Biology 105 Midterm Exam 3 Review Sheet
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1 Biology 105 Midterm Exam 3 Review Sheet The third midterm exam will cover the following lecture material (lectures 10 (starting with the auditory system), 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16): Sensory Systems (chapter 8), Skeletal System (chapter 5), Muscular System (chapter 6), Endocrine System (chapter 10), Blood (chapter 11), Cardiovascular System (chapter 12), and Immune System (chapter 13). Lecture 10 (chapter 8) Nervous System III: Sensory Systems What are all the parts of the ear, and are they part of the inner, middle or outer ear? What are their functions? Be able to describe the pathway that sound waves and vibrations follow through the ear. How does the ear detect head movement and position? Briefly describe how the different structures in the vestibular apparatus in the ear (cupulas in the semicircular canals and otoliths) help the brain detect dynamic and static equilibrium. How do we detect odor? Which part of the brain receives the signal? Where are olfactory receptors found? How do we detect tastes? What structures are responsible for taste? Transmit, amplify, otolith, cupula, taste bud Lecture 11 (chapter 5) Skeletal System What are the four components of the skeletal system (bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons), and what are their functions? What are the functions of bone? What are the two layers of bone (compact and spongy)? What are the epiphysis and diaphysis, and what do you find in each of these areas? What is the periosteum, and what is its function? What is the structure of the osteon, and what are the features found in the osteon (central canal, osteocytes, and canaliculi)? What are the three types of bone cells and their functions? What is a synovial joint, and what are the parts of synovial joints and their functions? What are the hormones involved in bone growth and homeostasis (growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones, vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone)? Which glands produce calcitonin and parathyroid hormones? How do bones heal? What is osteoporosis, what are the risk factors for osteoporosis, and what can you do to prevent it? 1
2 Compact bone, osteon, central canal (Haversian canal), spongy bone, epiphysis, diaphysis, periosteum, lacunae, callus, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, vitamin D, epiphyseal plate, growth plate Lecture 12 (chapter 6) Muscular System What are the three types of muscles? Where are they found, and are they under voluntary or involuntary control? What are the functions of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles? How do skeletal muscles work in pairs? What is the function of tendons? What is the overall structure of a muscle? What are the components of a muscle, and of a muscle cell (muscle fiber)? What are the functions of the muscle fiber components? You should be able to identify the muscle fiber components in an illustration, including: myofibrils, sarcomeres, Z lines, myofilaments (actin and myosin filaments), cross-bridges, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules What stimulates a muscle to contract? You should be able to describe the steps of how the message is transmitted from the neuron to the myofilaments What is the role of Ca 2+? What happens when the message is received by the myofilaments? (Binding sites on actin are uncovered, so myosin can bind to actin, which leads to muscle shortening!) What are the components and the function of the tropomyosin-troponin complex? What are the three energy sources used for muscle contraction? Which of these require oxygen and which produce carbon dioxide? How many ATP are produced, and how long can each energy source provide energy? Muscle fiber, myoglobin, fascia, fascicle, myofibril, sarcomere, involuntary, voluntary, origin, insertion Lecture 13 (chapter 10) Endocrine System What is the function of the endocrine system? What are similarities and differences between neurotransmitters and hormones? What are the two types of hormones (water soluble and lipid soluble)? How do the two types of hormones work, and how do they affect the target cells? Know the differences between the two types of hormones, and examples of each type of hormone. For ALL the hormones in this lecture, you should be able to answer: 2
3 Where is the hormone produced and released from? What is/are the function(s) of the hormone? What is/are the target(s) of the hormone? Know ALL the disorders discussed in the lecture: What are the causes and effects of each disorder? What are the treatments of each disorder? How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland (hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones)? What is the function of the hypothalamus? How are the adrenal glands controlled? What are the two parts of the adrenal glands, and how is each part controlled? Which hormones are released from which part? What are the side effects of cortisol? How are calcium levels in the blood regulated? Which hormones and glands are responsible for blood calcium regulation? How are blood glucose levels regulated? Which hormones and glands are responsible for blood glucose regulation? What are the causes of the two types of diabetes? Endocrine gland, hormones, receptor, target