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1 Study Island Copyright 2017 Edmentum - All rights reserved. Generation Date: 04/05/2017 Generated By: Aron Zender Title: EOC Review - Cells 1. Which of the following can be a product of fermentation? lactic acid water glucose carbon monoxide 2. Enzymes are catalysts. This means that they are able to speed up chemical reactions. Which of the following statements is also true of enzyme catalysts? They are not used up by reactions. They increase the energy that must be absorbed by reactions. They must be continuously replaced after each catalyzed reaction. They increase the energy that is released by reactions. 3. Which of the following are reactants in the process of aerobic respiration? carbon dioxide and oxygen carbon dioxide and water glucose and water glucose and oxygen 4.

2 The fluid mosaic model shown above describes the structure and function of nuclei. chromosomes. cell membranes. chloroplasts. 5. During a cell's development, it differentiates. How does differentiation occur? A developing cell receives hormonal messages from endocrine glands that instruct the cell's chromosomes. Certain genes are turned on and others are turned off; this action produces adult cells that are specialized. A developing cell's function is determined by the number of organelles it contains. As a cell matures, genes that are not necessary to its function are ejected out of the cell through active transport. 6. Which biological process involves the conversion of one type of chemical energy into another type of chemical energy? transpiration active transport photosynthesis cellular respiration 7. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format.

3 8. The sodium-potassium pump, shown below, is a mechanism that allows cells to pump sodium ions into a cell and potassium ions out of a cell, against a concentration gradient (i.e., from a low concentration to a high concentration). Although this mechanism uses energy, it is necessary to maintain these conditions so nerve impulses can be transmitted properly. Which of the following statements does this information best support? Living organisms have processes and structures that help them maintain homeostasis. Energy is generated during most of the processes that occur in living organisms. Evolution has increased the number of non-essential processes in living organisms. Organisms that are living today use more energy than their ancestors. 9. Proteins are used for many structural functions such as in the actin and myosin in muscle or as a part of the cytoskeleton scaffolding that maintains cell shape. What other main function do proteins serve? as waterproof membranes to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell as cellulose to form the major structural component of plant cell walls as coding for genotypic expression and phenotypic traits as enzymes to control the rate of reactions and regulate cellular activity 10. In order for cells to function properly, the enzymes that they contain must also function properly. What can be inferred using the above information?

4 Cells function best at low ph's. Cells do not function well at ph's that are too high or too low. Cells function best at high ph's. Cells can function equally as well at all ph's. 11. Cells within an organism can be very different from one another. For example, human red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin, are shaped like biconcave discs, lack a cell nucleus, and cannot synthesize proteins. Human muscle cells, on the other hand, are cylindrical in shape and have multiple nuclei. Cell specialization in the human body is usually due to mistakes that occur during DNA replication that result in framework mutations in the cells. radiation by high energy photons that mutates the cells of the body into different shapes. different cells within the human body exhibiting different patterns of gene expression. different cells within the human body containing different, unique DNA sequences. 12. What type of cell is shown above? plant prokaryotic animal eukaryotic 13. Examine the diagram of the enzyme below:

5 How does the structure of this enzyme help with its function? The enzyme's active site is amorphous and can change its shape to fit any substrate. Since the enzyme is larger than the substrate, catalytic reactions can occur within the enzyme itself. Since the enzyme's shape matches the substrate's shape, it catalyzes only reverse reactions. The enzyme's shape complements the substrate's shape, so it only catalyzes specific reactions. 14. Look at the diagram below of an enzyme and its substrate. What is the label X pointing to? the enzyme's glucose-fructose bond the enzyme's catalyst the enzyme's globular protein the enzyme's active site 15. The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is:

6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 The chemical reaction for cellular respiration is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O What can be said about these two reactions? The reactants of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. The products of photosynthesis are not involved in cellular respiration. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. The products of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration. 16. Cellular processes are carried out by many different types of molecules, mostly proteins. The function of each protein molecule depends on its shape which, in turn, is determined by the protein's specific sequence of. monosaccharides amino acids nucleotides triglycerides 17. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, mitochondria, or other membrane-bound organelles, but they can possess cytoplasm. ribosomes. a cell membrane. all of these 18. Which of the following are examples of nucleic acids? saturated fats and unsaturated fats DNA and RNA glucose and starch collagen and keratin

