Approaches to improve efficiency of N utilisation on dairy cow level
|
|
- Daniella Leonard
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Final REDNEX Conference, FIAP, Paris 30 August 2013 Approaches to improve efficiency of N utilisation on dairy cow level Mogens Vestergaard Aarhus University, Denmark
2 Why are dairy cows a concern? URINE N N INTAKE 503 g/day 37% Mills et al 2009 MILK N 28% FAECAL N 33% 2
3 Nitrogen in milk, faeces or urine, g/day Meta Analysis of N Balance in Dairy Cows Urine N Faecal N 200 Milk N Mills et al., Nitrogen intake, g/day 3
4 Mills et al., 2009 Milk N/N Intake vs. N Intake
5 Approaches to improve efficiency of N utilisation on dairy cow level Research on N digestion and N metabolism: Rumen (WP2) Amino acid and nutrient metabolism (WP3) N recycling (WP4)
6 WP2 Maximisation of absorption of feed and microbial protein in low-n diets Michel Doreau (WP leader), Pierre Nozière, Diego Morgavi Jamie Newbold, Jon Moorby Alejandro Belanche Sergio Calsamiglia, Alfred Ferret Andreas Foskolos Peter Lebzien Martina Aschemann
7 1 Innovative ways to decrease ruminal protein degradation Feed Crude Protein Degraded Protein energy minerals NH 3 rumen Undegraded Protein Microbial Protein small intestine Microbial Protein 2 Role of the microbial Ways to optimise ecosystem microbial protein especially protozoa synthesis 3
8 1. Innovative ways to decrease ruminal protein degradation State-of-the-art : the most efficient additives for decreasing ruminal protein degradation are various essential oils, but their effect in vivo remains unclear A first innovative approach was the inclusion of essential oils in silages. Essential oils in ryegrass silage are efficient in reducing silage protein degradation but the dose required and thus the cost may be too high for practical use A second innovative approach was the inclusion of polyclonal antibodies against proteolytic or deaminating bacteria. Several attempts failed to decrease protein degradation Capsicum oil and PTSO (propyl-propyl thiosulphate, derived from garlic oil processing) were promising additives. We observed a trend to an incrase in the ratio between N in milk and N intake with both additives (see next figure)
9 1. N Balance study with two essential oils (Capsicum oil and PTSO) Total N balance (g/day) N intake CTR 539 CAP 561 PTSO 505 Urine N CTR 216 CAP 219 PTSO 211 MNE (%) CTR 30.3 CAP 30.8 PTSO 34.3 N milk CTR 160 CAP 171 PTSO 175 Fecal N CTR 203 CAP 211 PTSO 188
10 2. Ways to optimise microbial protein synthesis In vitro, microbial protein yield did not differ between ryegrass and red clover, but microbes were more efficient with ryegrass for capturing N and in efficiency of N utilization in the rumen. Comparison of varieties (ryegrass varying in sugar content, red clover varying in polyphenol oxidase) needs further research Decreasing crude protein level to 11-12% of dietary DM in dairy cows resulted in a moderate decrease in milk production in 1 st experiment, but not in 2 nd experiment. In both experiments, urinary N was strongly decreased Decreasing crude protein level to 11-12% of dietary DM in dairy cows had a minor effect on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis: no change in 1 st experiment, and only a trend to a decrease in 2 nd experiment The source of dietary carbohydrates, starch or fibre, had a minor effect on ruminal protein metabolism; a trend to a higher microbial protein flow and efficiency of synthesis was observed with starch (see next Table) Niacin supplementation to low-n diets did not change microbial protein flow and efficiency of synthesis but increased protozoa population; the use of fermentable protein by microbes may be changed (see next Table)
11 Normal N (14% CP) Low N (11% CP) Starch Fibre Starch Fibre OM digestibility, % N** Microbial N efficiency g N / kg OM fermented ns Fanchone et al., 2013 Urea (15.6% CP) Low (12% CP) Low +Niacin (12% CP) OM digestibility, % 72 a 69 b 71 ab * Microbial N efficiency g N / kg OM fermented ns Aschemann et al., 2012
12 3. Characterisation and role of the microbial ecosystem, especially protozoa In normal- or low-n diets, defaunation (or faunation with an Holotrich species) did not change rumen ammonia in sheep suggesting a better use of N by rumen microbes, which results in a lower urinary N The role of different protozoa in bacterial breakdown has been specified. Entodinium and Epidinium are especially active, whereas Holotrichs have a minor predatory activity. Therefore, lowering numbers of Entodinum and Epidinium species in the rumen may be a strategy for improving microbial synthesis (see next Figure) Cows are able to adapt themselves to fibrous diets by increasing the complexity of the rumen microbial community and the concentrations of protozoa, anaerobic fungi, and methanogens. On the contrary, rumen protozoa, fungi, methanogens and certain bacterial species are sensitive to N shortage which can explain the observed decrease in OM digestibility (Figure) The identification of key bacteria involved in protein metabolism by using DNA-Stable Isotope Probing was faced with strong methodological issues and results were inconsistent
13 The relative abundance of the 6 major protozoal groups in rumen of cattle and bacterial breakdown attributed to each of these protozoa groups. (Belanche et al., J. Anim. Sci) Effect of the level of protein and type of carbohydrate on the rumen concentration of certain microbial groups and their biodiversity. (Belanche et al., J. Nutr.) High Protein Low Protein FIB STA FIB STA Concentration (per g DM) Bacteria (mg) Protozoa (mg) Anaerobic fungi (µg) 1.70 a 1.40 b 1.58 ab 0.66 c Archaea (10 7 copies) Bacterial diversity 147 bc 148 b 152 a 138 c Fungal diversity 34 a 32 a 33 a 27 b
