GREEN Amino Acids CIR EXPERT PANEL MEETING MARCH 5-6, 2012

Transcription

1 GREEN Amino Acids CIR EXPERT PANEL MEETING MARCH 5-6, 2012

2 Memorandum To: From: CIR Expert Panel Members and Liaisons Christina L. Burnett Scientific Writer/Analyst Date: January 23, 2012 Subject: Draft Report on Amino Acids In September 2011, CIR issued the Scientific Literature Review (SLR) for amino acids. As the strategy was developed for how to approach this safety assessment, the Panel s recommendation was to rely heavily on the GRAS direct food additive status of many of these common amino acids to demonstrate the absence of significant oral toxicity --- and to do this safety assessment first, as a prelude to considering ingredients that contain amino acids and various protein hydrolysates. That is the approach we have taken. As a result, the draft report for amino acids is limited to the common amino acids and emphasizes available information on adverse reactions to dermal exposures. In the SLR, data were requested on any possible reactions that may occur in individuals with sensitivities to phenylalanine and monosodium glutamate following dermal exposure. No such data were received. Since the September announcement, the Personal Care Products Council (Council) has provided comments on the report, which have been considered, and method of manufacturing and HRIPT data which have been incorporated. The comments and the data are in the panel book so that you can see what was provided. According to the FDA s VCRP database, arginine has the most reported uses in cosmetic and personal care products, with a total of 440; 328 of those uses are in leave-on formulations. Glycine has the second greatest number of overall uses reported, with a total of 323; 221 of those uses are in leave-on formulations. No uses were reported to the VCRP for sodium aspartate, dipotassium aspartate, calcium aspartate, calcium glycinate, or magnesium glycinate. In the Council s use concentration survey, arginine had a wide maximum use concentration range of 2.0 x 10-5 to 18%, with the 18% reported in paste masks and mud packs. Glycine also had a wide maximum use concentration range of 5.0 x 10-4 to 4%, with the 4% reported in hair dyes and non-spray deodorants. No use concentrations were reported for asparagine, sodium aspartate, dipotassium aspartate, calcium aspartate, sodium glycinate, and magnesium glycinate. If no further data are needed, the Panel should issue a Tentative Report.

3 4Svvo -çc4&s Distributed for comment -- Do not cite or quote SAFETY ASSESSMENT FLOW CHART Draft Priority Draft Priority iiii Report 60 day public comment period Draft Amended Tentative Report Tentative Report Tentative Amended Report Draft Amended Final Report Difft. Conci. Final Report *The CIR Staff notifies of the public of the decision not to re-open the report and prepares a draft statement for review by the Panel. After Panel review, the statement Is issued to the Public. * *lf Draft Amended Report (DAR) is available, the Panel may choose to review; if not, CIR staff prepares DAR for Panel Review. ZZJ Expert Panel Decision Document for Panel Review Option for Re-review CIR Panel Book Page 1

4 Amino Acids History September 2011 Scientific Literature Review announced. Pre-December 2011 CIR Staff decided not to present the Draft Report to the CIR Panel at the December 2011 Panel Meeting in order to allow the Industry to finish conducting their concentration of use survey. CIR Panel Book Page 2

5 Amino Acids Data Profile* March 2012 Writer, Christina Burnett Reported Use Chemical Properties Irritation/ Sensitization - Animal Irritation/ Sensitization - Clinical Ocular/ Mucousal Alanine X X X Arginine X X X X X Arginine HCl X X Asparagine X X Aspartic Acid X X Calcium Aspartate Dipotassium Aspartate Magnesium Aspartate X Potassium Aspartate X Sodium Aspartate Cysteine X X X Cysteine HCl X X X Cystine X X Glutamic Acid X X X X Sodium Glutamate X Glutamine X X Glycine X X X X Calcium Glycinate X Magnesium Glycinate Sodium Glycinate X Histidine X X X Histidine HCl X X X Isoleucine X X Leucine X X Lysine X X X Lysine HCl X X Methionine X X X X Phenylalanine X X X Proline X X Serine X X X Threonine X X Tryptophan X X Tyrosine X X X Valine X X * X indicates that data were available in a category for the ingredient 1 CIR Panel Book Page 3

6 SEARCH STRATEGY FOR AMINO ACIDS (Performed by Christina Burnett) August/September 2011: SCIFINDER search for under the answer set for Amino Acids GRAS (42 substances): - Initial search for adverse effect, including toxicity yielded 24,960 references. - Limited search to books, clinical trials, commentary, conference, editorial, historical, journals, preprints, reports, and reviews; 23,955 references came back. o Limited search to irritation, 127 references came back. o Limited search to dermal, 70 references came back. Search Terms TOXLINE (excluding PUBMED PUBMED, English only) Aug/Sept 2011 Amino Acids 25,000 (limit) 759,948 Amino Acids NOT diet 25,000 (limit) 733,770 L-Amino Acids 12, Amino Acids AND dermal Amino Acids AND irritation Alanine AND dermal Arginine AND dermal Asparagine AND dermal 0 4 Aspartic Acid AND dermal 1 48 Cysteine AND dermal 176 Cystine AND dermal 0 3 Glutamic Acid AND dermal 0 Glutamine AND dermal 0 16 Glycine AND dermal Histidine AND dermal 4 32 Isoleucine AND dermal 0 8 Leucine AND dermal 6 61 Lysine AND dermal Methionine AND dermal 4 84 Phenylalanine AND dermal 0 67 Proline AND dermal 6 4 Serine AND dermal Threonine AND dermal Tryptophan AND dermal 6 48 Tyrosine AND dermal Valine AND dermal 4 12 Total references ordered: 44 CIR Panel Book Page 4