7 19. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 20. Homeostasis refers to the necessity of an organism to maintain constant or stable internal conditions. What structure helps cells maintain homeostasis by regulating the movement of materials into and out of a cell? nuclear membrane mitochondrion chloroplast cell membrane 21. The life forms exhibiting the simplest cellular structure are. eukaryotes organelles proteins prokaryotes 22. When cells reach a certain size, they usually divide to create two smaller cells, which have a combined volume equal to the parent cell. What is the benefit of having two smaller skin cells over one large skin cell? Two smaller cells require fewer nutrients than one large cell. Two smaller cells have more genetic diversity than one large cell. Two smaller cells produce fewer wastes than one large cell. Two smaller cells have a greater surface area to volume ratio than one large cell. 23. Which of the following cells most likely came from a plant? W. X.

8 Y. Z. W Y Z X 24. In multicellular organisms, the process of differentiation produces cells that are specialized to perform specific functions. For example, one cell may become a muscle cell whose function is to shorten or lengthen to allow movement. Another cell may become a nerve cell whose function is to relay signals in response to stimuli. How do the DNA and genes in a muscle cell compare to the DNA and genes in a nerve cell? The DNA is different, but the same genes are activated. The DNA is the same, but different genes are activated. The DNA is different, but the cells contain the same genes. The DNA is the same, but the cells contain different genes. 25. Osmosis causes water to move from areas of low salt concentration to areas of high salt concentration. The internal NaCl concentration of red blood cells is 0.9 M. The diagram below shows red blood cells submerged in solutions of four different NaCl concentrations 0 M, 0.65 M, 0.9 M, and 2 M. Which of the diagrams shows red blood cells in the 0.65 M solution?

9 Any factor that changes the shape of an enzyme can affect the enzyme's activity. Which of the following two factors affect an enzyme's operation the most? temperature and ph amount of light and pressure amount of light and temperature blood glucose level and ph 27. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. proteins. lipids. carbohydrates. 28. Which substance is removed from the atmosphere so that plants can carry out photosynthesis? carbon dioxide oxygen water vapor nitrogen 29. Dr. Roberts examined the cells of four different organisms for the presence of various cellular structures. His observations are recorded in the table below. (An "X" indicates that the structure is present in the cell.) cell membrane cell wall chloroplasts mitochondria nucleus ribosomes vacuoles 1 X X X X X X X 2 X X X X X 3 X X X

10 4 X X X X Using the information in the table, which of the cells most likely came from an animal? 4 only 1 only 2 and 4 only 1 and 3 only 30. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 31. During, energy from the Sun is stored in the bonds of sugar molecules. cellular respiration mitosis metamorphosis photosynthesis 32. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 33. Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment. How would an organism's homeostasis be affected if it was not able to produce enzymes? Without enzymes, the temperature inside cells would increase rapidly. Without enzymes, ribosomes would break down proteins, rather than build them. Without enzymes, biochemical reactions would cease completely. Without enzymes, chemical reactions would not occur quickly enough to sustain life. 34. Each enzyme produced by the body is specific meaning it is only able to catalyze a reaction with a certain substrate. What causes an enzyme to be specific? The enzyme has surface receptors that can recognize specific sequences of DN The enzyme is made out of the same type of molecule as its substrate.

11 The enzyme's surface folds are complementary to the substrate's surface folds. The enzyme is only produced and released next to its substrate. 35. The following diagram is a model of the cell membrane. Though small, nonpolar molecules are usually able to pass freely across the cell membrane, larger molecules and ions can only enter and exit cells through carrier proteins or channel proteins. Adapted from image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Using the model above for reference, what effect would the removal of carrier proteins likely have on cell transport? The number of protein channels in the membrane would increase. The movement of glucose molecules into the cell would decrease. The concentration of glucose molecules outside of the cell would decrease. The movement of sodium ions out of the cell would increase. 36. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the complex carbohydrate lactose into glucose and galactose, which can be absorbed by the bloodstream and carried to the body's cells. Lactose is found primarily in dairy products. What would most likely happen to a person who had a shortage of lactase? The person would not be able to digest any carbohydrates. The person would develop an allergy for dairy products. The person would be unable to fully digest dairy products. The person's pancreas would not be able to regulate the body's blood glucose level. 37.

