Increase of Fusarium Rot in Stored Citrus Fruit

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1 J. Phytopathology 120, (1987) 1987 Paul Parey Scientific Publishers, Berlin and Hamburg ISSN (» Institute for Technology and Storage of Agricultural Products, AROy The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel Increase of Fusarium Rot in Stored Citrus Fruit MiNA SCHIFFMANN-NADEL, E. CHALUTZ, J. WAKS, ELLA LOMANIEC and A. Z. YOFFE Authors' address: Prof. M. SCHIFFMANN-NADEL, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute for Technology and Storage of Agricultural Products, Department of Fruit and Vegetable Storage, P.O.B. 6, Bet Dagan (Israel). With one figure Received September 30, 1986; accepted November 10, 1986 Abstract In recent years the incidence of Fusarium spp. isolated from Stem End Rot (SER) and Internal Core Rot (ICR) of grapefruit and oranges has increased markedly. Fusarium spp. were isolated from apparently healthy green buttons and from the tissue underneath the button of healthy fruits. Of all the SER- and ICR-rotted fruit, the incidence of Fusarium spp. alone and of Fusarium spp. with Altemaria dtri was between 75 and 100%. Fusarium was also found to be the single causal agent of ICR of oranges and grapefruit. Species of Fusarium isolated from Stem End Rot and Internal Core Rot of citrus fruit were F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme and recently also F. culmorum. Zusammenfassung Zunahme der Fusarium-F'iule an gelagerten Zitrusfruchten In den letzten Jahren wurde eine deutiiche Zunahme an Fusarium spp., die aus dem Stem End Rot (SED) und Internal Core Rot (ICR) von Grapefruits und Orangen isoliert wurden, beobachtet. Fusarium spp. konnten von scheinbar gesunden griinen Stielansatzen und aus dem Gewebe unter den Stielansatzen gesunder Friichte isoliert werden. Fusarium spp. allein und Fusarium spp. mit Altemaria dtri konnten aus 75 bis 100% aller SERund ICR-verfaulter Friichte isoliert werden. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No E, 1986 scries. U.S. Copyright Cleatance Center Code Statement: /87/ $02.50/0

2 Increase of Fmarium Rot in Stored Citrus Fruit 155 Es wurde auch herausgefunden, dafi Fusarium spp. alleine die Ursache des ICR bei Orangen und Grapefruits ist. Die i^k5an«to-spezies, die aus dem Stem End Rot imd Internal Core Rot von Zitrusfriichten isohert wurden, waren F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme und neuerdings F. culmorum. Several species of the fungus Fusarmm were isolated in Israel during the years 1964 to 1968 from grapefruit {Citrus paradisi Macf.) cv. 'Marsh Seedless', oranges {Citrus sinensis Linn. Osbeck) cv. 'Valencia' and lemons {Citrus limon Burm. f.) cv. 'Eureka', as the causal agent of Stem End Rot (SER) disease (YOFFE and SCHIFFMANN-NADEL 1971). Fusarium spp. were also isolated from Internal Core Rot (ICR) disease of citrus fruit, but always together with Altemaria citri Ell. and Pierce. During the above period, of the 1600 SER isolates of grapefruit and 900 SER isolates of orange, only 13 % of the isolates were of Fusarium spp. Most of the Fusarium species isolated were F. moniliforme Scheldon, F. oxysporum Schl. emend. Snyd. and Hans., and F. solani (Mart.) Appel. and Wr. emend. Snyd. and Hans. The Fusarium SER disease starts with some softening of the tissue around the button of the fruit and a slight change in the peel color to beige or light brown. The internal part of the rotted fruit is either whitish-beige or violet pink, when caused by F. moniliforme or F. oxysporum (YOFFE and SCHIFFMANN-NADEL 1971). In recent years we observed that the incidence of Fusarium spp. isolated from decayed SER or ICR of grapefruit and oranges increased markedly. In order to determine the degree of the increase in the incidence of Fusarium in citrus fruit and the species that are prevalent in rotted fruit, we conducted a survey of the incidence of Fusarium in citrus fruit showing SER or ICR after prolonged storage at various temperatures. We also surveyed the incidence of Fusarium in healthy fruit buttons, assuming that this fungus may be present in the apparently healthy fruit button in a latent form, similarly to the presence of Diplodia natalensis P. Evans and A. citri. Materials and Methods Isolations of fungi from healthy buttons Isolations were made from the apparently healthy green buttons and from the tissue underneath the button of healthy fruit, one day after picking. In order to avoid the development of microorganisms present externally on the surface of the button, the buttons were surface-sterilized by dipping them for 1 min in an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride 0.01 % followed by three rinses in sterile water. The surface sterilized buttons were then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated for 2 weeks at 25 C. The survey was carried out on fruit from different groves of grapefruit, 'Valencia' and 'Shamouti' oranges, during three consecutive years. Fusarium in rotted fruit Isolations of fungi from rotted grapefruit and 'Valencia' oranges were made at the end of a storage period of 10 weeks at 25 C. In order to inhibit the development of the mold rot fungi PenicUUum diguatum Sacc, P. italicum Wehmer and the SER fungus D. natalensis, the fruit received a standard packinghouse treatment which included disinfection with 0.5 % sodium orthophenyl phe-

