Contents. Contributors...xi. Preface...xv. 1 Configurations, Structures and Morphologies of Cellulose... 1

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1 Contents Contributors...xi Preface...xv 1 Configurations, Structures and Morphologies of Cellulose Introduction Structure Molecular Structure Hydrogen Bonding Crystal Modifications Morphology Properties Solubility Chemical Reactivity Sources of Cellulose Micro- and Nano-scale Cellulose Materials Microfibrillated Cellulose Microcrystalline Cellulose Cellulose Whiskers Bacterial Cellulose Some Comments about Further Applications of Plant Cellulose Concluding Remarks References Hemicelluloses in Pharmacy and Medicine Sources and Structure of Hemicelluloses Applications of Hemicelluloses v

2 Polysaccharides in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Applications 2.3 Conclusion References Fungal Exopolysaccharides Introduction Determining the Structures of Fungal Exocellular Glucans Purification of Glucans Determination of Monosaccharide Composition Determination of Anomeric Form of Glucopyranose by Infrared Spectroscopy Determination of Linkage Positions by Methylation Analysis Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy The Periodate Oxidation Reaction Smith Degradation Periodate Oxidation and Smith Degradation Enzymatic Analysis Chemistry of Exocellular Fungal Glucans Fungal β-glucans Fungal α-glucans Relationship between Chemical and Physical Properties of Fungal Exocellular Glucans Fungal β-glucans Fungal α-glucans Biological Activity of Fungal (1,3)-β-Glucans Biosynthesis of Fungal Exocellular Glucans Assembly of β-glucans Assembly of Pullulan Applications of Fungal Glucans Fungal β-glucans Fungal α-glucans Factors Affecting Exocellular Fungal Glucan Production General Considerations Carbon Source vi

3 Contents Nitrogen Source Culture ph Dissolved Oxygen Fermenter Configuration Fungal Morphology The Influence of Other Media Components on β-glucan Yields The Role of Fungal Glucanases in Affecting Glucan Yields Fungal β-glucans Fungal α-glucans Conclusion References Acknowledgements Pullulan for Biomedical Uses Introduction Structure and Rheological Properties Structure and Enzymatic Degradation Rheology of Pullulan Solutions and Films Biological Properties of Pullulan and Some Derivatives in Solution Chemical Modifications Pullulan-Based Hydrogels as New Biomedical Materials From Nanogels To Macrogels Pullulan-based Core-shell Nanoparticles for Imaging and Therapy References Cellulose and Its Use for Blood Purification Introduction Concepts of Blood Purification Cellulose: Derivation and Structure Cellulose and Its Use in Blood Purification Membrane Performance with Respect to Blood Purification Clinical Concepts of Membrane Performance Solute Transport vii

4 Polysaccharides in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Applications Fluid Removal Biocompatibility Contemporary Issues Relating to the Use of Cellulose in Blood Purification The Future Role of Cellulose in Blood Purification Processes References Immunomodulatory Effects of Botanical Polysaccharides Introduction Immunomodulatory Activity of Fungal-, Algae- and Lichen-derived Polysaccharides Immunomodulatory Activity of Plant-derived Polysaccharides Effect of Plant Polysaccharides on Neutrophil Function Antioxidant Properties of Botanical Polysaccharides Mitogenic Activity of Botanical Polysaccharides Role of Intestinal Immune System in Modulating the Activity of Botanical Polysaccharides Antiviral Activity of Botanical Polysaccharides Botanical Polysaccharides as Adjuvants Antitumour Effects of Botanical Polysaccharides Conclusion References Acknowledgements Pharmaceutical Applications of Cyclodextrins Introduction Main Cyclodextrins Nature and Characteristics of Natural Cyclodextrins Hydrophilic Derivatives Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins Derivatives Inclusion Formation Toxicity Interest of Cyclodextrins in Pharmaceutical Uses Reduction or Elimination of Bitter Taste of Drugs Change of State viii

5 Contents Improvement in Stability Increase in Solubility Improvement in Bioavailability Decrease in Side Effects Pharmaceutical Industry Recent Aspects of Pharmaceutical Applications of Cyclodextrins Use of Cyclodextrins to Formulate Peptides or Proteins New Cyclodextrins Derivatives Cyclodextrins and Lipid-based Systems Cyclodextrins in Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems Conclusion References Bioactivity of Chondroitin Sulfate Introduction Cytoprotection Mitogenesis Differentiation Neuronal Growth Enzymatic Activity Arthritis Anti-inflammatory Effects of Chondroitin Sulfate Modulation of Enzymatic Activity by Chondroitin Sulfate Effects of Chondroitin Sulfate on Extracellular Matrix Synthesis and Synovial Fluid Composition Biomaterials Heart Valve Tissue Engineering Wound Healing Cartilage Tissue Engineering Conclusion References Micro- and Nano-particles Based on Polysaccharides for Drug Release Applications Introduction ix

6 Polysaccharides in Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Applications 9.2 Applications of Polysaccharide Nano/Microparticles in Ophthalmologic Therapy Applications of Polysaccharide Nano/Microparticles in Cancer Therapy Applications of Polysaccharide Nano/Microparticles in Infectious Diseases Therapy Applications of Polysaccharide Nano/Microparticles in Diabetes Therapy Applications of Polysaccharide Nano/Microparticles in Respiratory Diseases Therapy Applications of Polysaccharide Nano/Microparticles in Diagnostics References Acknowledgements Carbohydrate-Containing Dendrimers in Biomedical Applications Introduction Sugar Code A Key to Biodiversity The Dendrimeric State Physicochemical Properties and General Consequences Dendrimeric Effects Synthesis of Dendrimers: Convergent and Divergent Approaches Dendrimeric Libraries Dendrimers in Drug Solubilisation and Delivery Dendrimers in Gene Delivery Carbohydrate Interactions of Glycopeptide Dendrimers Bacteria Viruses Cancer Other Examples Conclusion References Abbreviations Index x

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