Lab 17: Applying Complex Patterns of Inheritance Blood Typing

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1 Name: Period: Lab 17: Applying Complex Patterns of Inheritance Blood Typing Introduction: Human blood type is determined by complex patterns of Phenotype Genotype inheritance. There are four possible blood phenotypes: type A, Homozygous dominant I A I A type B, type AB, and type O. There are four possible alleles that, Type A in combinations of two alleles, make these four phenotypes. The Heterozygous I A i table to the right demonstrates the possible allelic combinations. Homozygous dominant I B I B Type B Human blood phenotypes follow three patterns of inheritance Heterozygous I B i that we have learned about. The first is dominance and recessiveness. Blood types A and B are both dominant phenotypes, while type O is a recessive phenotype. The second pattern is multiple alleles Type AB Type O Heterozygous Homozygous recessive I A I B ii where there are three possible I A, I B, and i (which is the allele for the recessive type O). The third pattern is codominance because the alleles I A and I B are both dominant. When a person has both I A I B alleles, they are blood type AB, which is codominant. What does blood type even mean? A human s blood type is determined by surface proteins called antigens on the red blood cells. Type A blood has A antigens, type B has B antigens, type AB has both A and B antigens and type O has no antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Blood type also determines what antibodies are produced. Antibodies are free-floating proteins in the watery portion of the blood. Specific antibodies will bind to specific surface proteins of red blood cells causing them to clump up if exposed to the wrong blood type. A person who has type A blood produces antibodies against type B. When type B blood is exposed to the anti-b antibodies, the type B blood will agglutinate or clump and stick together. The table below shows the different blood types and their corresponding antibodies. The surface antigens and the corresponding antibodies help to determine what blood types can be donated and received. Type A Type B Type AB Type O Antibodies Red Blood Cell With Surface Proteins Agglutination Red Blood Cell Type Surface Antigens on RBC A Antigen B Antigen A and B Antigens No Antigens Antibodies in Blood Anti-B Anti-A None Anti-A and Anti-B Can Donate Blood To A, AB B, AB AB only A, B, AB, O (Universal donor) Can Receive Blood From A, O B, O A, B, AB, O (Universal recipient) O only

2 Patterns of Inheritance Blood Type Practice: Complete the following Punnett squares using the blood phenotype and genotype table on the previous page. 1. The father is type A homozygous, 2. The father is type A heterozygous, the mother is type the mother is type B homozygous. B heterozygous. Genotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: 3. The father has type O blood, 4. Alice has type A blood and her husband Mark has and the mother has type AB blood. type B blood. Their first child, Amanda, has type O. Genotypic Ratio: Their second child, Alex, has type AB. What is Alice s genotype? Phenotypic Ratio: What is Mark s genotype? 11. Ralph has type B blood and his wife Rachel has type A blood. They are very shocked to hear that their baby has type O blood, and think that a switch might have been made at the hospital. Can this baby be theirs? Explain why or why not (use a Punnett square to help). Adding the Rhesus Factor: In addition to the ABO type antigens on the surface of red blood cells, there is another antigen located on the red blood cell. Known as the Rhesus factor or Rh factor, this antigen may either be present or absent from red blood cells. If present, the blood type is Rh positive (Rh+). If it is absent, the blood type is Rh negative (Rh-). Like the ABO type antigens, the Rh factor is also an inherited trait with possible genotypes of Rh+ (Rh+Rh+ or Rh+Rh-) and Rh- (Rh-Rh-). A person who is Rh+ can receive blood from someone who is Rh+ or Rh- without any negative consequences like agglutination. However, a person who is Rh - should only receive blood from someone who is also Rh-. Combining the ABO and Rh factor blood groups, there are a total of eight possible blood types because the ABO antigens and Rh factors follow the Law of Independent Assortment. The table to the right shows all the possible genotypes and phenotypes. People who are AB+ are called universal recipients because they can receive any blood type. Persons who are O- are called universal donors because they can donate blood to persons with any blood type. Phenotype Possible Genotype A+ I A I A Rh+Rh+ I A I A Rh+Rh- I A i Rh+Rh+ I A i Rh+Rh- A- I A I A Rh-Rh- I A i Rh-Rh- B+ I B I B Rh+Rh+ I B I B Rh+Rh- I B i Rh+Rh+ I B i Rh+Rh- B- I B I B Rh-Rh- I B i Rh-Rh- AB+ I A I B Rh+Rh+ I A I B Rh+Rh- AB- I A I B Rh-Rh- O+ ii Rh+Rh+ ii Rh+Rh- O- ii Rh-Rh-