7 Report

8 Draft Safety Assessment Amino Acids as Used in Cosmetics March 5, 2012 All interested persons are provided 60 days from the above date to comment on this Draft Report and to identify additional published data that should be included or provide unpublished data which can be made public and included. Information may be submitted without identifying the source or the trade name of the cosmetic product containing the ingredient. All unpublished data submitted to CIR will be discussed in open meetings, will be available at the CIR office for review by any interested party and may be cited in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Please submit data, comments, or requests to the CIR Director, Dr. F. Alan Andersen. The 2012 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Director is F. Alan Andersen, Ph.D. This report was prepared by Christina L. Burnett, Scientific Analyst/Writer, and Bart Heldreth, Ph.D., Chemist CIR. Cosmetic Ingredient Review th Street, NW, Suite 412 " Washington, DC " ph " fax " cirinfo@cir-safety.org CIR Panel Book Page 5

9 Table of Contents Introduction... 1 Chemistry... 1 Method of Manufacturing... 2 Impurities... 2 Use... 2 Cosmetic... 2 Non Cosmetic... 3 Toxicological Studies... 3 Enzyme Regulation... 3 Irritation and Sensitization... 3 Irritation... 3 Dermal Non Human... 3 Ocular Non Human... 3 Sensitization... 3 Dermal Non Human... 3 Dermal Human... 4 Phototoxicity... 5 Amino Acid Analogs... 5 Summary... 5 Tables and Figures... 6 References CIR Panel Book Page 6

10 INTRODUCTION Amino acids and their salts are widely used as cosmetic ingredients, and function primarily as hair conditioning agents and skin conditioning agents (humectant and miscellaneous). The 21 most common naturally occurring amino acids also are building blocks to proteins. As such, amino acids are critical to life and metabolic function. Eight of these amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine, are both essential and must be obtained through nutrients as they cannot be synthesized. Because amino acids are present in all living organisms and their general biology is well characterized, they are not considered to pose any significant safety concern following oral exposure, except to individuals with certain genetic disorders.. Accordingly, this safety assessment focuses on the basic chemistry, uses as cosmetic ingredients, and, because of the importance for products that will be applied to the skin, addresses all irritation and sensitization data available on these 21 amino acids and their simple salts.. The full list of ingredients in this report is found in Table 1. With the exception of glycine and methionine, the naturally occurring amino acids are all α-amino acids, with S-stereochemistry (commonly referred to as L- ) at the α-carbon. The L- amino acids are considered Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) direct food additives by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thus oral toxicity was not a focus for these ingredients in this assessment. CHEMISTRY The definition and structure of these ingredients are presented in Table 2, and available information on the physical and chemical properties of amino acids and their salts are presented in Table 3. The generic term amino acid is commonly considered shorthand for α-amino acid. This designates a carboxylic acid with an amine group on the immediately adjacent (α) carbon. Figure 1. α-amino acids The natural amino acids, those that play an important role in human biochemistry, are all α-amino acids, with S-stereochemistry (commonly referred to as L- ) at the α-carbon (except glycine and methionine). Glycine is achiral (no stereochemistry). Methionine is the one natural amino acid to also play an important role in human biochemistry with an R-stereogenic carbon (commonly referred to as D- ). Additionally, all of the natural amino acids contain primary amines (i.e. acids with an NH 2 group pendant from the α-carbon), except proline, which is a secondary amine. O O O H 3 C S OH H 3 C S OH OH NH 2 NH 2 NH 2 o amine Glycine is achiral Methionine is commonly found in the L- and D-forms Proline is a secondary amine Figure 2. Exceptions in natural amino acid chirality and amine substitution Cysteine and cystine are related as thiol (mercaptan) and the disulfide (thiol dimer) of said thiol, respectively. These two molecules play major roles in reversible cellular redox chemistry and can serve a similar function in hairdressings, such as permanent waves. 1 CIR Panel Book Page 7

11 Figure 3. Cysteine/Cystine redox chemistry Method of Manufacturing In a test sample, L-arginine was produced from the fermentation of unspecified sugars. 1 L-glutamic acid is reported to be produced from the fermentation of sugarcane. 2 One supplier that reported the sale of D-glutamic acid to the cosmetics industry states that racemization of L-glutamic acid results in the production of D-glutamic acid. Impurities A supplier to the cosmetics industry reported that D-glutamic acid has not more than 0.3% methanol. 2 USE Cosmetic The amino acids and the salts discussed in this safety assessment function primarily as hair conditioning agents and skin conditioning agents (humectant and miscellaneous) in cosmetic formulations. 3 Additional functions may include the use as oral care agents (arginine), antioxidants (cysteine and cysteine HCl), hair waving/straightening agents (cysteine and cysteine HCl), reducing agents (cysteine and cysteine HCl), fragrance ingredients (cystine), buffering agents (glycine and its calcium and magnesium salts), and ph adjusters (glycine and its calcium and magnesium salts). Table 4 presents the current product formulation data for amino acids. According to information supplied to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by industry as part of the Voluntary Cosmetic Registration Program (VCRP), arginine has the most reported uses in cosmetic and personal care products, with a total of 440; 328 of those uses are in leave-on formulations. 4 Glycine has the second greatest number of overall uses reported, with a total of 323; 221 of those uses are in leave-on formulations. No uses were reported to the VCRP for sodium aspartate, dipotassium aspartate, calcium aspartate, calcium glycinate, or magnesium glycinate. In a recent survey of use concentrations, arginine had a maximum use concentration range of 2.0 x 10-5 to 18%, with the 18% reported in paste masks and mud packs. 5 Glycine had a maximum use concentration range of 5.0 x 10-4 to 4%, with the 4% reported in hair dyes and non-spray deodorants. No use concentrations were reported for asparagine, sodium aspartate, dipotassium aspartate, calcium aspartate, sodium glycinate, and magnesium glycinate. Products containing amino acids are reported to be used on baby skin, may be applied to the eye area or mucous membranes, or could be incidentally ingested. Additionally, amino acids are used in cosmetic sprays, including hair, deodorant, and other propellant and pump spray products, and could possibly be inhaled. In practice, 95% to 99% of the droplets/particles released from cosmetic sprays have aerodynamic equivalent diameters >10 µm, with propellant sprays yielding a greater fraction of droplets/particles <10 µm compared with pump sprays. 6,7 Therefore, most droplets/particles incidentally inhaled from cosmetic sprays would be deposited in the nasopharyngeal and thoracic regions of the respiratory tract and would not be respirable (ie, able to enter the lungs) to any appreciable amount. 8,9 However, the potential for inhalation toxicity is not limited to respirable droplets/particles deposited in the lungs. Inhaled droplets/particles deposited in the nasopharyngeal and thoracic regions may cause toxic effects depending on their chemical and other properties. 2 CIR Panel Book Page 8

