). Discussion A substantial amount of Fusarium head blight occurred on spring wheat at Osiny only in This observation is consistent with Champeil et al. (2004)who reported that disease occurs two three times in 10 years in different parts of the world. The incidence of FHB on spring wheat depended on the weather conditions. The observations agree with those of Jennings and Turner (1996)and Kiecana et al. (1997), who showed that weather conditions during wheat ear emergence, flowering and kernel development affect disease development considerably. The evenly distributed rainfall, which provided long-term high air humidity, and the high temperature in June July in 2007 were more conducive to Fusarium growth and FHB development. A similar relationship between FHB incidence and the weather was observed for winter wheat (Sadowski et al. 2011); there was more FHB in years with high (or moderate)rainfall and less in years with low rainfall during ear emergence and flowering. The present data suggest differences in resistance to FHB and colonization by Fusarium spp. in different spring wheat cultivars. This has been observed previously (Kiecana et al. 1997, Vanova et al. 2001, Koch et al. 2006, Audenaert et al. 2009, Lenc and Sadowski 2011). Recognition of the level of resistance to FHB in commercial cultivars of wheat is important. It helps to select cultivars for use in areas of high risk of FHB or in organic farming where chemical control of FHB is limited. Mycological analyses of the grain from ears with FHB showed that F. poae was the dominant species. This fungus can infect the wheat grain during development of kernels (Rintelen 1995). Its contribution and significance in FHB development was emphasized by Stenglein (2009). Its toxigenic properties are reported by Kiecana et al. (2005) and Chełkowski et al. (2007). The present data show that FHB incidence may not be positively correlated with colonization of grain by Fusarium spp., which agrees with observations of Rintelen (1995). The grain of two spring wheat cultivars, Koksa and Ostka Puławska, was colonized by F. langsethiae, a rather rare species previously recorded in Poland in 2006 (Łukanowski and Sadowski 2008).

7 Fusarium head blight and Fusarium spp Fusarium species are mycotoxin producers. Mycotoxins may cause mycotoxicoses in humans and animals. Edwards (2006)showed that occurrence of mycotoxins in grain of a particular cereal depends not only on the weather conditions in a particular year and region and on the type of preceding crop and crop management, but also on the level of resistance to FHB. The quantity of mycotoxins may not be positively correlated with intensity of FHB shown by macroscopic symptoms. Deoxynivalenol has been detected in grain with no macroscopic symptoms of FHB or colonization by Fusarium spp. (Lacey et al. 1999). Considering the danger from toxins produced by Fusarium spp., the significance of cereal breeding programmes to improve resistance to FHB and colonization by Fusarium spp. has been emphasized (Dahleen and Okubara 2001, Yuen and Shoneweiss 2007). Conclusions Significant differences in resistance of cultivars of spring wheat to Fusarium head blight were indicated. Cvs. Jasna, Koksa, Napola, Ostka Puławska and Torka showed fewer macroscopic symptoms of FHB than did cvs. Ismena, Vinjett and Zebra. There was no positive correlation between FHB incidence and severity of symptoms and colonization of grain by Fusarium spp. Fusarium poae was always the most common species in grain, regardless of FHB intensity (even in years with only slight FHB). The common occurrence and toxigenic potential of F. poae support the increasing recognition of its importance in Poland and worldwide. Streszczenie FUZARIOZA KŁOSÓW I ZASIEDLENIE ZIARNA PSZENICY JAREJ UPRAWIANEJ W SYSTEMIE EKOLOGICZNYM PRZEZ FUSARIUM SPP. Obserwacje nad podatnością 10 odmian pszenicy jarej uprawianej w systemie ekologicznym na fuzariozę kłosów i zasiedlenie ziarna przez grzyby rodzaju Fusarium prowadzono w Osinach w latach Celem badań było określenie przydatności poszczególnych odmian do: (i)uprawy w rejonach zwiększonego ryzyka wystąpienia choroby, (ii) ewentualnej uprawy ekologicznej. W latach 2005 i 2006 fuzarioza kłosów występowała sporadycznie, natomiast w roku 2007, w zależności od odmiany, na 4,0 24,5% kłosów. Najmniej objawów choroby obserwowano na odmianie Torka, najwięcej na odmianach Vinjett i Zebra. Obserwowano również zróżnicowanie w stopniu zasiedlenia ziarna przez Fusarium spp. Najliczniej izolowanym gatunkiem był F. poae. Pozostałe, takie jak F. avenaceum (Gibberella avenacea), F. culmorum, F. graminearum (G. zeae), F. langsethiae, F. sporotrichioides i F. tricinctum (G. tricincta), występowały rzadziej.