12 The cell pictured above most likely came from which of the following organisms? human plant bacterium fungus 38. Dr. Roberts examined the cells of four different organisms for the presence of various cellular structures. His observations are recorded in the table below. (An "X" indicates that the structure is present in the cell.) cell membrane cell wall chloroplasts mitochondria nucleus ribosomes vacuoles 1 X X X X X X X 2 X X X X X 3 X X X 4 X X X X Using the information in the table, which of the cells most likely came from a plant? 1 and 3 only 1 only 3 only 2 and 4 only 39. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic, and thus they are similar in many ways. However, plant cells have some structures that are not present in animal cells. Which of the following structures are not found in animal cells? cell wall, Golgi complex, and ribosomes chloroplasts, a large vacuole, and an endoplasmic reticulum chloroplasts, an endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole

13 40. A falcultative anaerobic organism is able to perform aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and fermentation in the absence of oxygen. An example of a falcultative anaerobic organism is brewer's yeast, which is used in the production of alcoholic beverages. If sealed in a vessel containing oxygen gas, water, and sugar (glucose), the yeast will eventually deplete the oxygen gas. As long as glucose is available, however, the yeast can still survive. Brewer's yeast use oxygen preferentially because metabolizing oxygen produces more ATP than metabolizing glucose. fermentation is more efficient than aerobic respiration. metabolizing oxygen is faster than metabolizing glucose. aerobic respiration is more efficient than fermentation. 41. Cells use to take in large molecules or other cells. passive transport by osmosis passive transport by diffusion active transport by endocytosis active transport by carrier proteins 42. Michelle has been given a microscope slide that contains a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell. What should she look for to distinguish the eukaryotic cell from the prokaryotic cell? ribosomes cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm 43. The Golgi complex in a cell interacts with the cell membrane by packaging wastes for release outside the cell. mitochondria by sending them nutrients for the production of ATP. the nucleus by receiving genetic instructions for the construction of proteins. the endoplasmic reticulum by producing ribosomes for the rough side of the structure. 44. If the water concentration inside a cell is higher than the water concentration outside the cell, water flows out of the cell. This method of molecular transport is called

14 a sodium pump. endocytosis. exocytosis. osmosis. 45. During periods of intense exercise, cells do not receive enough oxygen to perform the normal process of aerobic cellular respiration. As a result, the cells resort to anaerobic respiration, which produces only 1/20th of the energy produced during the aerobic process. This alternative version of cellular respiration produces lactic acid as waste, which results in muscle soreness. Which of the following statements does the above information support? Cellular respiration is affected by the availability of reactants. Cellular respiration is affected by sugar production. Cellular respiration is affected by cell hydration. Cellular respiration is affected by temperature. 46. Living organisms are only able to function and thrive if they can maintain constant or stable internal conditions. This ability is known as. endocytosis cell differentiation homeostasis natural selection 47. During fertilization in multicellular organisms, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote. Then, the zygote begins to divide. First, one cell becomes two, then two cells become four, four cells become eight and so on and so forth until a large ball of identical cells is formed. The zygote divides and produces more cells through the process of. mitosis

15 meiosis specialization implantation 48. Yeast contained in bread dough perform fermentation, which causes the bread to rise. Which gas released by the yeast causes the bread to rise? carbon dioxide oxygen nitrous oxide methane 49. In the respiration-photosynthesis cycle shown above, what are the products of cellular respiration that belong in box 2? glucose and oxygen protein and nucleic acids carbon dioxide and water ATP and methane 50. Which of the following is true about protein molecules? Protein molecules are made up of strands of DNA joined together by amino acid sequences. The shape and folded structure of a protein molecule are important in determining its function. The sequence of amino acids that make up a protein molecule do not affect its function.