12 The European Commission s Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) concluded that the risk of exposure to viruses, such as avian influenza virus or papillomavirus, is negligible through topical application of cosmetic products containing amino acids that are obtained from hydrolysis of human hair or chicken feathers. 10 Non-Cosmetic The FDA approved the use of amino acids as food additives in the free, hydrated or anhydrous forms or as the hydrochloride, sodium or potassium salts (21 CFR ). In addition to food additives and supplements, amino acids also may be used in the production of pesticides. 11,12 TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES The amino acids in this assessment are found in the foods we consume daily, and the daily exposure from food use would result in a much larger systemic dose than that resulting from use in cosmetic products. Numerous studies and reviews have been published in the literature regarding the safety of dietary exposure to amino acids, including a review by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) that summarized studies on oral acute and chronic exposure/carcinogenicity studies and genotoxicity and found no safety concerns with regards to these substances at the amounts they are used in flavoring agents. 13 Also, as noted earlier, the L- amino acids are considered Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in direct food additives by the FDA. Consequently, the systemic toxicity potential is not addressed further in this report. The safety focus of use of these amino acids as cosmetic ingredients is on the potential for irritation and sensitization. Enzyme Regulation Because keratinocytes play a role in dermal sensitization reactions, it may be informative that in an in vitro study using human keratinocytes, continuous application of arginine (L-) at concentrations of mmol/l was found to increase endogenous intrakeratinocytic urea synthesis through increased activity of keratinocytic arginase. 14 IRRITATION AND SENSITIZATION Irritation Dermal Non-Human ARGININE In a Draize test in 4 male New Zealand albino rabbits, 5% L-arginine in distilled water was nonirritating. 15 CYSTEINE HCL Cysteine HCl up to 500 mm was used as a negative control in an in vitro assay to predict potential skin irritants. 16 METHIONINE Methionine up to 500 mm was used as a negative control in an in vitro assay to predict potential skin irritants. 16 Ocular Non-Human ARGININE L-Arginine at a concentration of 5% in distilled water was determined to be nonirritating to rabbit eyes in a Draize test using 4 male New Zealand albino rabbits. 15 Sensitization Dermal Non-Human ARGININE In an efficacy study of a wound dressing composed of a hyaluronic acid sponge containing g arginine (final concentrations not specified), the amino acid did not produce any adverse effects in Sprague-Dawley rats. 17 A maximization test of 5% L-arginine in distilled water was negative for skin sensitization in 10 female Dunkin-Hartley albino guinea pigs. 15 CYSTEINE Cysteine up to a concentration of 13% did not produce adverse effects in albino guinea pigs in efficacy studies of this amino acid for the treatment of sesquiterpene lactone-induced acute contact dermatitis. 18,19 GLUTAMIC ACID Glutamic acid (concentrations not specified) was used as a negative control in a cell-based in vitro alternative to identify skin sensitizers. 20,21 3 CIR Panel Book Page 9

13 GLYCINE Glycine at 1 mmol/l in 50% ethanol, when used as a topical-barrier recovery-accelerator in a mouse skin model for chronic eczematous dermatitis, did not produce adverse effects. 22 Dermal Human ALANINE In a human repeat insult patch test (HRIPT) conducted using 104 subjects, 0.04% alanine in a face and neck product tested at 100% under semi-occlusive conditions did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 ARGININE In the HRIPT study of a face and neck product described above, 0.15% arginine did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 A HRIPT of the potential of 1.1% arginine to induce contact sensitization was conducted using 105 subjects. 24 The subjects received 0.2 g applications of a mascara. Induction applications were made to the infrascapular region of the back with a 1 in 2 pad portion of an adhesive dressing. The test sites were semi-occluded. The patches were removed after 24 h and there were 9 consecutive applications. Following a 2 week non-treatment period, the challenge application was applied to a previously untreated site for 24 h, and the site was scored 24 and 72 h after patch removal. No skin reactions were observed in the induction or challenge phases. The study concluded that there was no evidence of sensitization to a mascara containing 1.1% arginine. In a HRIPT conducted using 56 subjects, 1% arginine in a face and neck product tested at 100% under semi-occlusive conditions did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 In another HRIPT of a face and neck product at 100% under semi-occlusive conditions, 0.025% arginine was not an irritant or sensitizer in 102 subjects. 23 Arginine at 0.27% in a suntan product tested at 100% under occlusive conditions did not produce signs of irriation or sensitization in 104 subjects. 23 GLUTAMIC ACID In the HRIPT study of 104 subjects using a face and neck product that is described above, 0.01% glutamic acid did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 GLYCINE The potential of 2.784% glycine to induce dermal irritation and contact sensitization was studied in108 subjects. 25 The subjects received an unreported amount of an A/P roll-on. Induction applications were made to the infrascapular region of the back and the test sites were semi-occluded. The patches were removed after 24 h and there were 9 consecutive applications. Following 2 week non-treatment period, the challenge application was applied to a previously untreated site for 24 h, and the site was scored 48 and 72 h after application. During the induction phase, several subjects had a single incidence of a + reaction that was not observed in subsequent patches. No reactions were observed in the challenge phase. The study concluded that there was no evidence that the A/P roll-on containing 2.784% glycine elicited dermal irritation or sensitization. In the HRIPT of 102 subjects with a face and neck product that is described above, 0.025% glycine was not an irritant or a sensitizer. 23 HISTIDINE In the HRIPT study of 104 subjects using a face and neck product that is described above, 0.05% histidine did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 HISTIDINE HCL In the study above that describes a HRIPT of a suntan product in 104 subjects, 0.07% histidine HCl did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 LYSINE In the HRIPT study of 104 subjects using a face and neck product that is described above, 0.01% lysine did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 METHIONINE In the HRIPT of 102 subjects with a face and neck product that is described above, 0.005% methionine was not an irritant or a sensitizer. 23 PHENYLALANINE Phenylalanine at 0.03% in the HRIPT of a suntan product that is described above did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 SERINE In the HRIPT study of 104 subjects using a face and neck product that is described above, 013% serine did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 TYROSINE 4 CIR Panel Book Page 10