14 3. Characterisation and role of the microbial ecosystem, especially protozoa In normal- or low-n diets, defaunation (or faunation with an Holotrich species) did not change rumen ammonia in sheep suggesting a better use of N by rumen microbes, which results in a lower urinary N The role of different protozoa in bacterial breakdown has been specified. Entodinium and Epidinium are especially active, whereas Holotrichs have a minor predatory activity. Therefore, lowering numbers of Entodiniomorphids in the rumen may be a strategy for improving microbial synthesis (Figure) Cows are able to adapt themselves to fibrous diets by increasing the complexity of the rumen microbial community and the concentrations of protozoa, anaerobic fungi, and methanogens. On the contrary, rumen protozoa, fungi, methanogens and certain bacterial species are sensitive to N shortage which can explain the observed decrease in OM digestibility (Figure) The identification of key bacteria involved in protein metabolism by using DNA-Stable Isotope Probing was faced with large challenges and results were inconsistent
15 Take-home messages from WP2 Improved knowledge of the relation between rumen microbes (especially protozoa) and N ruminal metabolism Lowering dietary N below present recommendations decreases OM and fibre digestibility There is no adaptation to N underfeeding and microbial protein synthesis is not more efficient No real innovative way to decrease ruminal protein degradation was detected
16 Improving the nitrogen economy of the dairy cow Reducing Nitrogen Excretion WP3 Factors affecting the conversion of absorbed AA into milk protein Understanding the determinants of the efficiency of dietary Nitrogen Utilisation Chris K. Reynolds, Sophie Lemosquet, Isabelle Ortiques et al.
17 Milk N/Apparently digested N Feeding trial INRA Theix 0.65 EFFICIENCY OF N CONVERSION STARCH FIBRE Apparently digested N, g/d 11% improvement in N milk / N intake with high starch diets JDS submitted => Metabolism trial
18 MILK PROTEIN, g/d Main results so far 900 EFFICIENCY OF MP UTILIZATION improved with starch N = 48; 3 Rednex experiments WP WP3.4 Cantalapiedra-Hijar et al., 2012 (3R) EFFECTS OF STARCH Indications of higher microbial protein synthesis (purines in urine) JDS submitted Y = 225.4*** X Increased whole-body metabolic use of Leu (IRL) in favor of protein synthesis EAAP Y = 173.1*** X AVAILABLE MP, g PDIE/d 1600 ENERGY FIBER STARCH 1800
19 Objectives Univ. Reading Determine the effects of metabolisable protein (MP) supply fed both above and below metabolic requirement on post ruminal nutrient absorption and metabolism Determine the effects of different forage types (maize vs. grass silage) on post ruminal nutrient absorption and metabolism 19
20 Nitrogen Intake Barratt et al., Protein (Linear), P < 0.001; Forage, P <
21 Efficiency of N Dietary Use Barratt et al.,
22 Arterial urea concentration Barratt et al., Forage, P < 0.06; Protein (Linear), P <
23 Efficiency of N Dietary Use Milk Barratt et al.,
24 Conclusions Univ. Reading Effects of increased protein intake Linear increase in DMI, milk yield, milk N, rumen ammonia and PDV ammonia flux and arterial urea concentration Decrease in N efficiency with increasing dietary protein Effects of forage Higher N intake on grass silage based diets No forage effect on DMI or milk yield Increased rumen ammonia, PDV ammonia flux and arterial urea on grass silage based diets No forage effect on N efficiency (milk N/N intake) No forage protein interactions seen Clear positive relationship between N intake and rumen ammonia, arterial urea, and milk urea concentration, all of which are negatively related to N utilization efficiency Barratt et al.,
25 Research Questions - INRA Rennes 1. Does balancing the EAA profile increase milk protein yield and metabolisable protein (MP) efficiency both at low and high MP supply? 5 experiments: 3 balancing the whole EAA profile through duodenum infusions (4 to 6 cows) Are mammary uptakes of AA modified? 2 experiments with Lys, Met and Leu balanced through diet (16 to 32 cows): 2. Among the 9 EAA to balance are Val, Ile and Arg important?
26 Milk protein and efficiency increased when balancing AA profile at low and high MP supply Milk protein yield, g/d AA+ AA- Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp PDI, g/kg DM (CP from 13.5% to 19% of DM)
27 Mammary net uptake of only the limiting EAA increased: a higher waste of nitrogen when increasing both intestinal supplies of EAA and NEAA through increased MP LP HP + 72 g/d of N Rumen LP HP Intestine EAA: + 28 g/d of N NEAA: + 24 g/d of N AA Intestin AA AA- AA+ Intestine EAA: +28 g/d of N NEAA: - 28 g/d of N AA - AA+ = 0 g/d of N Mammary Uptake = Output EAA only: + 10 g/d of N AA AA Mammary Uptake = Output EAA only: + 12 g/d of N N efficiency N efficiency
28 Take home messages WP3 1. Dietary starch increases efficiency of dietary N utilization through effects on digestion and metabolism 2. Forage type has less of an effect when total rations are balanced for major components (starch, NDF, etc.) 3. Clear relationships between N intake and NPN metabolism and thus milk urea N is negatively correlated to N efficiency (this is relative to WP6). 4. Improving the balance of EAA provided to the mammary gland increases milk protein production across a range of metabolizable protein supplies. 5. Further work is needed on BCAA requirements 6. Masses of new knowledge of the metabolism of amino acids and other nutrients in lactating dairy cows fed diets below and above requirements for MP.