cell, non-target cell, exopthalmos, pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans), negative feedback, water soluble, hydrophilic, lipid soluble, hydrophobic, secondary messenger, transcription, translation, produce, release, dilute, concentrated, extremities, deficient, sufficient, synthesis, reabsorption, inhibit, stimulate, prostaglandins Lecture 14 (chapter 11) Blood What kind of tissue is blood? What is the ratio of plasma to formed elements in blood? What are the compositions of blood, plasma, and formed elements? What are the functions of blood? What are examples of the proteins found in blood, and what are the functions of these blood proteins? Where are blood cells formed? Which type of cell gives rise to platelets by breaking into fragments? How is the production of RBCs regulated? Which hormone regulates their production, and which organ produces this hormone? What is the effect of carbon monoxide poisoning? What are the characteristics, functions, and life spans of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets? What are the types of white blood cells and their functions? Know the steps of clot formation and how a clot is removed. Which vitamin is necessary for clotting to occur? Which common drug inhibits clotting? What is an example of a genetic disorder that affects blood clotting? 3
4 What are the major blood types? Which antigens/antibodies does each blood type have? Which blood types can donate to each other? What is the universal donor, and the universal recipient? What is the Rh factor, and what problems does it cause in pregnancy and blood donation? What is the result of a reaction to a foreign blood type antigen? Plasma, formed elements, hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, stem cells, thrombocytes, megakaryocytes, leukocytes, phagocytes, histamine, dilate, permeable, erythrocytes, biconcave, erythropoietin, glycoproteins, agglutination, antibodies, antigen Lecture 15 (chapter 12) Cardiovascular System What are the functions and components of the cardiovascular system? What are the components of the blood vessels and their functions? What would the cross-section of a vein, artery, and capillary look like? What is the path of the blood through the body (starting with the aorta, which kinds of blood vessels does the blood pass through before returning to the heart)? How do arterioles affect blood pressure? What are the pressures that cause fluid to enter and leave the capillaries, and what pressure causes gases to enter and leave the capillaries? What is the function of capillaries? What are the chambers of the heart? What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart? You should be able to describe the cardiac cycle! What are heart valves and where are they located? How is the heartbeat regulated, both intrinsically and extrinsically? What records the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle? What are the three waves on the ECG, and what happens during each of the waves on the ECG? What causes blood to flow in the arteries and in the veins? What measures blood pressure? What are the pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circuits? (Which tissues do they go to?) What are the causes and effects of the cardiovascular diseases discussed in lecture? How can you prevent high blood pressure? What are the functions of the lymphatic system? What are the components of the lymphatic system and their functions? What causes fluids to travel through lymphatic vessels? Lumen, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, osmotic pressure, blood pressure, septum, capillary, artery, vein, arteriole, venule, vena cava, aorta, sinoatrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AV), pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, cardiac cycle, systole, diastole, atrioventricular bundle, 4
5 Purkinje fibers, extrinsic control, intrinsic control, electrocardiogram, pulse, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, sphygmomanometer, coronary arteries, renal circuit, hepatic portal circuit, coronary circuit, hypertension Lecture 16 (chapter 13) Immune System What are the components of barrier defenses? What are the non-specific defenses and the specific defenses? What are the differences between these two defenses? What are the three types of lymphocytes? Which are part of the specific and which are part of the non-specific defense systems? How does the body mount an inflammatory response and what are the effects on the body? What are the functions of complement proteins and interferons? What is the function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers? T cells and B cells: Where are they produced and where do they mature? Where are they found once they have matured? Are they part of the cell-mediated or antibody-mediated defenses? What are the types of T cells, and what are their functions? What are antibodies and how are they produced? What effects do they have? What are memory cells and plasma cells? How does clonal selection work? What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? What are the targets of autoimmune diseases and allergies (= SELF and harmless antigens)? Antigen, antibodies, immunity, pathogen, lysozyme, histamine, permeable, transcription, translation, acquired immunity 5
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