14 Tyrosine at 0.03% in the HRIPT of a suntan product that is described above did not produce signs of irritation or sensitization. 23 Phototoxicity HISTIDINE In several validation studies for in vitro phototoxicity assays, histidine up to a concentration of 10% was used as a negative control. 26,27 AMINO ACID ANALOGS Glyphosate, an aminophosphonic analog of glycine, is a non-selective herbicide that has very low acute dermal toxicity in animals (>2000 mg/kg bw). 11 Dermal penetration in in vitro human skin samples and in vivo monkey studies was very low. 28 Skin contact can cause irritation and contact dermatitis; however, these effects are probably due to preservatives or co-formulants and not to glyphosate itself. 11 Ocular exposure may cause mild conjunctivitis and superficial corneal injury. SUMMARY Amino acids are critical to life and metabolic function. Because amino acids are present in all living organisms, they are not considered to pose any significant safety concern following oral exposure, except to individuals with certain genetic disorders, and their general biology is well characterized. The amino acids and their salts are used primarily as hair conditioning agents and skin conditioning agents in cosmetic formulations. Arginine has the most reported uses in cosmetic and personal care products, with a total of 440. The maximum use concentration range for arginine is 2.0 x 10-5 to 18%. Glycine has the second greatest number of overall uses reported, with a total of 323, and has a maximum use concentration range of 5.0 x 10-4 to 4%. The European Commission s SCCP concluded that the risk of exposure to viruses, such as avian influenza virus or papillomavirus, is negligible through topical application of cosmetic products containing amino acids that are obtained from hydrolysis of human hair or chicken feathers. The L- amino acids are considered Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in direct food additives by the FDA. In addition to food additives and supplements, amino acids may be used in the production of pesticides. An in vitro study using human keratinocytes found that continuous application of arginine (L-) increased endogenous intrakeratinocytic urea synthesis through increased activity of keratinocytic arginase. Cysteine HCl and methionine were used as negative controls in in vitro assays to predict potential skin irritants. In separate efficacy studies, arginine and cysteine did not produce any adverse effects in rats or guinea pigs. Glutamic acid was used as a negative control in an in vitro study to identify skin sensitizers. Glycine, when used as a topical-barrier recovery-accelerator in a mouse skin model for chronic eczematous dermatitis, did not produce adverse effects. A HRIPT study concluded that there was no evidence of sensitization to a mascara containing 1.1% arginine in 105 subjects. Another HRIPT study concluded that there was no evidence that the A/P roll-on containing 2.784% glycine elicited dermal irritation or sensitization. In several validation studies for in vitro phototoxicity assays, histidine was used as a negative control. The herbicide glyphosate, an aminophosphonic analog of glycine, has very low acute dermal toxicity in animals and very low dermal penetration in in vitro human skin samples and in vivo monkey studies was very low. Irritation and contact dermatitis that have been observed in case studies may be due to preservatives or coformulants in glyphosate products. Ocular exposure may cause mild conjunctivitis and superficial corneal injury. 5 CIR Panel Book Page 11

15 TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. Amino acids and related simple salts. Alanine Arginine Arginine HCl Asparagine Aspartic Acid Sodium Aspartate Potassium Aspartate Dipotassium Aspartate Calcium Aspartate Magnesium Aspartate Cysteine Cysteine HCl Cystine Glutamic Acid Sodium Glutamate Glutamine Glycine Sodium Glycinate Calcium Glycinate Magnesium Glycinate Histidine Histidine HCl Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Lysine HCl Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine 6 CIR Panel Book Page 12

16 OHClAsparagine Distributed for comment -- Do not cite or quote Table 2. Definitions, functions, and idealized structures of alpha-amino acid ingredients in this safety assessment. Although the amino acids are typically zwitter-ionic in situ, the acid and base groups are drawn uncharged for simplicity (except in the case of salts). Ingredient CAS No. Definition Formula/structure Alanine Alanine is the α-methyl substituted amino acid of proteins. Arginine Arginine is the α-guanidinylpropyl substituted amino acid of proteins. Arginine HCl Arginine HCl is the hydrochloride salt of Arginine. NH O H 2 N N H Asparagine is the α-acetamidyl substituted amino acid of proteins. NH (monohydrate) Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid is the α-acetic acid substituted amino acid of proteins. Sodium Aspartate Sodium Aspartate is the monosodium salt of Aspartic Acid. Potassium Aspartate Potassium Aspartate is the monopotassium salt of Aspartic Acid. 7 CIR Panel Book Page 13

