Enrichment of 65 Zn in two contrasting rice genotypes under varying methods of zinc application

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1 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 6, 214, No. 3: Enrihment of 65 Zn in two ontrsting rie genotypes uner vrying methos of zin pplition B. Mthpl 1, P.C. Srivstv 2, A.K. Shukl 3, D. Shnkhhr 1, S.C. Shnkhhr 1 1 Deprtment of Plnt Physiology, College of Bsi Sienes n Humnities, G.B. Pnt University of Agriulture n Tehnology, Pntngr, Ini 2 Deprtment of Soil Siene, College of Agriulture, G.B. Pnt University of Agriulture n Tehnology, Pntngr, Ini 3 Inin Institute of Soil Siene, Nigh, Bhopl, Ini ABSTRACT Zin (Zn) is n essentil mironutrient for growth n evelopment of lmost ll orgnisms n its efiieny severely ffets the helth of plnts, nimls n humns. In orer to investigte the enrihment of Zn in erels pot experiment ws performe in two ontrsting rie vrieties viz., PD16 (zin effiient) n NDR359 (zin ineffiient) uner ifferent levels of zin regimes suh s ontrol ( Zn), soil pplition (5 mg Zn/kg soil tgge with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot), folir spry of.5% ZnSO 4 t 3, 6 n 9 ys (925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot), soil pplition (5 mg Zn/kg soil tgge with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot) + folir spry of.5% ZnSO 4 t 3, 6 n 9 ys (925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot). Both vrieties mrkely iffer in 65 Zn umultion n grin Zn ontent. NDR359 showe poor trnslotion effiieny n umulte reltively less 65 Zn in ll the plnt prts. In oth rie vrieties, highest onentrtion of Zn in ehuske grins oul e otine with soil pplition of Zn + folir spry of zin sulphte. Though NDR359, zin ineffiient vriety exhiite poor zin trnslotion effiieny yet, it ontine more Zn ontent in grins with husk n ehuske grins thn PD16. Keywors: zin uptke; trnslotion; umultion; rie grins Zin (Zn) efiieny is serious griulturl prolem s roun one hlf of the erel-growing soils in the worl re Zn efiient (Ckmk et l. 1999). The soluility n vilility of Zn is limite y vrious ftors like high CCO 3, high ph, high ly ontent, low soil orgni mtter, low soil moisture, n high ontent of iron n luminum oxies (Ckmk 28). In low Zn soils, some plnts moilize more Zn y the exution of low-moleulr-weight ompouns like mlte n muginei i fmily phytosierophores (Arnol et l. 21). Zin uptke ross root plsm memrne is rrier-meite. Zin iron permeses (ZIP) fmily of metl trnsporters is the primry uptke system of plnts, ut hnnel proteins might lso ply role in Zn trnsport. Severl Zn-trnsporter genes showe enhne expression in rie roots uner Zn efiieny i.e. OsZIP1, OsZIP3, OsZIP4, n OsZIP5 (Lee et l. 21,) n OsZIP1, OsZIP3 n OsZIP4 in vsulr unles for Zn trnsport to shoot (Ishimru et l. 25). In humns, Zn efiieny is wiespre nutritionl isorer whih severely limits the physil n intelletul pity of the people n versely ffets their helth (Hmige 2, Bonsmnn n Hurrell 29). As per n estimte of the Worl Helth Orgniztion out 2 illion people (33%) re eprive of the US reommene ietry intke of Zn (WHO 22). Aroun 1.2 illion (2%) people representing 2% of worl popultion re t risk of inequte Zn intkes (Hotz n Brown 24). In se of Zn efiieny, the relte verse helth results re minly oumente for infnts n hilren like stunting, irrhoe n pneumoni (Stein et l. 25). Dietry Zn ontent is very importnt for humn helth s the rtifiil supplementtion of foos with essentil minerls is often iffiult to hieve, 111

