The building blocks of life.
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- Rodger Stevenson
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1 The building blocks of life.
2 The 4 Major Organic Biomolecules
3 The large molecules (biomolecules OR polymers) are formed when smaller building blocks (monomers) bond covalently. via anabolism Small molecules are formed when those covalent bonds are broken via catabolism
4 metabolism
5
6 removal of water to make polymers out of monomers requires an input of Energy Enzymes are required in biological systems (no enzyme = no polymerization) anabolism building!
7 water is removed a covalent bond forms a dehydration synthesis requires ENERGY to make the bond
8 converts polymers to monomers Releases Energy Enzymes used for most reactions Catabolism breaking down
9 polymers are disassembled by Hydrolysis energy is released when bond is broken water added covalent bond broken
10 In your notes, construct T-chart and contrast condensation with hydrolysis Contrast using at least 3 characteristics for each
11
12 the building blocks of organisms BIOMOLECULE MONOMER POLYMER carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide lipid fatty acid & glycerol triglyceride nucleic acid nucleotide DNA or RNA protein Amino acid Polypeptide (protein) The large molecules (biomolecules OR polymers) are formed when smaller building blocks (monomers) bond covalently.
13 main characteristics: Made up of: C, H, and O Function Main function key source of immediate Energy Other structural Examples: sugars, starch, cellulose, glycogen chitin
14 Monomer - Monosaccharide ( ex. Glucose or fructose) main source of Energy in cells Disaccharide (glucose + fructose = sucrose) Polymer- Polysaccharide
15 Formation of a disaccharide condensation reaction removal of water, requires energy (dehydration synthesis)
16 Importance of GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 O 6 required molecule for cellular respiration - very important cellular function!!
17 consists entirely of glucose monomers serves as a glucose storage molecule
18 Formation of a polysaccharide stored in plants used for structure stored in muscles and liver
19 Carbohydrates are stored in the muscle and the liver as GLYCOGEN. This can quickly be converted into glucose and used as ENERGY in the Muscles.
20 Carbohydrates are used in plants as CELLULOSE. It is used to construct the plant cell walls. most abundant organic compound on earth predominant component of plant cell walls most organisms cannot digest cellulose why?
21 example -- Chitin exoskeleton of insects, spiders and crustaceans
22 Use your chart as a guide
23 the building blocks of organisms BIOMOLECULE MONOMER POLYMER carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide lipid fatty acid & glycerol triglyceride nucleic acid nucleotide DNA or RNA protein Amino acid Polypeptide (protein) The large molecules (biomolecules OR polymers) are formed when smaller building blocks (monomers) bond covalently.
24 (fats) in all the membranes of your body - Contain C, H, O
25 cell membranes
26 + glycerol 3 fatty acid triglyceride
27 nonpolar = insoluble in water nonpolar hydrocarbon chain polar carboxyl group = covalent bond The macromolecules are not polymers by definition (polymers are covalently bonded), but they form large molecules due to Van der Waals forces. an alcohol
28 Main Function: Energy storage Other Regulatory hormones and vitamins Thermal insulator Water repellant Structural
29 C-H bonds = energy rich energy is stored in the C-H bonds fat stores over twice as much energy/gram as carbohydrates
30 There are 2 types of Fat: 1. saturated fats 2. unsaturated fats
31 fatty acids
32 Can t compact to form solid due to double bonds, must stay liquid
33 Causes cancer The trans- fat hype
34 manufactured in the liver important component of membranes Starting material for steroids such as testosterone
35 many steroids are hormones: important molecules that function as chemical signals
36 Anabolic steroids -Derivative of male hormone TESTOSTERONE -Increase protein synthesis in cells increase cellular tissue in muscles - Blocks cortisol (hormone that reduces inflammation in muscle cells, breaks down muscle) receptor sites on muscle cells -In response to more testosterone in body, more cortisol is produced - Decrease the body s natural production of testosterone
37 Anabolic steroid side effects -Once off of anabolic steroids, body has elevated levels of cortisol, therefore muscle is lost fast, levels of natural testosterone are low -Side effects: Liver function lesions, anemia, jaundice Increase cholesterol levels Aggression Depression Structural changes in heart heart disease Female characteristics in males Male characteristics in females In teenagers stunted bone growth Suppresses immune system Acne
38 long-chain nonpolar lipids. protective coating on plant leaves and animals(honeybee wax, cuticules of insects, skin lipids, etc.), algae, fungi and bacteria.
39 Use your chart as a guide
40 the building blocks of organisms BIOMOLECULE MONOMER POLYMER carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide lipid fatty acid & glycerol triglyceride nucleic acid nucleotide DNA or RNA protein Amino acid Polypeptide (protein) polymers are formed when smaller building monomers bond covalently.