29 WP4 New feeding strategies improving N recycling while reducing N inputs Betina Amdisen Røjen, Niels Bastian Kristensen & Mogens Vestergaard Dept. of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Aarhus University, Denmark Innovative and practical management approaches to reduce nitrogen excretion by ruminants
30 Increased N utilization by: 1. Reduced dietary N concentration 2. Increased blood to gut transport of urea-n N-efficient dairy cow
31 1. Optimize urea recycling to the GI tract while reducing N inputs 2. Ability of blood urea to sustain rumen ammonia from recycling with infrequent N supply 5. Competition between kidney and gut for urea with increased salt and water intake Kidney Blood urea-n Salivary urea-n Feed protein protein degradation Hindgut 3. Role of urea transporter proteins in urea transport across ruminal epithelia 4. Increased hindgut fermentation on urea recycling and N utilization
32 The total amount of urea transferred from blood to gut does not increase with decreasing N level The permeability of the gut epithelia for urea is up-regulated with reductions in N intake thus adapting to dietary conditions, but it is not up-regulated enough when N status of the cow get insufficient to sustain optimal microbial protein synthesis Net portal urea-n flux, mmol/h r = 0.185; P = Arterial urea-n concentration, mmol/l Ruminal extraction of arterial urea-n, % r = ; P < Arterial urea-n concentration, mmol/l
33 1. A Low-N diet leads to increased ruminal tissue permeability to urea 2. But immediate return of N in ammonia apparently not equilibrated with the rumen ammonia pool Ruminal extraction of arterial urea-n, % Low nitrogen diet High nitrogen diet Ruminal vein - arterial ammonia, mmol/l High N Low N Arterial urea-n concentration, mmol/l Time relative to urea infusion, min
34 Use of infrequent N supply (i.e., 6-h urea infusion, ) leads to sustained increase in arterial urea concentrations 9-16 h after end of infusion But there was no increase in urea recycling to the gut So, the cow was unable to make use of blood urea via urea recycling to sustain rumen ammonia concentrations during periods of the day where rumen N supply was at a minimum Arterial blood urea-n, mmol/l Time relative to feeding, h Ruminal ammonia concentration, mmol/l Time relative to feeding, h 6-h inf urea 24-h inf urea Water inf
35 Increased carbohydrate supply to the hindgut induced the predicted reduction in blood urea, but mainly through changes in ammonia fluxes - not by increased urea recycling to the hindgut Net portal flux, mmol/h ammonia Control Oligo urea
36 Take home message - WP4: Urea recycling is less efficient than hypothesized and difficult to manipulate to increase N efficiency in dairy cows This points to increased precision in dairy cattle nutrition as the most feasible short-term strategy to improve N efficiency
37 TMR / PMR Accuracy and precision obtained through biological monitoring system More use of information we already have available Silage Better accuracy and precision Need for new tools to monitor physiological status, nutritional sufficiency, and nutrient utilization COW 1 Feces Urine Milk Silage Premix Additive COW 2 COW 3 COW 4 Production Feces Urine Milk Feces Urine Milk Feces Urine Milk
38 Ways to reduce N excretion Reduce N intake Conclusions Adjust EAA composition in rations at a lower N intake Use starch-rich vs. fibre-rich rations Use of certain essential oils in the forage Reduce protozoa, especially large species Feed by-pass CHO to increase hindgut fermentation Use precision feeding of protein. and relevant management tools (see also later talks)
39 Thank you for your attention Questions? Culled organic dairy cows finishing their service as suckler cows for two bull calves on semi-natural pastures
EFFICIENCY OF N UTILIZATION FOLLOWING A DECREASED N SUPPLY IN DAIRY RATIONS : EFFECT OF THE ENERGY SOURCE
EFFICIENCY OF N UTILIZATION FOLLOWING A DECREASED N SUPPLY IN DAIRY RATIONS : EFFECT OF THE ENERGY SOURCE Cantalapiedra-Hijar G Fanchone A Nozière P Doreau M Ortigues-Marty I Herbivore Research Unit (Theix,
More informationChallenges in ruminant nutrition: towards minimal nitrogen losses in cattle
Challenges in ruminant nutrition: towards minimal nitrogen losses in cattle Jan Dijkstra Wageningen, the Netherlands Efficiency of N utilization Proportion of feed N captured as milk and meat (N efficiency)
More informationGluconeogenesis and Mammary Metabolism and their Links with Milk Production in Lactating Dairy Cows
Gluconeogenesis and Mammary Metabolism and their Links with Milk Production in Lactating Dairy Cows Lemosquet, S. 1, Lapierre, H. 2, Galindo, C.E. 2 and Guinard-Flament, J. 3, 1 INRA UMR18, Dairy Production
More informationAmino Acids in Dairy Nutrition Where Do They Fit?
Amino Acids in Dairy Nutrition Where Do They Fit? T. R. Overton and L. E. Chase Department of Animal Science Cornell University As our understanding of the biology underlying specifics of protein nutrition
More informationCHAMPION TOC INDEX. Protein Requirements of Feedlot Cattle. E. K. Okine, G. W. Mathison and R. R. Corbett. Take Home Message
TOC INDEX CHAMPION Feed Services Ltd. Protein Requirements of Feedlot Cattle E. K. Okine, G. W. Mathison and R. R. Corbett Take Home Message The new Nutrient Requirements (NRC) of Beef Cattle published
More informationProtein. Protein Nutrition. Protein is Required to: Protein Terminology. Protein Terminology. Degradable Protein. Nutrition 1 - Protein 3/2/2016 1/7
Protein Protein Nutrition Renaissance Fast Start Protein is Required to: 1. Enhance feed intake and energy use 2. Supply N to the rumen microbes Ammonia Amino acids Peptides 3. Supply amino acids for synthesis
More informationMilk Protein Area of Opportunity?