17 Table 2. Definitions, functions, and idealized structures of alpha-amino acid ingredients in this safety assessment. Although the amino acids are typically zwitter-ionic in situ, the acid and base groups are drawn uncharged for simplicity (except in the case of salts). Ingredient CAS No. Definition Formula/structure Dipotassium Aspartate Dipotassium Aspartate is the dipotassium salt of Aspartic Acid. Calcium Aspartate Calcium Aspartate is the calcium salt of Aspartic Acid. Magnesium Aspartate Magnesium Aspartate is the magnesium salt of Aspartic Acid. Cysteine Cysteine is the α-mercaptomethyl (α-thiomethyl) substituted amino acid of proteins. Cysteine HCl Cysteine HCl is the hydrochloride salt of Cysteine. Cystine Cystine is the disulfide (thiol dimer) of Cysteine. 8 CIR Panel Book Page 14

18 Table 2. Definitions, functions, and idealized structures of alpha-amino acid ingredients in this safety assessment. Although the amino acids are typically zwitter-ionic in situ, the acid and base groups are drawn uncharged for simplicity (except in the case of salts). Ingredient CAS No. Definition Formula/structure Glutamic Acid Glutamic Acid is the α-propionic acid substituted amino acid of proteins Sodium Glutamate (hydrate) Sodium Glutamate (MSG) is the monosodium salt of Glutamic Acid. O O HO O Na + NH 2 Glutamine Glutamine is the α-propanamidyl substituted amino acid of proteins. O O H 2 N OH Glycine NH 2 Glycine is the α-unsubstituted amino acid of proteins. Glycine is the only α-amino acid of proteins without a stereocenter. O Sodium Glycinate Sodium Glycinate is the sodium salt of Glycine. H 2 N O OH Calcium Glycinate Calcium Glycinate is the calcium salt of Glycine. H 2 N O - Na + O H 2 N Ca O - Glycinate Glycinate is the magnesium salt of Glycine. 2Magnesium O H 2 N Mg 2 O - CIR Panel Book Page 15

19 ClDistributed for comment -- Do not cite or quote Table 2. Definitions, functions, and idealized structures of alpha-amino acid ingredients in this safety assessment. Although the amino acids are typically zwitter-ionic in situ, the acid and base groups are drawn uncharged for simplicity (except in the case of salts). Ingredient CAS No. Definition Formula/structure Histidine Histidine is the α-imidazolemethyl substituted amino acid of proteins. O N OH Histidine HCl (hydrate) Histidine HCl is the hydrochloride salt of Histidine. HN NH 2 O N Isoleucine is the α-((s)-sec-butyl) substituted amino acid of proteins. HN CH 3 NH 3 O OHClIsoleucine OH CH 3 NH 2 Leucine Leucine is the α-isobutyl substituted amino acid of proteins. O H 3 C OH Lysine Lysine is the α-(4-amino-n-butyl) substituted amino acid of proteins. CH 3 NH 2 O H 2 N OH NH 2 Lysine HCl Lysine HCl is the hydrochloride salt of Lysine. O H 2 N OH NH 3 10 CIR Panel Book Page 16

20 Table 2. Definitions, functions, and idealized structures of alpha-amino acid ingredients in this safety assessment. Although the amino acids are typically zwitter-ionic in situ, the acid and base groups are drawn uncharged for simplicity (except in the case of salts). Ingredient CAS No. Definition Formula/structure Methionine Methionine is the α-methylmercaptopropyl (α-methylthiopropyl) substituted amino acid of proteins (DL) Phenylalanine Phenylalanine is the α-benzyl substituted amino acid of proteins. O OH NH 2 Proline Proline is the α-pyrrolidine substituted amino acid of proteins. Proline is the only α-amino acid of proteins wherein the α-amine is secondary. O OH Serine Serine is the α-hydroxymethyl substituted amino acid of proteins. NH O HO OH NH 2 Threonine Threonine is the α-((r)-1-hydroxy-1-ethyl) substituted amino acid of proteins. Tryptophan Tryptophan is the α-indolemethyl substituted amino acid of proteins. O OH HN NH 2 11 CIR Panel Book Page 17

21 Table 2. Definitions, functions, and idealized structures of alpha-amino acid ingredients in this safety assessment. Although the amino acids are typically zwitter-ionic in situ, the acid and base groups are drawn uncharged for simplicity (except in the case of salts). Ingredient CAS No. Definition Formula/structure Tyrosine Tyrosine is the α-(p-hydroxybenzyl) substituted amino acid of proteins O OH Valine Valine is the α-isopropyl substituted amino acid of proteins. HO CH 3 NH 2 O H 3 C OH NH 2 12 CIR Panel Book Page 18

22 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Property Value Reference Alanine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg 76.7 Density/Specific Gravity Merck Vapor pressure 25 o C Boiling Point o mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C Merck Other Solubility Insol in ether Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck Arginine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg 1.46 Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 2.08E-6 Boiling Point o mmhg Water Solubility Freely sol in water Merck Other Solubility Sparingly sol in alc. Insol in ether Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk ; pk Merck Arginine HCl Physical Form Prisms Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Water Solubility Freely sol in water Merck Other Solubility Slightly sol in hot alc. Merck 13 CIR Panel Book Page 19

23 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Asparagine Physical Form Crystals Merck Color White Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg 94.0 Density/Specific Gravity Merck Vapor pressure 25 o C 6.74E-9 Melting Point o C Merck Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility Sol in water Merck Other Solubility Sol in acids and alkalies. Practically insol in methanol, Merck ethanol, ether, benzene log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck Aspartic Acid Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg 87.8 Density/Specific Gravity Merck Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 2.89E-3 Melting Point o C Merck Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 20 o C 4.5 Merck Other Solubility Sol in dilute sol of mineral acids, alkalies.. Practically insol in alc Merck and ether log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb pk ; pk ; pk Merck Cysteine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg 90.7 Density/Specific Gravity g?cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Boiling Point o 760 mmhg 3.9 Water Solubility Freely sol in water Merck Freely sol in alc., acetic acid, ammonia. Insol in ether, acetone, Other Solubility ethyl acetate, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tet. log 25 o C Merck Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk ; pk Merck 14 CIR Panel Book Page 20