8 38 L. Lenc Acknowledgement The author is indebt to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Puławy, in particular to Professor J. Kuś, for the access to experimental fields and material and for his kind help in the experimental work. Literature Audenaert K., van Broeck R., van Bekaert B., de Witte F., Heremans B., Messens K., Höfte M., Haesaert G., 2009: Fusarium head blight (FHB)in Flanders: population diversity, inter-species associations and DON contamination in commercial winter wheat varieties. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 125: Booth C., 1971: The genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey. Bottalico A., Perrone G., 2002: Toxigenic Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with head blight in small-grain cereals in Europe. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108: Champeil A., Doré T., Fourbet J.F., 2004: Fusarium head blight: epidemiological origin of the effects of cultural practices on head blight attacks and the production of mycotoxins by Fusarium in wheat grains. Plant Sci. 166: Chełkowski J., Ritieni A., Wiśniewska H., Mule G., Logrieco A., 2007: Occurrence of toxic hexadepsipeptides in preharvested maize ear rot infected by Fusarium poae in Poland. J. Phytopathol. 155: 8. Dahleen L.S., Okubara P.O., 2001: Transgenic approaches to combat Fusarium head blight in wheat and barley. Crop Sci. 41, 3: Dardis J.V., Walsh E.J., 2002: Control of Fusarium head blight in wheat under Irish growing conditions: current situation and future prospects. Biology and environment. Proc. R. Ir. Acad. Sect. B 102, 2: Edwards S., 2006: Fusarium, pink grains and mycotoxins in wheat: an issue for farmers and the feed and food industries. In: HGCA conference 25 and 26 January Arable crop protection in the balance: Profit and the environment. Paper 9. HGCA. [htpp:// 1305/1305/Events/Past%20Event%20Papers/RandD%20Conference% mspx]. Goliński P., Kaczmarek Z., Kiecana I., Wiśniewska H., Kaptur P., Kostecki M., Chełkowski J., 2002: Fusarium head blight of common Polish winter wheat cultivars comparison of effects of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium culmorum on yield components. J. Phytopathol. 150: Jennings P., Turner J.A., 1996: Towards the prediction of fusarium ear blight epidemics in the UK the role of humidity in disease development. In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pest & Diseases. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham (United Kingdom): 3D-12, Kiecana I., Mielniczuk E., Perkowski J., Goliński P., 2005: Porażenie wiech przez Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. oraz zawartość mikotoksyn w ziarnie owsa. Acta Agrobot. 58, 2: Kiecana I., Wojciechowski S., Chełkowski J., 1997: Reaction of winter wheat cultivars to Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.)Sacc. and F. culmorum (W.G. Sm.)Sacc. at different localities. Rocz. Nauk Roln. Ser. E 26, 1 2: Koch H.J., Pringas Ch., Maerlaender B., 2006: Evaluation of environmental and management effects on Fusarium head blight infection and deoxynivalenol concentration in the grain of winter wheat. Eur. J. Agron. 24: Kwaśna H., Chełkowski J., Zajkowski P., 1991: Grzyby (Mycota). Vol. 22. Instytut Botaniki PAN, Kraków. Lacey J., Bateman G.L., Mirocha C.J., 1999: Effects of infection time and moisture on development of ear blight and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium spp. in wheat. Ann. Appl. Biol. 134: Lenc L., Kuś J., Sadowski Cz., 2011: Fusarium spp. on ears and kernels of winter wheat in different cropping systems. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng. 56, 4:

9 Fusarium head blight and Fusarium spp Lenc L., Sadowski Cz., 2011: Wrażliwość 16 odmian pszenicy jarej uprawianej na Żuławach i w rejonie Bydgoszczy na fuzariozę kłosów (Fusarium spp.). Prog. Plant Prot. / Post. Ochr. Rośl. 51, 2: Lenc L., Wyczling D., Sadowski Cz., 2009: Colonization of winter wheat kernels by fungi from genus Fusarium as dependent on the forecrop, cultivar and fungicide application. Ochr. Środ. Zasob. Nat. 41: Łomnicki A., 2003: Wprowadzenie do statystyki dla przyrodników. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa. Łukanowski A., Sadowski Cz., 2008: Fusarium langsethiae on kernels of winter wheat in Poland occurrence and mycotoxigenic abilities. Cereal Res. Commun. 36: Parry D.W., Jenkinson P., McLeod L., 1995: Fusarium ear blight (scab)in small grain cereals a review. Plant Pathol. 44: Rintelen J., 1995: Zum Infektionszeitpunkt von Fusarien an Weizenkörnern. Gesunde Pflanz. 47, 8: Sadowski Cz., Lenc L., Kuś J., 2010: Fusarium head blight and Fusarium spp. on grain of winter wheat, a mixture of cultivars and spelt grown in organic system. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng. 55, 4: Sadowski Cz., Lenc L., Wyczling D., 2011: Effect of the forecrop and fungicidal protection on the occurrence of fusarium head blight (Fusarium spp.). J. Plant Prot. Res. 51, 1: Siuda R., Grabowski A., Lenc L., Ralcewicz M., Spychaj-Fabisiak E., 2010: Influence of the degree of fusariosis on technological traits of wheat grain. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 45: Stenglein S.A., 2009: Fusarium poae: a pathogen that needs more attention. J. Plant Pathol. 91, 1: Vanova M., Tvaruzek L., Hrabalova H., 2001: Reaction of winter wheat varieties to Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum in field infection trials and the efficacy of fungicides. Plant Prot. Sci. 37, 2: Wenzel H., 1948: Zur Erfassung des Schadenausmasses in Pflanzenschutzversuchen. Pflanzenschutz Ber. 15: Wiśniewska H., 2005: Fuzarioza kłosów pszenicy. Post. Nauk Roln. 4: Yuen G.Y., Shoneweiss S.D., 2007: Strategies for managing Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 119, 1 2: Zadoks J.C., Chang T.T., Konzak C.F., 1974: A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Res. 14, 6: Author s address: Dr. Leszek Lenc, Department of Phytopathology and Molecular Mycology, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, ul. Kordeckiego 20, Bydgoszcz, Poland, lenc@utp.edu.pl Accepted for publication:

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