Nutrition and Milk Protein Production David R. Balbian, M.S. Thomas R. Overton, Ph.D. Cornell University and Cornell Cooperative Extension 2015 Winter Dairy Management Meetings Milk Protein Area of Opportunity?
More informationAmino acid metabolism in periparturient dairy cattle
Amino acid metabolism in periparturient dairy cattle International Dairy Nutrition Symposium October 2017 H. Lapierre, D.R. Ouellet, M. Larsen and L. Doepel Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Aarhus University
More informationDietary Protein. Dr. Mark McGuire Dr. Jullie Wittman AVS Department University of Idaho
Dietary Protein Dr. Mark McGuire Dr. Jullie Wittman AVS Department University of Idaho Some slides adapted from Dairy Nutrition & Management (ANSCI 200/492), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
More informationSupplement Types - Energy. ME Fixed? What is Metabolisable Energy? Feeding Supplements & Practical Ration Balancing. Dr Julian Waters 3/1/16
Key Nutritional Principles for Profitable Dairy Farming Feeding Supplements & Practical Ration Balancing 14 13 12 11 Supplement Types - Energy ME (MJ/kg DM) Dr Julian Waters Protected Fats 32-37 MJ Expeller
More informationINRA Feeding System for Ruminants: a new «Red Book»
INRA Feeding System for Ruminants: a new «Red Book» P. Nozière 1, L. Delaby 2, D. Sauvant 3 with 20 co-authors from 1 UMR Herbivores (Theix), 2 UMR Pegase (Rennes), 3 UMR MoSAR (Paris), UMR Selmet (Montpellier),
More informationINTESTINAL DIGESTIBILITY OF PHOSPHORUS FROM RUMINAL MICROBES
AUGUST 2012 INTESTINAL DIGESTIBILITY OF PHOSPHORUS FROM RUMINAL MICROBES EAAP 2012, SESSION 21 JAKOB SEHESTED, PETER LUND AND HENRY JØRGENSEN DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE præ TATION SEN 1 P UTILISATION
More informationDAIRY COW RESPONSES TO SOURCES AND AMOUNTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN
DAIRY COW RESPONSES TO SOURCES AND AMOUNTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN Ignacio R. Ipharraguerre and Jimmy H. Clark TAKE HOME MESSAGES Milk production per unit of crude protein (CP) in the dietary dry matter
More informationVistacell, improving fibre digestion, June 2012
Vistacell, improving fibre digestion, June 2012 Different yeast products used in ruminant production. Live yeast Yeast culture Yeast derivatives - Yeast extract - Yeast cell wall - Glucans - MOS - Nucleotides
More informationBalancing Amino Acids An Example of a Reformulated Western Dairy Ration Brian Sloan, Ph.D.
Balancing Amino Acids An Example of a Reformulated Western Dairy Ration Brian Sloan, Ph.D. To illustrate how to reduce nitrogen (N) excretion and still improve performance, a typical ration was formulated
More informationNutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle E-974
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle E-974 Department of Animal Science Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma State University David Lalman
More informationSoybean, Canola and Cottonseed Meal
Soybean, Canola and Cottonseed Meal In- Sacco technique for estimation of ruminal degradability of soybean, canola, and cottonseed meal Authors: K. Jafari Khorshidi H. Kioumarsi S. Abedi C M. Ahmady G.
More informationQuick Start. Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for Sheep
Quick Start Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for Sheep The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) for Sheep is a feeding system derived from the CNCPS for cattle (Fox et al., 2003).
More informationNitrogen Metabolism in Ruminants
Nitrogen Metabolism in Ruminants Feed the bugs Feed the cow.. Digestion in the Rumen: Anaerobic Fermentation It s All About the Bugs! Rumen volume lactating cow = 120,000 ml Rumen bacteria:10,000,000,000/ml
More informationThe Ruminant Animal. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Oklahoma State University
The Ruminant Animal Chapter 10 Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Oklahoma State University Arable Land Globally: 1/32 of the land mass is suitable for cultivation. United States: United States: Today
More informationSTRIKING A BALANCE : PROTEIN FEEDING AND PERFORMANC E
STRIKING A BALANCE : PROTEIN FEEDING AND PERFORMANC E by Mary Beth Hal Department of Dairy and Poultry Sciences University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Introduction One of the largest stumbling blocks
More informationCHANGES IN RUMINAL MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN TRANSITION DAIRY COWS
Dairy Day 22 CHANGES IN RUMINAL MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN TRANSITION DAIRY COWS A. F. Park, J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer, R.C. Cochran, J. M. DeFrain, E. E. Ferdinand, N. Wallace, T. G. Nagaraja 1, and
More informationURGENT NEWS. Grass Silage Update No 144: Grass Silage Update /2011. Fermentation quality and intake characteristics
1 of 6 Grass Silage Update Nature is such a great leveler. The early fears of winter forage shortages have gone on most farms but so too have the hopes of the highest quality grass silage crop for many
More informationBasic Requirements. Meeting the basic nutrient requirements