24 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Cysteine HCl Physical Form Crystals or crystalline powder Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Water Solubility Sol in water Merck Other Solubility Sol in alc and acetone. Merck Cystine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 4.62E-10 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C Merck Other Solubility o C & ph Insol in alc. Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, 35 o C Glutamic Acid pk 1 1; pk 2 2.1; pk ; pk Merck Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity Merck Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 2.55E-5 Melting Point o C 160 Merck Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C 8.64 Merck Other Solubility Insol in methanol, ethanol, ether, acetone, glacial acetic acid, and Merck neutral solvents. log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk ; pk Merck 15 CIR Panel Book Page 21

25 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Glutamine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 /mol 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 3.50E-9 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 30 o C & ph 48.1 Merck Practically insol in methanol, Other Solubility ethanol, ether, benzene, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform log 25 o C Merck Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck Glycine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg 59.8 Density/Specific Gravity Merck Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C 250 Merck Other Solubility Practically insol in ether Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck Histidine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 3.25E-9 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C 41.9 Merck Other Solubility Insol in neutral solvents. Merck log o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk ; pk Merck 16 CIR Panel Book Page 22

26 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Histidine HCl Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Water Solubility Fairly sol Merck Other Solubility Insol in alc, ether Merck Isoleucine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Merck Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 23.7 o C Merck Other Solubility Sparingly sol in hot alc and hot aceteic acid. Insol in ether. log 25 o C Merck Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck Leucine Physical Form Crystals Merck Color White Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity 1.3 Merck Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C & ph Merck Other Solubility Insol in ether Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, 25 o C pk ; pk CIR Panel Book Page 23

27 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Lysine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 o C & 760 mmhg 1.9 Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 1.23E-4 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility Freely sol Merck Other Solubility Insol in neutral solvents. Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk ; pk Merck Lysine HCl Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Melting Point o C Merck Methionine (L-) Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 1.70E-4 Melting Point o C Merck Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility Sol Merck Other Solubility Insol in ether, benzene, acetone Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, 25 o C pk ; pk Methionine (DL-) Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Molecular Volume cm 3 /mol 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 1.70E-4 Boiling Point o mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C 33.8 Merck Other Solubility Sol in dil acids, alkalies, Slightly sol in alc. Insol in ether. Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck 18 CIR Panel Book Page 24

28 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Phenylalanine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg 3.13E-4 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C.6 Merck Other Solubility o C & ph Slightly sol in methanol, ethanol Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck Proline Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg 96.9 Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 6.15E-3 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C 1623 Merck Other Solubility Insol in ether, butanol, isopropanol. log 25 o C Merck Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck Serine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg 74.2 Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 7.17E-8 Boiling Point o mmhg Water Solubility Sol Merck Other Solubility Insol in neutral solvents. Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk CIR Panel Book Page 25

29 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Threonine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg 91.1 Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg o C Vapor pressure mmhg 3.77E-6 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility Freely sol Merck Other Solubility Insol in neutral solvents. Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb pk ; pk Merck Tryptophan Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity g/cm 20 o C & 760 mmhg Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 8.30E-9 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C & ph g/l Merck Other Solubility o C & ph Sol in hot alc and alkali hydroxides. Insol in chloroform. Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, o C pk ; pk Merck Tyrosine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity Merck Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C 1.27E-6 Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C Merck Other Solubility Sol in alkaline soln. Insol in neutral solvents. Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk ; pk Merck 20 CIR Panel Book Page 26

30 Table 3. Physical and chemical properties. Valine Physical Form Crystals Merck Molecular Weight g/mol Merck Molecular Volume cm 3 20 o C & 760 mmhg Density/Specific Gravity Merck Vapor pressure mmhg@ 25 o C Melting Point o C 315 Merck Boiling Point o 760 mmhg Water Solubility 25 o C 57.4 Merck Other Solubility Insol in neutral solvents. Merck log 25 o C Disassociation constants (pka, pkb) pk ; pk Merck 21 CIR Panel Book Page 27

31 Table 4. Frequency and concentration of use according to duration and type of exposure 4,5 # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) Alanine a Arginine Arginine HCl Totals* x Duration of Use Leave-On x Rinse-Off x Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR 5 NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR 3.0x10-7 ; 0.2; aerosols; NR aerosols; pump pumps sprays 6 NR Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR NR NR NR NR Dermal Contact x Deodorant (underarm) NR NR NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring x Hair-Coloring NR NR NR Nail NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR Baby Products NR NR NR NR NR NR Asparagine Aspartic Acid b Potassium Aspartate Totals* 9 NR Duration of Use Leave-On 4 NR Rinse Off 5 NR Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR NR NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area NR NR NR NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR NR NR aerosols NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR NR NR NR Dermal Contact 3 NR Deodorant (underarm) NR NR NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring 6 NR Hair-Coloring NR NR NR NR NR NR Nail NR NR NR NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR NR NR Baby Products NR NR NR NR NR Magnesium Aspartate Cysteine c Cysteine HCl d Totals* Duration of Use Leave-On Rinse-Off Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR NR NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area NR NR NR NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR 0.05 NR NR Dermal Contact NR Deodorant (underarm) NR NR NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring Hair-Coloring NR NR NR NR 1 NR Nail NR NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR NR NR Baby Products NR NR NR NR NR 22 CIR Panel Book Page 28

