The Digestive System: Basics. WedNesday October 24th All organisms need energy to survive. > Use energy to reproduce, grow, and repair
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1 WedNesday October 24th 2012 QU: What would happen if an organism stopped eating? OBJ: Digestive System Notes All about hydrolysis and surface area Digestive System All organisms need energy to survive > Use energy to reproduce, grow, and repair How do we get that energy?
2 Four parts to digestion: > Ingestion > Digestion > Absorption > Elimination Stage 1: Ingestion > The act of eating or taking in food > Different organisms do this in different ways Suspension feeders Carnivores, herbivores Stage 2: Digestion > Breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb > Uses water to break down the molecules What type of reaction is this? Hydrolysis
3 Stage 2: Digestion Breaking polymers to monomers > Nucleic Acids to > Carbohydrates to > Protein to > Lipids to Nucleotides Monosacharides Amino Acids Fatty Acid & Glycerol Why is it important to break down these large molecules into smaller ones? We are made up of tiny things called CELLS they can only work with tiny nutrients. Review of Hydrolysis Stage 2: Digestion Occurs in 2 ways: > 1. Mechanical Digestion: > starting with our teeth any sloshing or churning that moves the food
4 Stage 2: Digestion Occurs in 2 ways (cont.): > 2. Chemical Digestion: > catalyzed by specific enzymes, hydrolysis breaks the chemical bonds by adding water Main Goals of Digestive System 1. Digestion: Change food we eat into chemical nutrients a. mechanical digestion changes big pieces into small, solids into liquids b. chemical digestion changes big molecules into small (e.g., starch into sugar) Breaks bonds 2. Absorption: Move nutrients into blood stream Stage 3: Absorption Cells lining the digestive tract take up small nutrient molecules (monomers) > then they travel to the blood and around the body for usage
5 Stage 4: Elimination Undigested material passes out of the digestive tract. The keys for success: > Water for hydrolysis > Breaks the polymers into usable monomers > Surface area > The digestive system increases the surface area or workable area The larger the workable area the faster the digestion and absorption Food enters through alimentary canal: > Tube from mouth down to anus > Every organ that food passes through
6 Alimentary Canal: > Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus Accessory Organs: > Aid in digestion but food doesn t pass directly through them. > liver, pancreas, salivary glands, gallbladder, tongue The organs in red all secrete enzymes that aid in digestion
7 How do enzymes help with digestion? > They lower activation energy > Allowing for faster digestion of food Tuesday October 23 rd 2012 QU: Describe how hydrolysis relates to the digestive system. OBJ: Continue Digestion Notes and Lab The length of the digestive system is about feet long The Digestive System Yesterday we said that the two keys to the digestive system were? > Hydrolysis: adding water to break bonds > Surface area: Increasing the workable area for an organism.
8 Digestive System Today we are going to look at the order of the organs and their names. Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach Chapter 29 Ms. Dalby The beginnings Ingestion > Food into the mouth > What occurs next?
9 The Mouth Mechanical: Teeth and tongue > Teeth chomps up food > Exposes more surface area > Easier to swallow > Tongues swirls food and saliva together > Yummmmmm The Mouth Chemical: > Salivary Glands > Secrete Saliva Contains Digestive enzymes Mucus Other chemicals Water The Mouth Breaking Down Saliva > Enzymes > Amylase Starch to Sugar (Polysaccharides to Monosaccharides) > Other Chemicals > Kill bacteria, neutralize acids (protect your teeth) > Mucus: > Slippery secretion that protects cells
10 Mouth: Beginning End Carboyhdrates Disacharides (Chemical) Proteins Smaller Polypeptides (Mechanical) Nucleic Acids Smaller Nucleic Acids (Mechanical) Lipids Smaller Lipids (Mechanical) *Once food is mixed with saliva is called BOLUS* Pharynx Upper portion of the throat Junction between alimentary canal and airway > Epiglottis functions to cover airway > Ensures food enters correct tube Pharynx: Beginning End Disaccharides Disaccharides (Chemical) Small Polypeptides Smaller Polypeptides (Mechanical) Small Nucleic Acids Smaller Nucleic Acids (Mechanical) Small Lipids Smaller Lipids (Mechanical) *Food still called Bolus*
11 Esophagus Muscle encased tube Walls secrete mucus to help with movement and protect walls Will work against gravity > Peristalsis > Swallowing begins voluntary then to involuntary with peristalsis Esophagus: Beginning End Disaccharides Disaccharides(Chemical) Small Polypeptides Smaller Polypeptides (Mechanical) Small Nucleic Acids Smaller Nucleic Acids (Mechanical) Small Lipids Smaller Lipids (Mechanical) *Food still called Bolus* The Stomach Main reason we don t need to eat constantly > Holds about 2 liters of food and water Some chemical digestion in the stomach > Secretes Gastric Juice
12 The Stomach: Gastric Juice Gastric Juice: > Mucus > Lines stomach for protection and lubrication > HCL > Reacts with pepsinogen to turn it into pepsin > Pepsinogen > Turns to pepsin The Stomach: Pepsin Pepsin: > Active form of pepsinogen > Breaks polypeptides into smaller polypeptides To Recap: Food enters stomach > Gastrin Stimulates release of Gastric Juice > Gastric Juice contains mucus, HCL, Pepsinogen HCL and Pepsinogen react to produce Pepsin «Pepsin breaks proteins into smaller polypeptides «Food exits after 2 6 hours called chyme
13 The Stomach With an average ph of how does the stomach survive? > Not eaten from the inside out by the acid? The Stomach: Protection The cells of the stomach are made to deal with the acid...with the aid of mucus. > Mucous Cells: protection > Parietal Cells: Secrete HCl > Chief Cells: Secrete Pepsinogen You do not need to know the cells in red. Just thought the information would be helpful in understanding. *All cells in stomach replaced about every 3 days* The Stomach: Where it goes next The chyme travels through a sphincter to the small intestine
14 ` Stomach: Beginning End Disacharides Disacharides (Chemical) Small Polypeptides VERY Small Polypeptides (Chemical) Small Nucleic Acids Smaller Nucleic Acids (Mechanical) Small Lipids Smaller Lipids (Mechanical) **Food to Small Intestine Now called Chyme**
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