Basic Requirements It is imperative that cattle producers have an adequate understanding of the basic nutrient requirements of the cow herd to make informed and effective nutrition-related decisions. Meeting
More informationIntroduction to MUN. What is Urea
Introduction to MUN What is Urea Urea is a small organic molecule composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Urea is a common constituent of blood and other body fluids. Urea is formed from ammonia
More informationProduction Costs. Learning Objectives. Essential Nutrients. The Marvels of Ruminant Digestion
Feeding for 2: Understanding How to Feed the Goat and her Rumen Robert Van Saun, DVM, MS, PhD Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences The Marvels of Ruminant Digestion This
More informationThe new Nordic feed evaluation systems for dairy cows. Harald Volden, Norwegian University of Life Sciences and the NorFor project group
The new Nordic feed evaluation systems for dairy cows Harald Volden, Norwegian University of Life Sciences and the NorFor project group NorFor Plan. Based on the Norwegian AAT-model (1999-2001). A semi-mechanistic
More informationMANAGING THE DAIRY COW DURING THE DRY PERIOD
Department of Animal Science MANAGING THE DAIRY COW DURING THE DRY PERIOD Dairy Cattle Production 342-450A Page 1 of 11 Background The dry period is a critical period for the health, production and reproduction
More informationQuantifying rumen function. Dr A T Adesogan Department of Animal Sciences University of Florida
Quantifying rumen function Dr A T Adesogan Department of Animal Sciences University of Florida Rumen ph Range 5 (highly fermentable diet / well processed diet) to 8 (low quality forage) < 6 = Chronic acidosis
More informationForage Quality and Livestock Nutrition on Pasture. Patrick Davis, Ph. D. Johnson County MU Extension Livestock Specialist
Forage Quality and Livestock Nutrition on Pasture Patrick Davis, Ph. D. Johnson County MU Extension Livestock Specialist Topics Ruminant Nutrition Factors Effecting Forage Quality Nutrient requirements
More informationWHAT SOLUBLE SUGARS AND ORGANIC ACIDS CAN DO FOR THE RUMEN
WHAT SOLUBLE SUGARS AND ORGANIC ACIDS CAN DO FOR THE RUMEN DF Waterman, PhD MS Specialty Nutrition Milk yield per cow has continued to increase over the last two decades The increase can be attributed
More informationWhy Graze? Supplementing Lactating Cows Requires Different Thinking. Grazing when grazing wasn t cool!! WHY? Good Pasture WVU Circular 379 Early 50s
Supplementing Lactating Cows Requires Different Thinking Why Graze? Low cost feed source for seasonal dairy Least cost way to begin dairying Protein source for conventional dairy Carl E. Polan, Virginia
More informationEffective Practices In Sheep Production Series
Effective Practices In Sheep Production Series Understanding Feed Test Analysis Terms The key to accurate feed tests is correct sampling of your forages and grains. Equally important, is understanding
More informationChanges in net hepatic flux of nutrients by deacetylation of p-aminohippuric acid in dairy cows.
Changes in net hepatic flux of nutrients by of p-aminohippuric acid in dairy cows. Rodríguez-López, J.M., Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G., Durand, D., Thomas, A., and Ortigues-Marty, I. INRA, UR 1213, Unité Mixte
More informationFACTORS AFFECTING MANURE EXCRETION BY DAIRY COWS 1
FACTORS AFFECTING MANURE EXCRETION BY DAIRY COWS 1 W. P. Weiss Department of Animal Sciences Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University Manure in an inevitable byproduct
More informationFeed Management to Improve Nitrogen and Phosphorus Efficiency. Charles C. Stallings Professor and Extension Dairy Scientist Virginia Tech
Feed Management to Improve Nitrogen and Phosphorus Efficiency Charles C. Stallings Professor and Extension Dairy Scientist Virginia Tech The two nutrients that have the greatest potential for negative
More informationInteractions of unsaturated fat or coconut oil with Rumensin on milk fat production might be mediated through inhibition of specific protozoal genera.
Interactions of unsaturated fat or coconut oil with Rumensin on milk fat production might be mediated through inhibition of specific protozoal genera. Carine Reveneau * INTRODUCTION Meat and milk from
More informationThe four stomachs of a dairy cow
The four stomachs of a dairy cow Left side view 1) Rumen 2) Reticulum 3) Omasum 4) Abomasum Reticulo-omasal orifice (reticulo-rumen exit) (on the right side of the cow) (on the right side of the cow) Esophagus
More informationMilk production on grass silage and cereals only
Milk production on grass silage and cereals only Fodringsdagen, Herning 2016 Rolf Spörndly Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden rolf.sporndly@slu.se http://www.slu.se/en/departments/animal-nutrition-management/
More informationAmino Acid Balancing in the Context of MP and RUP Requirements
Amino Acid Balancing in the Context of MP and RUP Requirements Charles G. Schwab, Ryan S. Ordway, and Nancy L. Whitehouse Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences University of New Hampshire Durham,
More informationMUNs - It s only a Piece of the Puzzle!