16 Protein molecules have many functions in the body, including the storage of genetic information. 51. Normal homeostatic conditions require potassium concentrations to be about 1000 times higher inside the cell than in the blood. What mechanism does a cell use to move these small potassium ions into the cell against the concentration gradient? active transport by channel proteins passive transport by diffusion active transport by endocytosis passive transport by osmosis 52. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 53. The graph below shows the relationship between ph and three different digestive enzymes. Pepsin is produced by cells lining the stomach. It catalyzes reactions needed to digest certain proteins. After leaving the stomach, food enters the small intestine. The ph of the small intestine is around 7. What would most likely happen to pepsin enzymes that traveled with the food from the stomach to the small intestines? The pepsin would turn into the enzyme arginase. The pepsin would begin to digest carbohydrates The pepsin would continue to digest proteins in the small intestine. The pepsin would become inactive. 54. Examine the following chemical reaction, which is catalyzed by the enzyme catalase:

17 What is catalase's substrate in this reaction? H 2 O 2 O 2 H 2 O There is no substrate in this reaction. 55. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in which water moves from a solution containing a low concentration of solute to what kind of solution? a solution containing only the solute a solution containing a high concentration of solute a solution containing the same amount of solute a solution containing a high concentration of water 56. In carrying out normal activities, cells use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. The concentration of oxygen is higher in the blood than inside the cell, so oxygen moves into the cell. Similarly, carbon dioxide moves out of the cell into the blood because the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the cell is greater than the concentration outside the cell. How do the small molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the cell membrane? passive transport by osmosis active transport by carrier proteins active transport by endocytosis passive transport by diffusion 57. Which of the following describes the fundamental difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Eukaryotic cells are only found in protists, bacteria, and viruses.

18 Prokaryotic cells are all viruses and rely on the infection of a host cell to replicate. Prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are the only type of cells that can possess a cell wall. 58. The diagram below shows plant cells submerged in solutions with different concentrations of sugar. In diagram 1, water is flowing by osmosis out of the cell because the concentration of water inside the cell is lower than in the surrounding solution. inside the cell is higher than in the surrounding solution. is the same both inside and outside the cell. forces waste products to leave the cell. 59. The graph below shows the relationship between ph and three different digestive enzymes. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this graph? Enzymes are only able to operate in acidic environments. Enzymes operate most efficiently within a certain range of temperatures.

19 Each enzyme operates best within a certain ph range. Digestive enzymes are most active in an environment with a ph of The graph below shows the effect of carbon dioxide levels on the rate of photosynthesis. If the amount of carbon dioxide available to the plant approaches zero, what will happen to the plant's rate of photosynthesis? It will increase, then decrease. It will decrease. It will increase. It will not change. 61. Examine the diagram of the enzyme catalase below: How does the structure of this enzyme help with its function?

20 The enzyme is much larger than its substrate, thus allowing the catalyzed chemical reaction to take place inside the enzyme. The enzyme's substrate is a mirror image of the enzyme, thus allowing it to reverse any reactions initiated by the enzyme. The enzyme's active site can change shape in order to match any substrates in need of a catalyst. The enzyme's shape fits its substrate's shape, thus allowing the enzyme to catalyze the appropriate reaction. 62. Which of the following is present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? ribosomes chloroplasts mitochondria lysosomes 63. During the process of photosynthesis, plants use energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. These products are, in turn, used by the plant or animals that eat the plant during cellular respiration to produce ATP. ATP molecules store cellular energy. When phosphate groups are removed and molecules of ADP are formed, energy is released. This energy can be used to perform osmosis. electron transport. diffusion. cellular work. 64. Over time, the cells within organisms increase in size. At some point, however, when a cell becomes too large, cell division is triggered, and two smaller cells are formed.

21 Cell division is one way through which organisms can grow. organisms can mate with other organisms. organisms can gain more energy. all of these 65. Plant and animal cells release energy stored in the bonds of glucose molecules when they perform meiosis. cellular respiration. metamorphosis. photosynthesis. 66. A scientist is studying the metabolic processes carried out by a certain bacterium. Which of the following observations would indicate that the bacterium is performing fermentation? Ethyl alcohol is produced. Oxygen is consumed. Carbon dioxide is produced. Glucose is consumed. 67. Osmosis causes water to move from areas of low salt concentration to areas of high salt concentration. The internal NaCl concentration of red blood cells is 0.9 M. The diagram below shows red blood cells submerged in solutions of four different NaCl concentrations 0 M, 0.65 M, 0.9 M, and 2 M.

