During the investigation the slugs moved towards the food. Two possible hypotheses for the movement of the slugs are:
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1 7. (a) An investigation was set up to examine the behaviour of slugs. Food During the investigation the slugs moved towards the food. (i) Two possible hypotheses for the movement of the slugs are: The slugs saw the food and moved towards it. The slugs smelled the food and moved towards it. How could the investigation be improved to show which hypothesis was correct? Why was it good experimental practice to use several slugs rather than just one? Give one example of an abiotic factor which can affect the behaviour of a named animal and describe the response of the animal to that factor. Animal Abiotic factor Response [000/40] Page nine
2 8. (a) The diagram shows the skulls of two mammals. U V W X Y Z Use letters from the diagram to identify the following teeth. (i) Incisors and (iii) A tooth used for piercing and holding prey A tooth used for crushing and grinding plant material The diagram below shows the human digestive system. A B K J I H G C D E F (i) Complete the table to identify the following parts of the digestive system. Part of digestive system Letter oesophagus pancreas K C [000/40] Page ten
3 8. (continued) What is the main function of part E of the diagram? (c) The diagram shows a cross section of the small intestine. Describe one feature of the small intestine shown on the diagram and explain how it helps in the absorption of food. Feature Explanation [000/40] Page eleven
4 9. Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it. Alexis St. Martin Human Guinea Pig In 8, a 0 year old Canadian fur trapper called Alexis St. Martin was accidentally injured by a shotgun. His abdomen and stomach were blasted open. He survived thanks to prompt treatment by a local doctor. His stomach did not fully heal and Alexis was left with an opening to his stomach which the doctor covered with a leather flap. The doctor was a keen scientist and carried out more than 60 experiments on his patient. In one experiment he tied lumps of food to a silk thread and pushed them into Alexis stomach. Each hour he pulled them out to see what the stomach juices had done to the food, carefully recording the results. A piece of boiled beef was half the original size after hour and completely gone after hours. A piece of raw beef was digested in exactly the same manner. In another experiment, the doctor removed some of the digestive juices from Alexis stomach and put them into a glass tube. A piece of boiled beef was put into the tube and kept at body temperature. It showed little change after hour, was only half gone in hours and disappeared after 4 hours. Despite his injuries Alexis led a long and healthy life. He married and had six children. He survived to the age of 86, outliving the doctor by many years. (a) What was the purpose of the silk thread? Why did the doctor keep the experiment in the glass tube at body temperature? (c) How long did Alexis live after the shotgun accident? Space for calculation years [000/40] Page twelve
5 9. (continued) (d) Use information from the passage to complete the table of results. Raw beef in stomach Boiled beef in stomach Boiled beef in glass tube 0 unaffected unaffected unaffected Time (hours) 4 digestion complete digestion complete [000/40] Page thirteen
6 7. An investigation into the effect of a digestive enzyme on starch was set up as shown below. Tube A bag made from selectively permeable membrane Tube B starch + enzyme starch water The water from the two tubes was tested for the presence of starch and sugar at the start of the investigation. All the results were negative. After 0 minutes the water from Tube A gave a positive result for sugar. The other results were negative. The same results were obtained after 40 minutes. (a) Complete the following table of results for the investigation. Time (minutes) 0 Water in Tube A sugar starch absent Water in Tube B sugar starch present (i) Explain why sugar was present in the water in Tube A. By referring to the size of starch and sugar molecules explain why sugar was found in the water of Tube A. [000/40] Page nine
7 0. (a) Water regulation involves a balance of gains and losses. Give one method of water gain and one method of water loss in a mammal. Water gain Water loss The diagram shows the urinary system of a human. Name structures W, X and Y on the diagram. direction of blood flow W X Y (c) Underline one alternative in each bracket to make the sentence correct. Kidneys produce urine by { } filtration absorption of blood and the { } osmosis reabsorption { } glucose of useful substances such as. oxygen (d) Other than water and salt, name a waste product that is removed from the body in the urine. [000/40] Page thirteen
8 . The dental formula of an animal describes the number of each type of tooth on the upper and lower jaw of one side of its mouth. The diagram explains the dental formula for an adult human. upper jaw incisors canine premolars molars lower jaw molars premolars canine incisors right side of mouth Dental formula = incisors (I), canine (C), premolars (P), molars (M) = 6 Total number of teeth = 6 = The table below gives the dental formulae for some animals. Dog Animal Dental formula I C 4 P 4 M Total number of teeth 4 Sheep 0 I 0 C P M Rabbit I 0 C 0 P M (a) (i) Complete the table to show the total number of teeth for a rabbit. Which animal in the table has only canine teeth? [000/40] Page sixteen
9 . (continued) A puppy has a total of incisor, 4 canine, premolar and 0 molar teeth evenly distributed between the upper and lower jaws. Complete the following dental formula for a puppy. I C P M [000/40] Page seventeen
10 5. (a) Animals use the energy from food for growth and repair. Give one other way in which energy from food may be used by an animal. Digestion begins in the mouth with the teeth physically breaking down food. Name the type of tooth labelled X in the photograph of a human mouth. X Name (c) (i) The following list gives parts of a mammal s digestive system. List A large intestine B stomach C oesophagus D small intestine E anus Using the letters from the list, arrange the parts into the order in which food would pass after leaving the mouth. D Give one feature of the small intestine which makes it efficient at absorbing food. [000/40] Page eight
11 5. (continued) (d) Carbohydrates, proteins and fats in food are mixed with enzymes during digestion. What effect do the enzymes have on all of these substances? (e) A man had an energy intake of 550 kilojoules per day. If 4% of this was supplied by fat, how many kilojoules would this represent? Space for calculation. kilojoules [000/40] Page nine
12 6. The diagrams show the human male and female reproductive systems. E A B C D F G H Complete the table with the correct names, functions and letters. Name Function Letter testis where fertilisation takes place E F [000/40] Page ten
13 . (a) Fiddler crabs leave their burrows on the shore at low tide and go back when the tide comes in. (i) What name is used to describe this type of behaviour? What is the trigger stimulus for this behaviour of the crabs? Herring gull chicks are fed on fish regurgitated by their parents. To make the parent regurgitate, the chick pecks at a coloured spot on the parent s bill. In an investigation into the effect of different colours, a number of cardboard models of gulls heads were set up, each with a different coloured bill spot. Model presented to chick Coloured spot The number of times the chick pecked at each colour is shown on the chart below. Colour of bill spot black blue red white no spot Number of pecks (i) The ratio of pecking of the blue spot to the white spot was three to one (:). Complete the chart to show the number of times the blue spot was pecked. (An additional chart will be found, if needed, on page twenty-nine.) Space for calculation What colour of spot did the chicks peck at most? [000/40] Page nineteen
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