MUNs - It s only a Piece of the Puzzle! With the recent introduction of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) testing by Ontario DHI, there has been some confusion over the interpretation of the new reports. This article
More informationRumen Fermentation. Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) Acetate. Acetate utilization. Acetate utilization. Propionate
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) Produced from the fermentation of pyruvate and hind gut Types/ratios depends on diet 3 major VFAs Acetate CH 3 COOH Propionate CH 3 CH 2 COOH Butyrate CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH Cellulose
More informationBasic Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cows 1
AN190 1 Matt Hersom 2 Introduction Meeting the basic nutrient requirements of beef cows is a key component of meeting cow herd production and profitability goals for the beef cattle enterprise. Adequate
More informationUnderstanding Dairy Nutrition Terminology
Understanding Dairy Nutrition Terminology Mat Haan, Penn State Dairy Educator, Berks County Lucas Mitchell, Penn State Department of Animal Science Dairy Cattle Nutrition Workshop November 15, 2017 Interpreting
More informationNitrogen, Ammonia Emissions and the Dairy Cow
Nitrogen, Ammonia Emissions and the Dairy Cow Virginia Ishler Topics: Nitrogen from the farm to the environment Ration balancing to minimize nitrogen excretion Feeding management strategies to minimize
More informationGoat Nutrition Dr Julian Waters Consultant Nutritionist
Goat Nutrition Dr Julian Waters Consultant Nutritionist Agenda Ruminant Digestive Systems Basic Nutrition Energy & Protein Other Nutrients Rearing Kids Does Pregnancy Lactation Bucks Minerals & Issues
More informationFinding a consensus on the effects of tropical legume silages on intake, digestibility and performance in ruminants: A meta-analysis
Finding a consensus on the effects of tropical legume silages on intake, digestibility and performance in ruminants: A meta-analysis Dr. agr. Joaquín Castro-Montoya Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management
More informationA Comparison of MIN-AD to MgO and Limestone in Peripartum Nutrition
A Comparison of MIN-AD to MgO and Limestone in Peripartum Nutrition D-9.0-03/17 Introduction Recent research has linked subclinical hypocalcemia, which impacts 11-25% of first lactation heifers and 42-60%
More informationNonstructural and Structural Carbohydrates in Dairy Cattle Rations 1
CIR1122 Nonstructural and Structural Carbohydrates in Dairy Cattle Rations 1 Barney Harris, Jr. 2 Carbohydrates are the largest component in the dairy ration and contribute 60 to 70% of the net energy
More informationKnow Your Feed Terms. When you are talking nutrition and feeds with your
Revised July 2006 Agdex 400/60-2 Know Your Feed Terms When you are talking nutrition and feeds with your feed salesperson, livestock nutritionist, veterinarian or neighbour, it is important that you both
More informationBALANCING FOR RUMEN DEGRADABLE PROTEIN INTRODUCTION
BALANCING FOR RUMEN DEGRADABLE PROTEIN C. J. Sniffen 1, W. H. Hoover 2, T. K. Miller-Webster 2, D. E. Putnam 3 and S. M. Emanuele. 1 Fencrest, LLC, 2 The Rumen Profiling Laboratory, West Virginia University,
More informationUsing Models on Dairy Farms How Well Do They Work? Larry E. Chase, Ph. D. Cornell University
Using Models on Dairy Farms How Well Do They Work? Larry E. Chase, Ph. D. Cornell University Email: lec7@cornell.edu INTRODUCTION The use of computer models as a tool used by nutritionists to evaluate
More informationThe Diploma in Ruminant Nutrition
Further Information on the Modules that Make Up The Diploma in Ruminant Nutrition Taken from the Module Descriptors Ruminant Animal Production and the Feed Industry A4057 Academic Level 4 Rationale and
More informationMaximizing Milk Components and Metabolizable Protein Utilization through Amino Acid Formulation
Maximizing Milk Components and Metabolizable Protein Utilization through Amino Acid Formulation CHUCK SCHWAB PROFESSOR EMERITUS, ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE PRE- CONFERENCE SYMPOSIUM 71
More informationEFFECTS OF FEEDING WHOLE COTTONSEED COATED WITH STARCH, UREA, OR YEAST ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS
EFFECTS OF FEEDING WHOLE COTTONSEED COATED WITH STARCH, UREA, OR YEAST ON PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS Kelly M. Cooke and John K. Bernard Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
More informationStarch digestibility in dairy cows how do we handle starch in ration evaluation systems?
AARHUS UNIVERSITY Starch digestibility in dairy cows how do we handle starch in ration evaluation systems? Martin Riis Weisbjerg Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, Denmark WIAS Seminar Development
More informationGoals. Goals. Maintenance Rations 4/25/2014. Week 4 Lecture 12. Clair Thunes, PhD
Maintenance Rations Week 4 Lecture 12 Clair Thunes, PhD Animal Science 126 Equine Nutrition Goals Understand that in reality that horses have an amino acid requirement not a CP requirement That there are
More informationMP use efficiency, kg/kg = (target milk true protein/bw 0.53 ), [1]
J. Dairy Sci. 100:2801 2806 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11426 American Dairy Science Association, 2017. Short communication: Evaluation of the PREP10 energy-, protein-, and amino acid-allowable milk
More informationReducing the reliance on purchased protein. Improving the value of home grown proteins
Reducing the reliance on purchased protein Improving the value of home grown proteins Liam A. Sinclair Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Shropshire, UK Apr-06 Apr-07 Apr-08 Apr-09 Apr-10 Apr-11 Apr-12
More informationTRANSITION COW NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT. J.E. Shirley
Dairy Day 2003 TRANSITION COW NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT J.E. Shirley Summary Dairy cows are generally provided with a 60-day dry period. The first part of the dry period is called the far-off dry period
More informationStrategies to Reduce the Crude Protein (Nitrogen) Intake of Dairy Cows for Economic and Environmental Goals. Introduction
Feed Management A Key Ingredient in Livestock and Poultry Nutrient Management Strategies to Reduce the Crude Protein (Nitrogen) Intake of Dairy Cows for Economic and Environmental Goals. R. L. Kincaid,
More informationEffect of supplementary concentrate type on milk yield and composition in early lactation dairy cows offered perennial ryegrass based pasture
Session 30 Presentation 8, authors email: stephen.c.whelan@ucd.ie Effect of supplementary concentrate type on milk yield and composition in early lactation dairy cows offered perennial ryegrass based pasture
More informationReference methods for assessing rumen degradation characteristics of nutreints
Feed evaluation for dairy cows Reference methods for assessing rumen degradation characteristics of nutreints Peter Lund, Maria Chrenková & Martin Weisbjerg Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Aarhus
More informationPIONEER FEEDS DAIRY CATTLE AND CALF FEEDING TECHNICAL INFORMATION.