22 Which of the diagrams shows red blood cells in the 2 M solution? Which of the following can affect the function of a cell? low temperature high temperature high acidity all of these 69. The cell membrane is a highly selective barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. In fact, polar molecules are unable to go across unless they react with other substances to become nonpolar. they are enclosed in water-filled vesicles. they pass through channels in the cell membrane. they are broken down into smaller pieces. 70. The anaerobic process that is essential for making bread, cheese, ethyl alcohol, and some pharmaceuticals is called fermentation. glycolysis. dehydration.

23 photosynthesis. 71. Which of the following are products in the process of photosynthesis? carbon dioxide and oxygen glucose and oxygen glucose and water carbon dioxide and water 72. A biochemist is attempting to replicate a chemical reaction that commonly takes place in cells. During the chemical reaction, starch is broken down into glucose. What will most likely happen if the amount of enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is increased? The reaction will stop. The reaction will take place at a higher temperature. The reaction will speed up. The reaction will slow down. 73. During heatstroke, the body can't dispose of excess heat. As a result, the homeostatic balance is disturbed, and internal body temperatures can reach as much as 110. Heatstroke is dangerous to people primarily because cells can't function properly at high temperatures. it causes pneumonia. blood pressure becomes too low. blood vessels may rupture. 74. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 75. Osmosis causes water to move from areas of low salt concentration to areas of high salt concentration.

24 The internal NaCl concentration of red blood cells is 0.9 M. The diagram below shows red blood cells submerged in solutions of four different NaCl concentrations 0 M, 0.65 M, 0.9 M, and 2 M. Which of the diagrams shows red blood cells in the 0.9 M solution? Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 77. The cell pictured above most likely came from which of the following organisms? a human

25 a shark a bacterium a tree 78. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 79. The diagram below shows plant cells submerged in solutions with different concentrations of sugar. In diagram 3, water is flowing by osmosis into the cell because the concentration of water inside the cell is higher than in the surrounding solution. inside the cell is lower than in the surrounding solution. is the same both inside and outside the cell. forces waste products to leave the cell. 80. The graph below shows the relationship between ph and three different digestive enzymes.

26 Pepsin is found in the stomach. Salivary amylase is found in the mouth. And arginase is found in the liver. What does the graph indicate about the relative acidity of these three locations? The stomach is more acidic than the mouth, which is more acidic than the liver. The mouth is more acidic than the stomach, which is more acidic than the liver. The stomach is more acidic than the liver, which is more acidic than the mouth. The liver is more acidic than the mouth, which is more acidic than the stomach. 81. The graph below shows the reaction rates of four different chemical reactions. Which of the reactions was most likely catalyzed by an enzyme? Reaction A Reaction C Reaction B Reaction D

27 82. Tobin perfomed an experiment in which he mixed varying amounts of enzyme with an excess amount of substrate. He measured the rate of each reaction and recorded his data in the table below. Enzyme Concentration (millimoles) Reaction Rate (micromoles/minute) What can Tobin conclude about the relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate in the presence of excess substrate? The experiment is invalid because it was performed in the presence of excess substrate. There is an inverse relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the reaction rate decreases. There is no relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate. There is a direct relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases. 83. Both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells possess DNA and engage in genetic processes. Which of the following is true of their cellular genetics? Prokaryotic DNA cannot be translated into proteins because of the lack of a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells generally require fewer genes to operate than prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA use different genetic codes (i.e. nucleotides). Eukaryotic DNA is linear, whereas most prokaryotic DNA is circular. 84. Examine the diagram below.

28 If the black line represents a reaction without an enzyme and the red line represents the same reaction with the addition of an enzyme, what can be said of the relationship between the use of an enzyme and the energy of the reaction? More energy is absorbed by a reaction with an enzyme. Less energy is released by a reaction without an enzyme. More energy is absorbed by reactions without an enzyme. Less energy is released by a reaction with an enzyme. 85. When the water availability of a plant's environment decreases, the plant can respond by closing its stomata. This reduces the amount of water that the plant loses through its leaves due to transpiration. Closing the stomata also reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that the plant can take in through its leaves, which will most likely result in an increased rate of photosynthesis. an increased rate of cellular respiration. a decreased rate of photosynthesis. no change in the cellular processes of the plant. 86. The characteristics of all organisms and viruses are determined by the instructions carried in. phosphoric acids nucleic acids hydrogen bonds sugar bases 87. In sexually-reproducing organisms, a sperm cell unites with an egg cell during fertilization.