2 Vol. 6, 214, No. 3: Plnt Soil Environ. prtiulrly in eveloping ountries. Therefore, inrese levels of Zn in the stple foos like rie my help reuing Zn efiieny. It is, therefore, essentil to unerstn the moleulr mehnism through whih plnts tke up, moilize, trnslote n store Zn in the eile plnt prts (Ishimru et l. 211). As genotypi vrition for grin Zn n Fe onentrtion is reltively nrrow n limite mong ifferent erel rops, soil n folir pplition of Zn is ommonly prtie to ugment Zn onentrtion in grins (Ckmk 22, Phlvn-R n Pessrkli 29). In the present stuy, n ttempt hs een me to evlute the trnslotion n enrihment of 65 Zn in two ontrst rie vrieties whih vrie in their Zn tolerne uner ifferent methos of zin fertilizer pplition. MATERIAL AND METHODS A ulk surfe ( 15 m) soil (Typi Hpluoll) ws ollete from E1 plot of Normn E. Borlug Crop Reserh Center, G.B. Pnt University of Agriulture n Tehnology, Pntngr, Ini. The soil smple ws ir-rie uner she n rushe with wooen roller n psse through sieve hving openings of 2 mm imeter. The experimentl soil h sny lom texture, 7.4 ph n.266 S/m EC, 1.5 g orgni C,.47 mg DTPA extrtle Zn/kg soil n 25.3 mg DTPA extrtle Fe/kg soil. The sees of two ontrsting genotypes of rie viz. NDR359 (Zn ineffiient) n Pnt Dhn16 (Zn effiient) were otine from the Deprtment of Genetis n Plnt Breeing of the University. Seelings of oth rie vrieties were rise in plsti trys fille with this soil. The soil ws fille in plsti pots of 4 kg pity. A sl ose of 22.3 mg N, 11.6 mg P n 18.5 mg K/kg soil using stok solutions of ure, KH 2 PO 4 n KCl, respetively ws pplie to ll the pots. The tretments teste in triplite were: ontrol ( mg Zn/kg soil), soil pplition (5 mg Zn/kg soil, tgge with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot), folir spry (.5% ZnSO % lime t 3 (tillering), 6 (pnile initition) n 9 (grin filling) ys, tgge with 925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot), soil pplition (5 mg Zn/kg soil tgge with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot) + folir spry.5% ZnSO % lime t 3 (til.- lering), 6 (pnile initition) n 9 ys (grin filling), tgge with 925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot) fter trnsplnting. After soil pplition of Zn in the speifie tretments, the soil of eh pot ws thoroughly mixe, floo irrigte n left for 3 ys for equilirtion. Five seelings of rie vrieties PD16 or NDR359 were plnte in eh pot. The solution use in eh folir spry ws 1 ml/pot. Remining nitrogen ws top resse in two equl splits through ure t 3 n 6 ys fter trnsplnting. At mturity, the plnts were hrveste n the eril prts of the plnt were prtitione into leves, pseuostems, grin with husk n grin without husk. Plnt smples were wshe sequentilly with tp wter,.1 mol/l HCl n istille wter to remove the surfe ontmintion. Then the smples were rie in n eletri oven t 6 C for 48 h n weighe. A portion of grins from eh pot ws mnully ehulle to get grins without husk. One grm of eh plnt prt ws igeste in i-i (HNO 3 :HClO 4 in 4:1 v/v) n finl volume ws me up to 14 ml with oule istille wter. Two ml liquot of igeste smple ws use to ssy tivities of 65 Zn on gmm ry spetrometer with NI rystl (moel GRS 11P, Mumi, Ini). Ativity ws expresse s pm (ounts per min)/g ry weight of the plnt smple. After reoring the tivities, finl volume of this two ml liquot ws me up to 1 ml n the onentrtion of Zn in grins with husk n without husk ws estimte y tomi sorption spetrophotometer (ECIL, Hyer, Ini) n expresse s µg/g ry weight of plnt smple. Sttistil nlysis. The sttistil nlysis of the t ws one y the nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) using SPSS 16 (Bristol, UK). The mens were teste for signifine t P.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grin, strw n totl ry mtter yiel. Grin, strw n totl ry mtter yiels of oth rie vrieties uner ifferent zin regimes re presente in Tle 1. Zin effiient rie vriety, PD16 proue higher strw yiel thn NDR359, zin ineffiient rie vriety. No signifint effet of vrieties ws note on grin n totl ry mtter yiels. Among ifferent zin pplition methos, soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil + folir pplition of Zn ws the most effiious s it gve nerly five-fol higher grin yiel, more thn two fol higher strw yiel n out three fol higher totl ry mtter yiel of rie over the ontrol (no pplition of Zn). A 112