PIONEER FEEDS DAIRY CATTLE AND CALF FEEDING TECHNICAL INFORMATION. 1. STAGES IN LACTATION PERIOD IN DAIRY COWS The lactation period is divided into four phases based on the cow s physiological cycle and
More informationProtein and Carbohydrate Utilization by Lactating Dairy Cows 1
Protein and Carbohydrate Utilization by Lactating Dairy Cows 1 Bill Weiss Department of Animal Sciences Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691 email:
More informationRumenology 101. Dr. Matt Hersom Dept. of Animal Sciences, UF-IFAS
Rumenology 101 Dr. Matt Hersom Dept. of Animal Sciences, UF-IFAS Ruminants are cool. They have a diverse body size from the small mouse deer that weighs 4 to 11 lbs and stands 14 inches tall to the giraffe
More informationBUILDING ON MILK PROTEIN
BUILDING ON MILK PROTEIN Michael F. Hutjens TAKE HOME MESSAGES Capturing the milk protein potential in a herd can increase milk value 30 to 50 cents per cwt (one hundred pounds). Amino acid balancing using
More informationDietary Protein 10/21/2010. Protein is Required for: Crude Protein Requirement. Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP)
Dietary Protein Dr. Mark McGuire VS Department University of Idaho Some slides adapted from Dairy Nutrition & Management (NSI 200/492), University of Illinois at Urbana-hampaign, Dr. Mike Hutjens & Jimmy
More informationLamb Weaning and Nutrition
Lamb Weaning and Nutrition Weaner survival (%) 100 90 80 70 60 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Liveweight at weaning (kg) A balanced ration must provide: Energy Protein Roughage Vitamins and Minerals Effect of Energy
More informationBasic Cow Nutrition. Dr. Matt Hersom 1
Basic Cow Nutrition Dr. Matt Hersom 1 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, Gainesville, FL Introduction The cow is our basic production unit and most important employee of the beef enterprise.
More informationProceedings, Western Section, American Society of Animal Science. Vol. 63, 2012
#737 Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of Animal Science Vol. 63, 2012 PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION OF LOW-QUALITY FORAGE: EFFECTS OF AMOUNT AND FREQUENCY ON INTAKE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY BY
More informationFEEDING SHEEP FOR PROF$T
FEEDING SHEEP FOR PROF$T Jess Revell Livestock Nutritionist Rumenate Livestock Services What is your aim? Is it profitable $$ (Budget)? Contents What nutrients are important? Benefits of a balanced & consistent
More informationMardiati Zain,J. Rahman, Khasrad. Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang - Indonesia
Effect Sacharomyces cerevisiae and Sapindus rarak supplementation in diet based of Oil Palm Frond (OPF) on nutrient digestibility and daily weight gain of Goat Mardiati Zain,J. Rahman, Khasrad Department
More informationBalancing for Amino Acids beyond Lysine and Methionine Charles J. Sniffen, Ph.D. Fencrest, LLC
Balancing for Amino Acids beyond Lysine and Methionine Charles J. Sniffen, Ph.D. Fencrest, LLC INTRODUCTION Those of us who balance rations for a living have been balancing rations for crude protein (CP)
More informationCOMPLETE LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COWS FED WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR
Dairy Day 2002 COMPLETE LACTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COWS FED WET CORN GLUTEN FEED AND PELLET CONSISTING OF RAW SOYBEAN HULLS AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR E. E. Ferdinand, J. E. Shirley, E. C. Titgemeyer, J. M.
More informationIntroduction. Carbohydrate Nutrition. Microbial CHO Metabolism. Microbial CHO Metabolism. CHO Fractions. Fiber CHO (FC)
Introduction Carbohydrate Nutrition Largest component of dairy rations CHO comprise to 80% of ration DM Major source of energy for milk production One-third of milk solids is lactose 4.9 lbs. of lactose
More informationUsing dietary crude protein to manipulate energy balance in early lactation dairy cows
Using dietary crude protein to manipulate energy balance in early lactation dairy cows S.J. Whelan 1,3, F.J. Mulligan 2 B. Flynn 3, J.J. Callan 3 and K.M. Pierce 1 1 School of Agriculture and Food Science
More informationActisaf Sc 47 - what is it and how does it work?
Actisaf Sc 47 - what is it and how does it work? What is Actisaf? is a live yeast of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast are single cell organisms which are classified as fungi. The most common
More informationTargeted Feeding to Save Nutrients
Targeted Feeding to Save Nutrients Charles J. Sniffen, Ph.D. Fencrest, LLC fencrest@msn.com William Chalupa, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania wmchalupa@aol.com Introduction There is increasing pressure
More informationAre we near recommendations for individual amino acids to dairy cows?
Are we near recommendations for individual amino acids to dairy cows? Fodringsdag 2018 September 2018, Herning DK H. Lapierre 1, D.R. Ouellet 1 & R. Martineau 1 S. Binggeli 2 & D. Pellerin 2 1 Agriculture
More informationWhat is most limiting?