41 Phosphate Nitrogenous Base Sugar Each nucleotide consists of (C,H,O,N and P): 1. Phosphate group Phosphorous, Oxygen 2. Pentose sugar Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen 3. Nitrogenous base Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon
42 Pentose Sugar
43 Nitrogenous Base DNA Bases Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil RNA Bases
44 Phosphate bonds to Carbon on Sugar Sugar Phosphate Backbone P P P S S S B B B
45
46 Two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds Certain bases only join with other bases
47 Nitrogenous Base Adenine - Thymine Guanine - Cytosine A T G C
48 nucleotides high energy bonds between phosphate molecules energy used by cells
49 Stores heredity information for all living organisms Sequence of bases on DNA strand determines individual traits
50 RNA is instrumental in the production of PROTEINS
51 Body makes them Any food that was once alive!
52 the building blocks of organisms BIOMOLECULE MONOMER POLYMER carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide lipid fatty acid & glycerol triglyceride Nucleic acid nucleotide DNA or RNA protein Amino acid polypeptide (protein) polymers are formed when smaller building monomers bond covalently.
53 All proteins consist of polymers that are folded into specific shapes Their shape, controls their function
54 Their importance is all in the name: Greek for first place These are very large, 3 dimensional macromolecules. Responsible for almost all functions in a living organism all proteins have C, H, O and N
55 structural molecule in the cell as energy sources **most importantly as enzymes** Spider web silk is a structural protein.
56 Amino acid Polypeptide (protein) Made up of C, H, O and Nitrogen R groups unique side chains
57 - R groups can be any of 20 different forms - 20 different amino acids
58 Amino acids cannot be stored, they must be continually eaten Sources: animal proteins plant proteins
59 10 (of 20) are essential Need Nitrogen from foods to manufacture other amino acids arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
60 amino acid peptide bonds polypeptide
61 Carboxyl group Amino group Carboxyl group group amino
62
63
64 structure of proteins: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
65 "The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain." Amino acids are bound together with a "peptide" bond.
66
67 folding There are two types of secondary structure in proteins, the α-helix and the β-pleated sheet.
68 attraction of the R groups within the same chain can causes the chain to twist into a coil (α helix) held together by hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of the amino acid backbone.
69 Keratin is a structural protein found in hair and nails, skin, and tortoise shells. The a Helix nature of wool is what makes it shrink.
70
71 Caused by hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen atoms (amino group) and the oxygen atoms (carboxyl group) of amino acids on two chains (or more) lying side-by-side.
72
73 Interactions between R groups form ionic, disulfide bridges and hydrogen bonds
74 The strong covalent bonds hold the protein in its specific 3D shape. The 3D shape creates "pockets" or "holes' in the surface of the protein which are very important in enzyme function (as we shall see).
75
76 This last level of organization is simply taking 2 or more tertiary proteins and sticking them together to form a larger protein. Many enzymes and transport proteins are made of two or more parts.
77 Hemoglobin: an oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells which is made of 4 parts.
78
79
80 When a biological reaction occurs, Energy is involved.
81 generally, chemical reactions proceed only after an initial input of energy
82 the amount of Energy needed to start a reaction Activation Energy
83 In non-living systems, HEAT can be used to increase the energy and overcome the activation energy barrier, then the reaction may proceed But. that would kill most living cells
84 Temperature increases ph
85 When heated, proteins can unfold or denature. loss of shape usually means a loss of the protein s function. If the denatured protein is allowed to cool it will sometimes refold back into it s original conformation.
86 So By lowering the activation energy The reaction could proceed with less energy input, thereby preventing harm to organism.
87 Time for reaction to occur Many reactions that occurs in cells takes too long to be useful therefore cells have to speed them up.
88 are biological catalysts Speed up reactions and do so with less energy Are not altered in reaction
89 for example The catalyst increases the rate of the reaction but is not permanently altered in the process
90 All enzymes are proteins But not all proteins are enzymes Catalysts do not cause a reaction that would not happen eventually on its own.
91 Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed, resulting in increasing the rate of reaction.
92 Enzymes are highly specific protein enzymes catalyze a specific reaction each chemical reaction in an organism requires its own specific enzyme
93 Substrate - each chemical that is worked on by an enzyme Active site where substrate and enzyme attach
94 enzymes are named for the substrate they act on OR by the pathways they participate in ase ending
95 Unlocked substrate Locked substrate Key - enzyme
96 enzymes act by: orienting substrates
97 inducing strain temporarily altering the chemistry of the substrate
98 adding charges to substrate
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