29 Then, the fertilized egg, or zygote, undergoes to form a massive ball of identical cells. Finally, the cells become specialized in structure and function through the process of. cell differentiation; cell division mitosis; meiosis cell division; cell differentiation meiosis; mitosis 88. The cell is the most basic structure that is capable of carrying out an organism's life activities. How do the cells in unicellular organisms compare with the cells in multicellular organisms? Multicellular organisms have cells that contain different DNA, so they can perform different functions. Unicellular organisms tend to bond with other unicellular organisms, so each cell can perform a unique function. Unicellular organisms are only made up of one cell, so all of their life processes must occur within that single cell. Multicellular organisms contain more than one cell, but all of the cells still perform the exact same functions. 89. Cells can function only in a narrow range of temperature and ph. at any temperature and ph. in a wide range of phs and temperatures. in rapidly changing temperatures and phs. 90. Cells of an organism perform the following chemical reaction:

30 6 CO H 2 O + C 6 H 12 O O 2 To which organism do these cells most likely belong? an earthworm a rabbit a whale a rubber tree plant 91. There are two main ways in which molecules are transported into and out of cells: active transport and passive transport. Which of the following is an example of active transport? plasmolysis osmosis sodium-potassium pump filtration 92. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 93. Which of the following are products in the process of aerobic respiration? carbon dioxide and water carbon dioxide and oxygen glucose and water glucose and oxygen 94. Osmosis causes water to move from areas of low salt concentration to areas of high salt concentration. The internal NaCl concentration of red blood cells is 0.9 M. The diagram below shows red blood cells submerged in solutions of four different NaCl concentrations 0 M, 0.65 M, 0.9 M, and 2 M.

31 Which of the diagrams shows red blood cells in the 0.0 M solution? Plant cells and animal cells possess many of the same organelles. Which of the following organelles, however, would be indicative of a plant cell rather than an animal cell? mitochondrion chloroplast ribosome nucleus 96. Transmembrane proteins are special proteins embedded within the plasma membrane of cells. What type of membrane protein binds to a molecule on one side of the membrane, then changes shape in order to release the molecule on the other side of the membrane? carrier proteins surface proteins channel proteins receptor proteins 97. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format. 98. A student adds a suspension of baker's yeast cells into bread dough. After this mixture is left in a large bowl undisturbed for several hours, the student returns to find that the bread dough has doubled in size. Which gas molecule is responsible for this increase in dough size? O 2 H 2 CO 2 N Examine the graph below.

32 According to the graph, what happens once cells reach a certain size? The cell dies, and two new cells spontaneously appear. The cell releases fluid, so it can shrink in size. The cell divides to become two smaller cells. The cells fuse to become one large cell Donita performed an experiment to study the effect of temperature on the cellular respiration of crickets. Since CO 2 is a byproduct of cellular respiration, the higher the CO 2 level, the higher the respiration rate. The table below shows Donita's results. Sample group Temperature ( C) CO 2 concentration (ppm) What can be said about the effect of temperature on the cellular respiration of crickets? As temperature rises, the rate of cellular respiration is constant. As temperature rises, the rate of cellular respiration slows. As temperature rises, cellular respiration stops. As temperature rises, the rate of cellular respiration increases.

33 101. Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format During cellular division, one cell divides to become two cells. Then, the two cells divide to become four cells. The four cells divide to become eight cells, and so on and so forth. Cellular division causes organisms to grow primarily by increasing the quantity of products formed by an organism. the offspring produced by an organism. the size of individual cells in an organism. the number of cells in an organism When a cell has become too, nutrients can no longer be imported in sufficient quantities, and wastes can no longer be exported efficiently. specialized small large active 104. Which of the following are reactants in the process of photosynthesis? glucose and oxygen carbon dioxide and oxygen glucose and water carbon dioxide and water 105. Which of the following is true about the cells of the human body? Environmental factors cannot influence the development of a cell. Different cells perform different functions within the human body. The genetic information contained in cells differs between cell types.