3 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 6, 214, No. 3: Tle 1. Effet of ifferent methos of zin pplition on grin weight/pot (g), strw weight/pot (g) n totl ry mtter (TDM) of two rie genotypes Tretments Grin weight Strw weight TDM PD16 NDR359 verge PD16 NDR359 verge PD16 NDR359 verge Control Soil pplition Folir pplition Soil + folir pplition Averge V (vriety).16 ns ns T (tretment) V T ns SEM stnr error of men; ns nonsignifint omprison of rie yiels uner rest of other two methos of Zn pplition revele tht folir pplition of Zn ws more effetive in inresing grin, strw n totl ry mtter yiels thn soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil. The intertion effet of rie vrieties n methos of Zn pplition influene only the grin n strw yiels signifintly. In PD16, Zn effiient rie vriety, soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil, folir pplition of Zn n omine soil n folir spry of Zn inrese grin yiel y 126.9, 25. n 36.8% over the ontrol, respetively. In NDR359, Zn ineffiient vriety, soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil, folir pplition of Zn n omine soil pplition of Zn + folir pplition of Zn inrese grin yiel y 48.8, 38.2 n 413.% over the ontrol, respetively. Interestingly, the mgnitue of yiel inrese uner soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil ws higher with PD16 thn NDR359, Zn ineffiient vriety while the mgnitue of yiel inrese uner folir pplition of Zn ws higher in NDR359 thn PD16. The grin yiel otine uner soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil + folir pplition of Zn ws sttistilly similr for oth rie vrieties. As regr the strw yiels, in the se of PD16, Zn effiient vriety, only folir pplition of Zn n omine soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil + folir pplition of Zn inrese strw yiel y 14.% n 152.2% over the ontrol, respetively. In NDR359, soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil, folir pplition of Zn n omine soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil + folir pplition of Zn inrese the strw yiels signifintly y 23.1, 54.7 n 96.9% over the ontrol, respetively. The present stuy revele fvorle effet of zin pplition on totl ry mtter umultion, grins n strw yiel of rie vrieties. An inrese in the grin weight n strw weight ws oserve in oth the vrieties, whih oul e srie to possile role of Zn in hlorophyll iosynthesis, mintining hl : rtio, mintenne of photosyntheti mhinery n iosynthesis of uxin, tht etermine the remoiliztion of rohyrtes from leves to grins (Rehmn et l. 212). Sttistilly higher grin yiel of PD16 s ompre to NDR359 uner soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil inite muh higher sorption n trnslotion ility of 65 Zn in PD16 (Zn effiient vriety) s ompre to NDR359, Zn ineffiient vriety whih respone etter to folir pplition of Zn. These results lso signifie tht irrespetive of Zn effiieny of rie vriety, the highest grin n strw yiels oul e hieve with omine soil pplition of Zn n folir spry of Zn (Krk n Ds 26). Aumultion of 65 Zn in ifferent plnt prts. The pm vlues of 65 Zn in ifferent plnt prts of rie vrieties re shown in Figure 1. In generl, irrespetive of the metho of Zn pplition, PD16; Zn effiient vriety umulte more 65 Zn in leves, stem n grins with husk thn NDR359 ( Zn ineffiient vriety) however, the umultion of 65 Zn in grins without husk of oth the 113

4 Vol. 6, 214, No. 3: Plnt Soil Environ. Cpm/g lef ry weight PD16 NDR Cpm/g grins with husk Soil pplition Soil Folir Applition pplition Soil + folir pplition Soil pplition Folir Applition pplition Soil + + folir pplition Figure 1. Enrihment of 65 Zn in ifferent plnt prts of two rie genotypes uner ifferent methos of Zn pplition. Dissimilr letters over histogrms inite sttistilly signifint ifferene t P.5 vrieties ws sttistilly similr. Further, s regrs the metho of Zn pplition, the highest umultion of 65 Zn in ifferent plnt prts ws note uner omine soil pplition + folir pplition, followe y folir pplition n the lest umultion of 65 Zn ws reore with soil pplition. The intertion effet of vriety n the metho of pplition of Zn fertilizer on 65 Zn umultion in ifferent plnt prts of rie vrieties inite tht with the folir pplition of Zn PD16 grins with husk umulte signifintly higher tivity of 65 Zn s ompre to NDR359 even though the leves of the ltter vriety h signifintly higher tivity of 65 Zn thn those of PD16, initing poor Zn trnslotion ility of NDR359. With omine soil pplition n folir pplition