32 Table 4. Frequency and concentration of use according to duration and type of exposure 4,5 # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) Cystine Glutamic Acid e Sodium Glutamate Totals Duration of Use Leave-On Rinse Off Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR NR 0.1 NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area NR NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR NR 0.2 Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR NR NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Aerosol NR NR NR NR NR NR Dermal Contact Deodorant (underarm) NR NR NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring NR 1 Hair-Coloring NR NR NR 0.01 Nail NR NR NR NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR Baby Products NR NR NR NR NR NR Glutamine f Glycine Sodium Glycinate Totals* NR Duration of Use Leave-On NR NR Rinse-Off NR Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area 1 NR NR NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR NR aerosols; NR NR pump sprays Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR 1 NR NR NR Dermal Contact NR NR Deodorant (underarm) NR NR (not spray) NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring 2 NR NR NR Hair-Coloring NR NR NR NR Nail NR NR NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR NR NR Baby Products NR NR 1 NR NR NR Calcium Glycinate Histidine Histidine HCl g Totals* NR Duration of Use Leave-On NR Rinse-Off NR NR NR NR Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR NR NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area NR NR 2 NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR NR NR aerosols; pump sprays NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR NR NR NR NR Dermal Contact NR Deodorant (underarm) NR 3 (not spray) NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring NR NR NR NR Hair-Coloring NR NR NR NR NR NR Nail NR NR NR NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR NR NR Baby Products NR NR NR NR NR NR 23 CIR Panel Book Page

33 Table 4. Frequency and concentration of use according to duration and type of exposure 4,5 # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) Isoleucine h Leucine i Lysine j Totals* x Duration of Use Leave-On Rinse-Off NR x Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR NR NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area 1 NR NR NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR aerosols NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR NR NR NR NR Dermal Contact x Deodorant (underarm) NR NR NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring NR Hair-Coloring NR NR NR NR NR NR Nail NR NR NR NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR NR Baby Products NR NR NR NR NR NR # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) Lysine HCl k Methionine l Phenylalanine Totals* Duration of Use Leave-On Rinse-Off Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR 1 NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area NR NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray 1 NR NR NR NR aerosols Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR NR NR NR NR Dermal Contact Deodorant (underarm) NR NR NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring Hair-Coloring NR NR NR NR NR NR Nail NR NR NR NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR NR Baby Products NR NR NR NR NR NR # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) Proline m Serine n Threonine o Totals* Duration of Use Leave-On Rinse-Off Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR NR NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area Incidental Ingestion 1 NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR aerosols NR 0.08; aerosols NR aerosols Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR 9 NR NR NR Dermal Contact Deodorant (underarm) NR NR NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring Hair-Coloring NR NR NR 0.05 Nail Mucous Membrane 2 NR Baby Products 2 NR 1 NR NR NR 24 CIR Panel Book Page 30

34 Table 4. Frequency and concentration of use according to duration and type of exposure 4,5 # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) # of Uses Max Conc of Use (%) Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine Totals* Duration of Use Leave-On 8 NR Rinse-Off Diluted for (Bath) Use NR NR NR NR NR NR Exposure Type Eye Area NR NR NR Incidental Ingestion NR NR NR NR NR Incidental Inhalation-Spray NR NR 9 NR NR aerosols Incidental Inhalation-Powder NR NR NR 0.05 NR NR Dermal Contact 8 NR Deodorant (underarm) NR NR NR NR NR NR Hair - Non-Coloring Hair-Coloring NR NR NR NR NR NR Nail NR NR NR NR NR NR Mucous Membrane NR NR NR NR NR Baby Products NR NR NR NR NR NR * Because each ingredient may be used in cosmetics with multiple exposure types, the sum of all exposure types my not equal the sum of total uses. NR no reported uses a The VCRP listed separate entries for Alanine and L-Alanine, which have been combined in this table. L-Alanine has a total of 18 uses, 9 in rinse-off products and 9 in leave-on products. 12 uses lead to a dermal exposure, and 6 uses are to hair (non-coloring). b The VCRP listed separate entries for Aspartic Acid and L-Aspartic Acid, which have been combined in this table. L-Aspartic Acid has a total of 3 uses, 2 in rinse-off products and 1 in leave-on products. 1 use leads to a dermal exposure, and 2 uses are to hair (non-coloring). c The VCRP listed separate entries for Cysteine and L-Cysteine, which have been combined in this table. L-Cysteine has a total of 3 uses, all in rinse-off products. 1 use leads to a dermal exposure, and 2 uses are to hair (non-coloring). d The VCRP only listed an entry for L-Cysteine HCl. This data has been combined with the concentration of use data for Cysteine HCl. e The VCRP listed separate entries for Glutamic Acid, DL-Glutamic Acid, and L-Glutamic Acid, which have been combined in this table. DL- Glutamic Acid has a total of 2 uses, all in leave-on products. Both uses are a dermal exposure. L-Glutamic Acid has a total of 14 uses, 8 uses in leave-on products and 6 uses in rinse-off products. 8 uses are a dermal exposure, and 6 uses are to hair (non-coloring). f The VCRP only listed an entry for L-Glutamine. This data has been combined with the concentration of use data for Glutamine. g The VCRP only listed an entry for L-Histidine HCl. This data has been combined with the concentration of use data for Histidine HCl. h The VCRP only listed an entry for L-Isoleucine. This data has been combined with the concentration of use data for Isoleucine. i The VCRP only listed an entry for L-Leucine. This data has been combined with the concentration of use data for Leucine. j The VCRP listed separate entries for Lysine, DL-Lysine, and L-Lysine, which have been combined in this table. DL-Lysine has 1 use in a leave-on product with dermal exposure. L-Lysine has a total of 18 uses, 14 uses in leave-on products and 4 uses in rinse-off products. 1 use is in the eye area, 14 uses are a dermal exposure, and 4 uses are to hair (non-coloring). k The VCRP only listed an entry for L-Lysine HCl. This data has been combined with the concentration of use data for Lysine HCl. l The VCRP listed separate entries for Methionine and L-Methionine, which have been combined in this table. L-Methionine has a total of 2 uses, both in leave-on products with a dermal exposure. m The VCRP listed separate entries for Proline and DL-Proline, which have been combined in this table. DL-Proline has a total of 9 uses, 3 in leave-on products and 6 in rinse-off products. 1 use may lead to incidental ingestion, 1 use may be to the mucous membranes, 2 uses are dermal exposures, and 6 uses are to the hair (coloring). n The VCRP listed separate entries for Serine and L-Serine, which have been combined in this table. L-Serine has a total of 49 uses, 38 in leaveon products and 11in rinse-off products. 2 uses are in the eye area, 1 use is in nail products, 43 uses are dermal exposures, and 5 uses are to hair (non-coloring). o The VCRP listed separate entries for Threonine and L-Threonine, which have been combined in this table. L-Threonine has a total of 8 uses, 6 in leave-on products and 2 in rinse-off products. 6 uses are dermal exposures and 2 are to the hair (non-coloring). 25 CIR Panel Book Page 31