34 All cells in the human body are shaped like discs and contain one nucleus Catalase is an enzyme that is found in all living tissues. Cells need catalase in order to function properly. Which of the following statements can be inferred using the above information? Cells only function within a specific ph range because enzymes only function within a specific ph range. Cells can function equally as well at all ph's because enzymes are effective at all ph's. Cells only function within a specific temperature range because enzymes only function within a specific temperature range. Cells can function equally as well at all temperatures because enzymes are effective at all temperatures What type of energy transformation takes place during photosynthesis? Potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Chemical energy is converted into chemical energy. Light energy is converted into chemical energy. Chemical energy is converted into light energy Suppose that enzyme X catalyzes a reaction that involves the breakdown of a substrate. The product of this reaction is an amino acid. What is the enzyme's substrate?

35 a protein a carbohydrate a lipid a mineral 109. Sugars such as glucose, fructose, and ribose are examples of. carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids 110. The diagram below represents an enzyme-substrate complex. To which of the following could this complex best be compared? shoe and sock salt and pepper dime and penny lock and key 111. The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is made up of a lipid bilayer in which hydrophilic heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward.

36 The structure of the cell membrane allows it to control the movement of substances into and out of the cell. prevent all viral and bacterial infections. absorb water from the cytoplasm whenever necessary. fuse with ribosomes during DNA replication Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format The diagram below shows plant cells submerged in solutions with different concentrations of sugar. In diagram 2, water is flowing by osmosis both into and out of the cell because the concentration of water forces waste products to leave the cell. inside the cell is lower than in the surrounding solution. inside the cell is higher than in the surrounding solution. is the same both inside and outside the cell.

37 114. All cells in multicellular organisms contain thousands of different kinds of enzymes that are specialized to catalyze different chemical reactions. Given this information, which of the following is most likely to be true? All cells contain exactly the same types of enzymes. All cells do not contain enzymes. All cells contain exactly the same number of enzymes. All cells do not contain the same types of enzymes Organisms undergo many different processes in order to be able to store energy and utilize that energy. Through which of the following processes is energy released in the form of ATP? endocytosis photosynthesis phototropism cellular respiration 116. Cell membranes (plasma membranes) help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells. Some substances can cross a cell membrane through passive transport, while other substances can only cross a cell membrane through active transport. What is the difference between active and passive cellular transport? Active transport is the only form of transport that requires the use of protein carriers. Passive transport is the only form of transport that requires the use of protein carriers. Active transport requires the cell to form vesicles, while passive transport is done through osmosis. Active transport requires the cell to expend energy, while passive transport does not Which of the following is true of prokaryotic cells? They may be found in unicellular or multicellular organisms. They function as individual organisms. They tend to be large and complex in comparison to eukaryotic cells. They contain nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles.

38 118. The cytoplasm and two nuclei that are formed during mitosis are separated into two identical daughter cells during. prophase cytokinesis meiosis interphase 119. Atoms of what element form the backbone of large, complex molecules such as sugars and fats? oxygen sulfur carbon sodium 120. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? CH 4 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 4 CH 2 NH O 2 4 CO H 2 O + 4 NO 2 C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 CO H 2 O + ATP 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O Technology Enhanced Questions are not available in Word format Which type of macromolecule contains high-energy bonds and is used for long-term energy storage? enzymes proteins lipids sugars

39 Answers 1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. D A 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. B D 21. D 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. A 29. C D D 34. C 35. B 36. C 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. D 41. C 42. C 43. A 44. D 45. A 46. C 47. A 48. A 49. C 50. B 51. A

40 53. D 54. A 55. B 56. D 57. C 58. B 59. C 60. B 61. D 62. A 63. D 64. A 65. B 66. A 67. B 68. D 69. C 70. A 71. B 72. C 73. A A D B 80. A 81. C 82. D 83. D 84. C 85. C 86. B 87. C 88. C 89. A 90. D 91. C A 94. A 95. B 96. A C 99. C 100. D D 103. C 104. D 105. B 106. C 107. C 108. A

41 109. A 110. D 111. A D 114. D 115. D 116. D 117. B 118. B 119. C 120. C C