3 156 MiNA SCHIFFMANN-NADEL, CHALUTZ, WARS, ELLA LCMANIEC and YOFFE nate (SOPP) and waxing with a wax containing 0.5% thiabendazole (TBZ). These treatments effectively control the development of the above fungi (GUTTER and YANKO 1971). The fruit was stored at 25 C (R.H %) for a period of 10 weeks. During the storage period the fruit was examined at monthly intervals. The causal agents of SER and ICR were identified. Results and Discussion Isolations made from healthy fruit buttons showed the presence oifusarium spp. in a high percentage (about 20%) of buttons, with quite large differences, ranging from 5^^ ^20%, between different groves. Very often Fusanum together with A. citri developed from the same button. It is worthwhile to note that Fusarium was sometimes isolated also from the tissue underneath the button, indicating that the fungal mycelium was able to pass from the apparently healthy button to the fruit. Other fungi isolated from the green buttons were mostly D. natalensis and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. These findings suggest that Fusarium may be present in a latent form in the fruit button similarly to D. natalensis or A. citri (SCHIFFMANN-NADEL et al. 1981) and also in the tissue underneath the button as found in this study. Examination of fruit after prolonged storage at 25 C showed that the incidence of SER and ICR was between 5 and 20 % of all the stored sound fruit, depending on the grove. Of all the SER- and ICR-rotted fruit, the amount of Fusanum spp. alone and Fusarium spp. with Altemaria was between 75 and 100%. The incidence of Fusanum as single causal agent was between 30 60% (Fig. 1). In fruit of some groves Fusanum alone was prevalent; whereas in others A. citri was present together with Fusarium. In many groves A. citri alone was prevalent (SCHIFFMANN-NADEL et al. 1981). These results were obtained in laboratory experiments as well as in semicommercial tests during several seasons. These results, showing a high incidence of Fusarium in the rotted fruit, together with A. citri, or as a single causal agent, indicate an increase in Fusarium Stem-End Rot htemal Core Rot 100 rso o O60 u 40 '5 n..* * rri '! ' '^.": f. >,, ^ 1 ; : : < 1 * ^ a*. f* I- ' 8 c A B C A B C..-ri.' 1' '1 < : : Fig. 1. The incidence of Fusarium spp. [xj and Fusarium spp. together with Altemaria citri jq as causal agents of total stem-end and internal core rot of grapefruit, stored for 10 weeks at 25 "C. A, B, C show results obtained in 3 different tests.

4 Increase of Fusarium Rot in Stored Citrus Fruit 157 in recent years, when compared with the incidence found in the survey carried out during the years 1964 to 1968 (YOFFE and SCHIFFMANN-NADEL 1971). The increase in Fusarium may be similar to the marked increase in the incidence of A. dtri observed in recent years, and may result also from the wide-spread use of the benzimidazole fungicides, mostly TBZ, which do not control A. dtri (SCHIFF- MANN-NADEL et al. 1981). Since it was found that these fungicides are also very little effective in the control of Fusarium spp. (GUTTER and YANKO 1971, VAL- ASKOVA 1976), the increased occurrence of this fungus as well, may be related to the wide use of the benzimidazoles. Another cause of the increase in Fusarium spp. may be related to the lack of pruning of dry branches, on which the fungus develops. Fusarium is known as a single causal agent of SER, but, to the best of our knowledge, it was not known as a single causal agent of ICR as found and reported here. Thus, these findings show that like A. dtri, Fusarium spp. may also cause ICR. The Fusarium ICR, similarly to the A. dtri ICR, may develop inside the fruit, along the core of the fruit, with no apparent external symptoms; this rot can usually be detected only after cutting the fruit. Unlike the ICR caused by A. dtri, which is black, ICR caused by Fusarium spp. is white, beige or pink (rose)-violet in color. As in our previous studies (YOFFE and SCHIFFMANN-NADEL 1971), of the isolations of SER and ICR of fruit after prolonged storage, mostly F. oxysporum or F. moniliforme were isolated. Recently, we identified a new species of Fusarium, F. culmorum, isolated from SER and from ICR. The increased incidence of Fusarium spp. in SER and ICR, and its ability to cause these diseases as a single causal agent, must be taken into consideration in our control efforts. Literature GUTTER, Y., and U. YANKO, 1971: The protective effect of four benzimidazoles applied preharvest for the postharvest control of orange decay. Israel J. agric. Res. 21, SCHIFFMANN-NADEL, M., J. WAKS, Y. GUTTER, and E. CHALUTZ, 1981: Altemaria rot of citrus fruit. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2, VALASKOVA, E., 1976: Differential sensitivity oi Fusarium spp. to benzimidazole and the development of cross-resistance. Ochrana Rostlin, YOFFE, A. Z., and M. SCHIFFMANN-NADEL, 1971: Les especes de Fusarium isolees des fruits d'agrumes d'israel. Fruits 27,

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