Preventing, diagnosing and understanding nutrient deficiencies in plants

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1 Preventing, diagnosing and understanding nutrient deficiencies in plants Dr. Michael J. Mulvaney Cropping Systems Specialist 35 th Florida Master Gardener Continued Training Conference St. Augustine, FL Oct. 16, 2017

2 What nutrient deficiency is this? Eggplant A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium D. Calcium E. Boron 27% 21% 38% Cucumber 8% 6% Lettuce

3 What nutrient deficiency is this? Maize Sweet potato A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium D. Calcium E. Boron 17% 19% 19% 17% 28% Beet

4 Diagnosing nutrient deficiencies: Soil ph and nutrient availability

5 Plant mobile vs. immobile All nutrients are xylem mobile: They move up the plant. Immobile nutrients = does not move in phloem. Mobile nutrients in plants Remobilized to parts that have higher demand. Older growth becomes deficient. Immobile nutrients in plants Locked in place after assimilation. Newer growth becomes deficient.

6 Nutrient movement in soil

7 Nutrient movement in soil Mass flow Movement of ions in water Can move up (via ET) or down (leaching) Major: NO 3-, Cl -, K+, Mg2+ Moderate: SO 2-4 Others depending on physical & chemical soil characteristics

8 Diffusion Nutrient movement in soil Concentration gradient 1 cm/day for soluble ions If bound to soil, takes longer NO 3- about 3 mm/day K + about 1 mm/day PO 3-4 about 0.1 mm/day Important for P, K, S, Fe, Zn

9 Nutrient movement in soil Root interception Root contacts CEC sites Relatively minor absorption Mycorrhizal infection effectively increases root area P uptake Mainly Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn

10 Soil texture effects on nutrient movement As % sand increases, NPK & S movement increases. Like OM, as % clay increases, NPK & S movement decreases.

11 Mobile in plant Nitrogen Forms amino acids, vitamins, proteins, cell division, chlorophyll Mobile in soil as NO3- Immobile in soil as NH4+ Chlorosis in older leaves first, then in younger tissue Credit: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

12 Nitrogen deficiency Maize Lettuce Potato Credits: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

13 Phosphorus Somewhat mobile in plant Role: Energy storage and transfer, cell growth, root and seed growth, winter hardiness, water use/stomatal regulation Immobile in soil but sand is different Moves to plant by diffusion and mycorrhizal fungi assn. Increased deficiency when temp is low Credit: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

14 P deficiency Maize Sweet potato Beet Credits: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

15 Highly mobile in plant Potassium Metabolism, water regulation, fruit formation, winter hardiness, disease resistance Somewhat mobile in soil Depends on texture, clay type Finer soils = less mobile Mica clays = more availability Deficiencies in dry conditions when there is sufficient soil K lack of movement to roots Credit: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

16 K deficiency Eggplant Soybean Credit: Bobby Golden, MSU Maize Cucumber Lettuce Credit: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection, C.R. Crozier

17 Immobile in plant Calcium Cell division & formation, N metabolism, translocation, fruit set Somewhat mobile in soil Soil deficiency usually occurs: Acid, sandy soils Strongly acid peat and muck Credit: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

18 Ca deficiency Maize Lettuce Wheat Tomato Credits: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

19 Boron Immobile in plant Except peanut Pollen grain germination & tube growth, seed & cell wall formation, maturity promotion, sugar translocation Mobile in soil In sands, you may need split applications Credit: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

20 B deficiency Soybean Maize Cauliflower Peanut Credits: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

21 Field diagnosis Credit: IPNI Crop Nutrient Deficiency Image Collection

22 Field diagnosis Credit: Gene McAvoy

23 Field diagnosis Credit: Gene McAvoy

24 Tissue sampling for nutrient deficiency Bryson, G.M., and H.A. Mills Plant Analysis Handbook IV. Micro-Macro Publishing, Athens, GA.

25 Preventing nutrient deficiency: It s all about the soil!

26 First line of defense: Soil sampling Soil sample within management zones Sample in a W pattern Sample to rooting depth Variable fields need more samples Sample in early spring

27 Soil sampling equipment

28 The Master Variable: soil ph

29

30

31

32 Soil test reports

33 Soil test reports: Extractants, commercial vs. public labs P K Mg Ca soil ph buffer ph S B Zn Mn Fe Cu OM ENR CEC Base saturation (%) Lab & Extr. lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac % lbs/ac meq/100g K Mg Ca H Waters (M1) UGA (M1) Waypoint (M3) UFL (M3)

34 Soil test ecommendations: commercial vs. public labs Lime Gyspum N P K Mg S B Zn Mn Cu Lab & Extr. Crop rec. tons/ac tons/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac lbs/ac Waters (M1) Corn (200 bu/ac) Waypoint (M3) Corn (200 bu/ac) UGA (M1) Corn (200 bu/ac) UFL (M3) Corn (200 bu/ac) Waters (M1) Cotton (2 bales/ac) Waypoint (M3) Cotton (2 bales/ac) UGA (M1) Cotton (2 bales/ac) UFL (M3) Cotton (2 bales/ac) Waters (M1) Peanut (2 tons/ac) Waypoint (M3) Peanut (2 tons/ac) UGA (M1) Peanut (2 tons/ac) UFL (M3) Peanut (2 tons/ac) Commercial labs tend to have higher recommendations than public labs

35 What nutrient deficiency is this? Eggplant A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium D. Calcium E. Boron 68% Cucumber Lettuce 9% 12% 9% 3%

36 What nutrient deficiency is this? Maize Sweet potato A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium D. Calcium E. Boron 87% 4% 2% 2% 5% Beet

37

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