3 Because ABO antigens and Rh factors are independent from each other, a dihybrid cross can be completed to determine all possible offspring. The easiest way to do this is to first write out a genotype. Example: a type B+ person who is heterozygous type B and heterozygous Rh+ will have the genotype I B i Rh+Rh-. On the next page complete a DIHYBRID Punnett square for a cross of a type A+ female who is heterozygous type A heterozygous Rh+ blood with a type B- male who is homozygous type B Rh- blood. To get started: The female parent s genotype is I A i + - By using the Law of Independent Assortment creates the following allelic combinations: I A +, I A -, i+, and i- Now determine the male parent s genotype and possible allelic combinations Then complete the Punnett square and determine the number of each possible phenotype Number of Each Possible Phenotype I A + I A - i+ i- Type A+ Type A- Type B+ Type B- Type AB+ Type AB- Type O+ Type O- Determining Blood Type Lab Blood typing is important for many purposes. Knowing your own blood type can be important in the event that you need donor blood if you have lost a significant amount of your own, or so you can donate your blood to the appropriate person who is in need. Blood typing is also used as an elimination tool in criminal investigations and paternity disputes. Blood typing gives scientists and physicians a quick initial genetic profile of a person without having to carry out expensive and time-intensive genetic testing. In this lab, you will be determining the blood types of four samples in much the same way that a lab technician would identify blood types. Lab Materials: Four blood samples Sample 1, Sample 2, Sample 3, Sample 4 Anti-A serum (shared as a class) Anti-B serum (shared as a class) Anti-Rh serum Four Blood typing trays *Note: in this lab we are using synthetic blood (not real). It contains no bodily fluids or human pathogens. However, like any chemical substance, caution should be taken when handling! If any of the liquids come into contact with the skin, rinse immediately. If any of the liquids come into contact with eyes, rinse using the eyewash station!