of Zn, PD16 stem n grins with husk umulte signifintly higher tivity of 65 Zn thn NDR359. Regring the umultion of 65 Zn in ifferent plnt prts of oth the vrieties i.e., PD16 (effiient) n NDR359 (ineffiient), showe mrke vrition. Irrespetive of the metho of Zn pplition, PD16 showe higher umultion of 65 Zn in ifferent plnt prts s ompre to NDR359 whih is ttriute to etter trnslotion effiieny of PD16. Similr genotypi vrition in trnslotion n umultion of 65 Zn ws lso reporte erlier y Shnkhhr et l. (2). Trnslotion effiieny epens on expression of the efflux trnsporter genes of niotinmine (ENA1 n ENA2) whih re likely to ply role in Zn uptke n trnsport insie plnts (Nozoye et l. 211). Inrese mounts of niotinmine n eoxymuginei i re involve in the effiient trnslotion of Zn n Fe into rie grins (Koyshi n Nishizw 212). Zin onentrtion. The t on the effet of ifferent methos of Zn pplition on Zn onentrtion in grins with husk n grins without husk re presente in Tle 2. The min effet of vriety inite tht NDR359 grins with husk h signifintly higher Zn onentrtion thn those of PD16; however, reverse ws true in se of grins without husk. As regrs the methos of Zn pplition, omine soil pplition + folir pplition of Zn ws most effetive in inresing Zn onentrtion in oth grins with husk n 114

5 Plnt Soil Environ. Vol. 6, 214, No. 3: Tle 2. Effet of ifferent methos of zin pplition on Zn onentrtion (µg/g) in grins with husk of two rie genotypes Tretments Grins with husk Grins without husk PD16 NDR359 verge PD16 NDR359 verge Control Soil pplition Folir pplition Soil + folir pplition Averge V (vriety) T (tretment) V T SEM stnr error of men without husk followe y folir pplition of Zn n the lowest inrese ws oserve with soil pplition of Zn. The intertion effet of vriety n metho of Zn pplition inite tht NDR359 grins with husk umulte more Zn onentrtion thn huske grins of PD16 uner ll methos of Zn pplition exept ontrol. In the se of grins without husk, the intertion effet of rie vriety n metho of Zn pplition revele tht with folir spry of Zn, PD16 vriety mintine signifintly higher Zn onentrtion in ehuske grins ompre to NDR359. The ifferenes in Zn onentrtion of ehuske grins of oth vrieties were sttistilly not signifint uner ontrol, soil pplition of Zn or omine soil pplition + folir spry of Zn. Zin onentrtion in rie grins inrese with Zn pplition n the highest Zn onentrtion ws reore with omine soil pplition + folir spry of Zn in oth the vrieties. In NDR359, the grins with husk umulte higher ontent of Zn thn PD16 ut in ehulle grins PD16 quire higher Zn onentrtion thn NDR359 n this inite tht more Zn onentrte in husk prt of NDR359 grins. Genotypi vritions in grin Zn onentrtion hve een ttriute to the ifferene in physiologil proesses (Go et l. 212). Reently, the results of Bhrti et l. (213) lso showe the highest Zn ontent in whet grins uner the tretment reeiving soil pplition of 2 kg Zn/h long with folir spry of.5% of zin sulphte solution. In onlusion, irrespetive of Zn effiieny of rie vrieties, the highest yiel potentil of rie n e otine with omine pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil n three folir sprys of Zn. NDR359 showe reltively poor trnslotion effiieny of Zn n umulte reltively higher onentrtion of Zn in husk prt s ompre to PD16, Zn effiient vriety. The highest onentrtion of Zn in ehuske grins oul e otine y soil pplition of 5 mg Zn/kg soil + folir sprys of.5% zin sulphte. Aknowlegements The finnil ssistne provie y the NAIP, ICAR, New Delhi, Ini uring the perio of this stuy is uly knowlege. REFERENCES Arnol T., Kirk G.J., Wissuw M., Frei M., Zho F.J., Mson T.F., Weiss D.J. (21): Eviene for the mehnisms of zin uptke y rie using isotope frtiontion. Plnt, Cell n Environment, 33: Bhrti K., Pney N., Shnkhhr D., Srivstv P.C., Shnkhhr S.C. (213): Evlution of some promising whet genotypes (Tritium estivum L.) t ifferent zin regimes for rop proution. Cerel Reserh Communition, 41: Bonsmnn S.S., Hurrell R. (29): The impt of tre elements from plnts on humn nutrition: A se for iofortifition. 115

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