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1 Name: THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide Period: Most of us have a natural curiosity about our bodies, and a study of anatomy and physiology elaborates on this interest. Anatomists have developed a universally acceptable set of reference terms that allows body structures to be located and identified with a high degree of clarity. Initially, you might have difficulties with the language used to describe anatomy and physiology, but without such a special vocabulary, confusion is bound to occur. The topics in this chapter enable you to test your mastery of terminology commonly used to describe the body and its various parts, and concepts concerning functions vital for life and homeostasis. Body organization from simple to complex levels and an introduction to the organ systems forming the body as a whole are also covered. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 1. The structures of the body are organized into successively larger and more complex structures. Fill in the answer blanks with the correct terms for these increasingly larger structures. Molecules Organism 1 Miss School, Miss Out
2 2. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following rowed groupings. 3. Identify the organ systems to which the following organs or functions belong. Insert the correct term in the answer blanks. a. Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes b. Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland c. Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act d. Includes the heart e. Protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage f. Protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells g. Breaks down foodstuffs into small particles that can be absorbed h. Removes carbon dioxide from the blood i. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues j. Moves the limbs; allows facial expression k. Conserves body water or eliminates excesses l. Provides for conception and childbearing m. Controls the body with chemicals called hormones n. Is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn 4. Choose the organ system to which each of the following sets of organs belongs. Enter the correct term in the answer blanks. a. Blood vessels, heart b. Pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands c. Kidneys, bladder, ureters d. Testis, vas deferens, urethra e. Esophagus, large intestine, rectum f. Breastbone, vertebral column, skull g. Brain, nerves, sensory receptors 5. Figures 1 to 6, on the following pages, represent the various body organ systems. First identify and name each organ system by labeling the organ system under each illustration. Then label the appropriate diagram s corresponding structures in the illustrations. a. Electron Cell Tissue Alive Organ b Brain Stomach Heart Liver Epithelium c. Epithelial tissue Heart Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue d. Human Digestive system Horse Pine tree Mushroom 2 Miss School, Miss Out
3 Blood, Heart Nasal Cavity, Lungs, Trachea Figure 1 Figure 2 3 Miss School, Miss Out
4 Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder Figure 3 Figure 4 4 Miss School, Miss Out
5 Stomach, Intestines, Esophagus, Oral Cavity Ovaries, Uterus Figure 5 Figure 6 5 Miss School, Miss Out
6 6. Label the following diagrams. 6 Miss School, Miss Out
7 7. Select different colors for the dorsal and ventral body cavities. Color the coding circles below and the corresponding cavities in part A of the figure. Complete the figure by labeling those body cavity subdivisions that have a leader line. Complete part B by labeling each of the abdominal regions indicated by the leader line. Dorsal Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity A 8. Select the key choices that identify the following body parts or areas. Enter the appropriate letter or corresponding term in the answer blanks. Key Choices Abdominal Buccal Inguinal Pubic Antecubital Cervical Lumbar Scapular Axillary Femoral Occipital Sural Brachial Gluteal Popliteal Umbilical a. Armpit b. Thigh region c. Buttock area d. Neck region e. Genital area f. "Belly button" area B g. Anterior aspect of elbow h. Posterior aspect of head i. Area where trunk meets thigh j. Back area from ribs to hips k. Pertaining to the cheek 7 Miss School, Miss Out
8 9. Using the key terms, correctly label all body areas indicated with leader lines on the figure. In addition, identify the sections labeled A and B in the figure. Key Choices Abdominal Buccal Inguinal Pubic Antecubital Cervical Lumbar Scapular Axillary Femoral Occipital Sural Brachial Gluteal Popliteal Umbilical Section A: Section B: 8 Miss School, Miss Out
9 10. Complete the following statements by choosing an anatomical term from the choices. Enter the appropriate term in the answer blank. Anterior Interior Posterior Superior Distal Lateral Proximal Transverse Frontal Medial Sagittal In the anatomical position, the face and palms are on the a. body surface, the buttocks and shoulder blades are on the b. body surface, and the top of the head is the most c. part of the body. The ears are d. to the shoulders and e. to the nose. The heart is f. to the spine and g. to the lungs. The elbow is h. to the fingers but i. to the shoulder. In humans, the dorsal surface can also be called the j. surface; however, in four-legged animals, the dorsal surface is the k. surface. If an incision cuts the heart into right and left parts, the section is a l. section, but if the heart is cut so that anterior and posterior parts result, the section is a m. section. You re told to cut an animal along two planes so that the paired kidneys are observable (not separated) in both sections. The two sections that meet this requirement are the n. and o. sections. 11. Using the choices, identify the body cavities where the following body organs are located. Abdominopelvic Cranial Spinal Thoracic a. Stomach b. Small Intestine c. Large Intestine d. Spleen e. Liver f. Spinal Cord 9 Miss School, Miss Out g. Bladder h. Trachea i. Lungs j. Pituitary Gland k. Rectum l. Ovaries
10 1. the study of the study of 2. structure function levels of organization 1 The Human Body: An Orientation necessary life functions Organ systems 34. Homeostasis control mechanisms example survival needs example Miss School, Miss Out
11 Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Chapter Objectives An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 12. Define anatomy and physiology. 13. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related. Levels of Structural Organization 14. Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related. 15. Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system. Maintaining Life 16. List functions that humans must perform to maintain life. 11 Miss School, Miss Out
12 17. List the survival needs of the human body. Homeostasis 18. Define homeostasis and explain its importance. 19. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function. The Language of Anatomy 20. Describe or demonstrate the anatomical position. 21. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes. 22.Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity. 12 Miss School, Miss Out
13 Notes: 13 Miss School, Miss Out
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