4 Lab Scenario: Sample # Person You are a technician in a hematology (study of blood) lab. You have Sample 1 Eddy (father) been called to help solve a potential mix up at the local hospital. Two babies were born on the same day and nearly at the same Sample 2 Elizabeth (mother) time. Eddy and Elizabeth had a baby named Emma, and Steven and Sample 3 Baby 1 (identified as Emma) Sarah had a baby named Samantha. Elizabeth is convinced that Sample 4 Baby 2 (Elizabeth thinks is Emma) their babies were switched in the nursery, and that she was given the wrong baby. She is requesting blood typing to determine if the switch actually occurred. You have created the sample numbering system in the table to the right to complete this test. The baby Elizabeth currently has is Baby 1, and the baby she thinks is actually hers is Baby 2. Lab Instructions: 1. Collect a piece of paper towel and lay it on your lab bench. 2. Collect four blood typing trays and label them Sample 1, Sample 2, Sample 3, Sample 4. (They may already be labeled four you, but make sure the labels are visible and that you have one of each!) Set them on the paper towel to soak up any potential liquid spills. 3. Collect blood Sample In the tray labeled Sample 1, add 3 drops of Sample 1 blood to the wells A, B, and Rh. Quickly return blood Sample 1 for class use. 5. Collect blood Same In the tray labeled Sample 2, add 3 drops of Sample 2 blood to the wells A, B, and Rh, and quickly return the blood sample. 7. Repeat these steps for blood Sample 3 and blood Sample Collect the bottle of Anti-A Serum. 9. Add 3 drops of Anti-A Serum to well A in each of the four blood typing trays. MAKE SURE NOT TO ADD IT TO B OR RH OR YOU WILL HAVE TO START OVER! Quickly return the Anti-A Serum bottle for class use. 10. Collect the bottle of Anti-B Serum. 11. Add 3 drops of Anti-B Serum to well B in each of the four blood typing trays. MAKE SURE NOT TO ADD IT TO A OR RH OR YOU WILL HAVE TO START OVER! Quickly return the Anti-B Serum bottle for class use. 12. Add 3 drops of Anti-Rh Serum to well Rh in each of the four blood typing trays. MAKE SURE NOT TO ADD IT TO A OR B OR YOU WILL HAVE TO START OVER! Quickly return the Anti-B Serum bottle for class use. 13. Gently rock each tray back and forth for several seconds to mix the six drops in each well. Be sure to rock GENTLY so as not to spill any liquid into neighboring wells OR YOU WILL HAVE TO START OVER! (Note: you can share this job with all for lab members!) 14. Observe the wells of each blood typing tray for agglutination (clumping of red blood cells). Record your results in your data table on the next page. Use a + sign if you see agglutination, and use a - sign if there is no reaction to the Anti Serum. Use the table below to help you to determine the blood type of each sample. 15. To clean up, rinse all trays in the sink with tap water. Use the piece of paper towel to dry the blood typing trays (avoid removing the sample number labels if you can). Stack the blood typing trays and return to the front lab bench for reuse. Blood Type/Anti-Serum Reactions A B AB O Anti-A Serum Anti-B Serum Rh+ Rh- Anti-Rh Serum + -

5 Data Tables: Sample 1 Eddy Sample 2 Elizabeth Sample 3 Baby 1 Sample 4 Baby 2 Agglutination Reactions for Blood Samples Anti-A Serum Anti-B Serum Anti-Rh Serum Determined Blood Type of Blood Samples Sample 1 Eddy Sample 2 Elizabeth Sample 3 Baby 1 Sample 4 Baby 2 Blood Type (ABO & Rh) All Possible Genotypes Data Analysis: Cross Eddy and Elizabeth s blood types below. Note that there are two possible genotypes for one of the blood types, therefore you will need to complete two different Punnett squares to determine all possible offspring blood types. Possible Blood Types for Offspring of Eddy and Elizabeth: 1. Based on your results, what information could you provide the hospital and these two sets of parents about whose baby is whose? Was Elizabeth correct in thinking that the baby s had been switched? Answer in complete sentences. 2. Based on your two Punnett squares with Eddy and Elizabeth s blood types. What is the phenotypic ratio for all the possible offspring blood types? (*Note: normally your phenotypic ratio would add up to 4, but here it will add up to 8 total because of the two Punnett squares.) **Turn over!**

6 3. What if Elizabeth was heterozygous type A blood and Eddy was homozygous type B blood? Complete the Punnett square and describe (in full sentences!) whether this would change your results or not. 4. In this situation, you identified both the ABO blood type and the Rh factor (+/-). Could you use the Rh factor test alone to determine which baby was Elizabeth s? Why or why not? 5. Continuing from #4, could you use ABO blood type alone to determine which baby was Elizabeth s? Why or why not? 6. Continuing from #5, is using ABO blood type ALWAYS going to determine offspring accurately? Describe a situation where two sets of parents could claim the same baby and ABO blood type would not be a sufficient way to determine which set of parents the baby belongs to. 7. Lastly, in 2-5 sentences, describe why you think that blood typing is only an elimination tool when testing for paternity, medical testing, and criminal investigations. For example, elimination means that blood typing simply can eliminate possible suspects in a crime, it can t actually identify a suspect. Lab 17 Score:

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