35 References 1. AAD Manufacturing flow diagram for L-Arginine used for the testing. 1 pages. 2. Personal Care Products Council Method of Manufacture and Impurities: D-Glutamic Acid. 1 pages. 3. Gottschalck TE and Bailey JE. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook. 13 ed. Washington, DC: Personal Care Products Council (formerly the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association.), Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Frequency of use of cosmetic ingredients. FDA Database Washington, DC: FDA. 5. Personal Care Products Council Concentration of use by FDA Product Category: Amino Acids. 17 pages. 6. Johnsen MA. The influence of particle size. Spray Technology and Marketing. 2004;November: Rothe H. Special Aspects of Cosmetic Spray Evalulation Bremmer HJ, Prud'homme de Lodder LCH, and Engelen JGM. Cosmetics Fact Sheet: To assess the risks for the consumer; Updated version for ConsExpo Report No. RIVM /2006. pp Rothe H, Fautz R, Gerber E, Neumann L, Rettinger K, Schuh W, and Gronewold C. Special aspects of cosmetic spray safety evaluations: Principles on inhalation risk assessment. Toxicol Lett. 2011;205(2): Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP). Opinion on Amino Acids Obtained by Hydrolysis of Human Hair. European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General Report No. SCCP/0894/ Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, and Vale JA. Glyphosate Poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2004;23(3): Kaloyanova F, Ivanova-Chemishanska L, Zaykov HR, Baynova A, Mihaylova A, Mircheva V, Anton G: Shumkov N, Vergieva T, Halkova ZH, Ilieva P, and Bardarov V. Toxicological evaluation of Agromet (Metalaxyl) preparation. J Hyg Epidemiol Micobiol Immunol. 1991;35(4): Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive. Amino Acids and Related Substances. In: Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants (Sixty-third meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization Date Accessed Report No. 54. pp Wohlrab J, Siemes C, and Marsch WC. The influence of L-arginine on the regulation of epidermal arginase. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002;15: AAD L-Arginine: Safety data summary. 1 pages. 26 CIR Panel Book Page 32

36 16. Reinhardt CA, Pelli DA, and Zbinden G. Interpretation of cell toxicity data for the estimation of potential irritation. Fd Chem Toxic. 1985;23(2): Matsumoto Y, Arai K, Momose H, and Kuroyanagi Y. Development of a wound dressing composed of a hyaluronic acid sponge containing arginine. J Biomat Sci. 2009;20: Picman J and Picman AK. Treatment of dermatitis caused by the sesquiterpene lactone helenin. Pharmazie. 1990;45: Picman J and Picman AK. Treatment of dermatitis from parthenin. Contact Dermatitis. 1985;13: Hooyberghs J, Schoeters E, Lambrechts N, Nelissen I, Witters H, Schoeters G, and Van Den Heuvel R. A cell-based in vitro alernative to identify skin sensitizers by gene expression. Toxicology and Applied Phamacology. 2008;231: Lambrechts N, Verstraelen S, Lodewyckx H, Felicio A, Hooyberghs J, Witters H, Van Tendeloo V, Van Cauwenberge P, Nelissen I, Van Den Heuvel R, and Schoeters G. THP-1 monocytes but not macrophages as a potential alternative for CD34+ dendritic cells to identify chemical skin sensitizers. Toxicology and Applied Phamacology. 2009;236: Matsunaga Y, Ogura Y, Ehama R, Amano S, Nishiyama T, and Tagami H. Establishment of a mouse skin model of the lichenification in human chronic eczematous dermatitis. Br J Derm. 2007;156: Personal Care Products Council Summaries of human repeat insult patch tests (HRIPTs) of products containing amino acids. 24. Consumer Product Testing Co Repeated insult patch test of a mascara containing 1.1% Arginine. Experiment Reference Number C pages. 25. Clinical Research Laboratories Inc Repeated insult patch test of an A/P roll-on containing 2.784% Glycine. CRL Study Number: CRL pages. 26. Bernard FX, Barrault C, Deguercy A, De Wever B, and Rosdy M. Development of a highly sensitive in vitro phototoxicity assay using the SkinEthic reconstructed human epidermis. Cell Biology and Toxicology. 2000;16: Liebsch M, Doring B, Donelly TA, Logemann P, Rheins LA, and Speilmann H. Application of the human dermal model Skin 2 ZK 1350 to phototoxicity and skin corrosivity testing. Toxic.in Vitro. 1995;9(4): Williams GM, Kroes R, and Munro IC. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol. 2000;31: Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD/Labs). Advanced Chemistry Development software v CIR Panel Book Page 33

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38 Memorandum TO: FROM: F. Alan Andersen, Ph.D. Director - COSMETIC INGREDIENT REVIEW (CIR) Halyna Breslawec, Ph.D. Industry Liaison to the CIR Expert Panel DATE: November 1, 2011 SUBJECT: Method of Manufacture and Impurities: D-Glutamic Acid One supplier indicates that they sell D-Glutamic Acid to the cosmetics industry. Fermentation from sugarcane is used to produce L-Glutamic Acid. Racemization of the L-Glutamic Acid results in the product of D-Glutamic Acid. D-Glutamic Acid contains not more than 0.3% methanol. CIR Panel Book Page 34

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