The Amino Acid Content of Rumen Microbes, Feed, Milk and Tissue after Multiple Hydrolysis Times and Implications for the CNCPS M. E. Van Amburgh, A. F. Ortega, S. W. Fessenden, D. A. Ross, and P. A. LaPierre
More informationSupplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows. R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist
INTRODUCTION Supplementation of High Corn Silage Diets for Dairy Cows R. D. Shaver Professor and Extension Dairy Nutritionist Department of Dairy Science College of Agricultural and Life Sciences University
More informationStudies on the biotin flow at the duodenum of dairy cows fed differently composed rations
Institute of Animal Nutrition P. Lebzien B. Schröder H. Abel G. Flachowsky Studies on the biotin flow at the duodenum of dairy cows fed differently composed rations Published in: Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe
More informationAs Sampled Basis nutrient results for the sample in its natural state including the water. Also known as as fed or as received.
Understanding & Significance of Forage Analysis Results (unless otherwise noted, the following information pertains to ruminants, cattle in particular). Moisture the percent water in a sample. Dry matter
More informationEffect of condensed tannins from legumes on nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows
Federal Department of Economic Federal Affairs, Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER Education and Research EAER Agroscope Agroscope Effect of condensed tannins from legumes on nitrogen
More informationField-scale study of rumen function, efficiency and emissions in dairy cows The 1000 cow study. Phil Garnsworthy
Field-scale study of rumen function, efficiency and emissions in dairy cows The 1000 cow study Phil Garnsworthy 1000 cow study Animal Phenotypes Feed intake & Diet composition Rumen VFA & NH 3 & Methane
More informationU S C on, hns Jo a elin C
What do animals eat? What do feeds provide? What is a nutrient? Chemical substance that provides Chemical substance that provides nourishment for the body What types of nutrients are there? What types
More information- Dual Flow Continuous Culture System (Hoover, 1964) - Hohenheim System (Single Flow Continuous Culture. valerate, isobutyrate, isovalerate)
In vitro Techniques Simulation of the rumen fermentation Alternative to time consuming and expensive in vivo trials Quantification of the end products of fermentation and/or rumen dry matter digestibility
More informationFORAGE = BEEF (1) The researchers compared three diets for cows on dormant winter range: 1. Control (no supplement) 2. Corn Gluten Feed. 3.
FORAGE = BEEF (1) A cow s job is to convert forage into beef. The more forage a cow harvests, the more and bigger calves she weans. Supplement can help cows or really the microbes in their rumen - harvest
More information7. Rumen stops moving (becomes atonic). 8. Depresses appetite and production. 9. Lactic acidosis can cause Rumenitis, metabolic acidosis, lameness,
WHATIS ACIDOSIS? 1. Acidity changes the rumen flora. 2. Acid-producing bacteria take over producing more acids. 3. Rumen ph falls to less than 5.5 (normal is 6.5 to 7.0). 4. Decreases rumen ph to non-physiological
More informationEffect of heat treated field beans on the performance of Swedish lactating dairy cows
Effect of heat treated field beans on the performance of Swedish lactating dairy cows M. Ramin 1 A. Hojer 1, F. Fogelberg 2, M. Hetta 1 & P. Huhtanen 1 1 Department of Agricultural Research for Northern
More informationBeef Cattle Nutrient Requirements
Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Nutrients Required by Beef Cattle Beef cattle require nutrients to support body maintenance, reproduction, lactation, and growth. The nutritional needs of beef cattle
More information4º International Symposium on Advances on Ruminant Nutrition Research Techniques. Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. April 10-11, 2014.
4º International Symposium on Advances on Ruminant Nutrition Research Techniques. Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. April 10-11, 2014. Omasal and Reticular Sampling Techniques for Assessing Ruminal Digestion,
More informationPractical forage-ndf range in high-group TMR. Nutritional Constraints. Variable ruminal & total tract digestibility of starch
Practical forage-ndf range in high-group TMR Luiz Ferraretto and Randy Shaver Dairy Science Department, UW Madison 24% forage-ndf High Quality Forages Large Forage Supply Forages Favorably Priced i.e.
More informationIS A ONE TMR APPROACH RIGHT?
IS A ONE TMR APPROACH RIGHT? Michael F. Hutjens Extension Dairy Specialist University of Illinois, Urbana 232 ASL, 1207 W. Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801 hutjensm@illinois.edu 217-333-2928 Take Home Messages
More informationFeeding dry cows - down but not out
Feeding dry cows - down but not out Jon Moorby and Richard Dewhurst Growth 54 Replenishing fat reserves 55 Replenishing protein reserves and preparing for lactation 56 Rumen development and feed intake
More informationPast, Present, and Future of Protein Nutrition of Dairy Cattle
Past, Present, and Future of Protein Nutrition of Dairy Cattle Chuck Schwab Schwab Consulting, LLC, Boscobel, WI Professor Emeritus, Animal Sciences University of New Hampshire Greetings from Wisconsin!
More informationEffects of Increased Inclusion of Algae Meal on Lamb Total Tract Digestibility
Animal Industry Report AS 661 ASL R3003 2015 Effects of Increased Inclusion of Algae Meal on Lamb Total Tract Digestibility Rebecca S. Stokes Iowa State University, rsstokes@iastate.edu Megan L. Van Emon
More informationAll nutrients fall into one of; proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals
Essential nutrients; - must be supplied to an animal because the animal cannot synthesise them - needed to satisfy the requirements of its cells * if the amount of essential nutrients supplied is insufficient
More informationBeef Cattle Nutrient Requirements
Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Nutrients Required by Beef Cattle Beef cattle require nutrients to support body maintenance, reproduction, lactation, and growth. The nutritional needs of beef cattle
More information