7.4.1 Healthy Human Diet

Transcription

1 7.4.1 Healthy Human Diet 112 minutes 16s Page 1 of 39

2 Q1. Carbohydrate, fat and protein are three types of nutrient. (a) Give the names of two other types of nutrient needed for a balanced diet marks A balanced diet contains a variety of foods. Some food groups are shown in the table. They are labelled A to D. (b) Which food group contains the highest percentage of the nutrient used by the body for growth and repair? Tick the correct box. (c) Fibre is not digested but helps the digestion process. Which food group contains the most fibre? Tick the correct box. (d) Use the information in the table to suggest why milk is better for babies than ice-cream Page 2 of 39

3 (e) 100 g of dried coconut has more energy stored in it than an equal mass of dried potato. Give the reason for this Maximum 6 marks Q2. The information below shows the recommended daily amounts of nutrients and energy for four different people. Information taken from Report 41 of the Department of Health - Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom (a) Suggest one reason why the bricklayer needs a higher energy diet than the computer operator (b) Explain why the 15-year-olds need more calcium than the adults marks (c) Iron is needed to make red blood cells. Why do 15-year-old girls need more iron than 15-year-old boys? Page 3 of 39

4 (d) A balanced diet contains a variety of foods which provide nutrients and energy. The drawings show four different foods. Choose from these to answer the questions which follow. Which of these foods is the best source of: fibre?... calcium?... protein?... 3 marks Maximum 7 marks Q3. Some people have unbalanced diets. This can give them problems with their health. (a) Draw one line from each unbalanced diet to the health problem it can cause. 4 marks Page 4 of 39

5 (b) Explain why eating a lot of chips every day is bad for your health Maximum 5 marks Q4. A medical researcher used a tube to remove some of the liquid from a person's stomach. The researcher put the liquid into a flask which had a piece of boiled beef in it. The beef was digested in six hours. The diagrams show the flask at different stages of the experiment. (a) (i) What type of substance in the liquid from the stomach caused the beef to be digested in six hours? The researcher kept the flask at 37 C. Explain why. Page 5 of 39

6 (b) In the human body, the digestion of protein in meat begins in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine. (i) What is digested protein used for in the body? Describe how the products of digestion get from inside the small intestine to the cells in the rest of the body. 2 marks Maximum 5 marks Q5. Peter burns a piece of crispbread to find out how much energy is stored in it. Energy from the burning crispbread raises the temperature of the water in the test-tube. (a) Describe one way Peter has arranged the apparatus so that he is working safely marks (b) Peter wants to find out if potato crisps contain as much energy as crispbread. He does the experiment again using a piece of potato crisp. Suggest two things he must do to make the experiment a fair test Page 6 of 39

7 The table shows some of the nutritional information from a packet of crispbread and a packet of potato crisps. (c) Peter burns 1.0 g of potato crisp instead of 1.0 g of crispbread in a similar experiment. What result will he get when he burns the potato crisp? Tick the correct box. The change in the temperature of the water will be greater. The change in the temperature of the water will be the same. The change in the temperature of the water will be smaller. There will be no change in the temperature of the water. (d) (i) Fibre contains energy. Explain why this energy can not be used by the human body. Use the table in part (b) to give two reasons for choosing crispbread rather than potato crisps as part of a balanced diet marks Page 7 of 39

8 (e) Crispbread does not contain vitamin C. Which of the foods in the list below is the best source of vitamin C? Tick the correct box. cheese eggs fish oranges Maximum 8 marks Q6. The diagram below shows the human skeleton (a) (i) Draw a line from the letter J to one joint in the leg. Why do we need joints in our skeleton? (b) (i) Which part of our skeleton, labelled in the diagram, moves so that we can breathe? Which part of our skeleton, labelled in the diagram, moves so that we can chew food? Page 8 of 39

9 (c) Which one of the following is needed in the diet for strong bones and teeth? Tick the correct box. (d) The diagram below shows part of the arm. (i) Parts A and B are attached to bones. What name is given to parts of the body like parts A and B? Part A gets shorter. In which direction does the lower arm move? Maximum 7 marks Page 9 of 39

10 ## The diagram below shows a villus. There are several thousand villi in every square centimetre of the lining of the small intestine. The cells in the lining of each villus have folds called microvilli on their outer surfaces. One of these cells is shown magnified in the diagram. (a) Explain two ways in which the structure of the villus enables the products of digestion to be absorbed efficiently marks (b) Mucus is produced by some cells in the lining of the small intestine. One function of mucus is to protect the lining of the small intestine against the action of certain chemicals. (i) Give the name of one type of chemical present in the small intestine which would otherwise damage the lining.... Suggest one other function of mucus produced in the small intestine. Page 10 of 39

11 (c) Bile, produced by the liver, enters the small intestine through the bile duct. Describe the effect which bile has on fats in the small intestine Maximum 5 marks Q8. Lactose is a sugar present in milk. A lactose molecule is digested in the gut to give two different simple sugars, glucose and galactose. (a) Lactose is not the only source of glucose. Give the name of another carbohydrate which is a source of glucose in the diet of humans..... (b) Galactosaemia is an inherited condition. People with galactosaemia cannot convert galactose, absorbed from the gut, into glucose for respiration. They have to eat a lactose-free diet. The diagram below shows a family tree for a family in which some members have galactosaemia. Galactosaemia is caused by a gene g. Everybody has two genes which control galactosaemia: they have gg, Gg or GG. They get one gene from each parent. Only people with genes gg have galactosaemia people with Gg or GG are unaffected. (i) Which genes does person A have: gg, Gg or GG?... Page 11 of 39

12 Which genes does person C have? Explain how you made your decision marks (iii) Explain why it is impossible to tell from the diagram which genes person D has (iv) If B and C have another child, what is the chance that the child will be female?... (v) What is the chance that the child will have galactosaemia?... Maximum 8 marks Q9. Sadie and Tom carried out an experiment to investigate the digestion of starch using an enzyme called amylase. (a) Why was the mixture of enzyme and starch kept in a water bath?... Sadie and Tom placed drops of iodine solution on a white tile. They know that starch will turn the iodine solution from brown to dark blue. Every 30 seconds they added a drop of the mixture of enzyme and starch to a drop of iodine solution on the tile. At first the drops turned blue, but after 240 s they stayed brown. Page 12 of 39

13 (b) Why did the mixture stop turning the drops of iodine solution blue after 240 s? (c) They then carried out the experiment with the water bath at 35 C. This time, the drops stopped turning blue after 120 s. How does raising the temperature from 25 C to 35 C affect the digestion of starch? (d) Sadie and Tom want to compare the experiment at 35 C with the results from the experiment at 25 C. Describe what they need to do to make this a fair comparison (e) A balanced diet includes all of the substances in the following list. Starch fat fibre minerals protein vitamins (i) Give the names of the two substances in the list which are absorbed into the blood without being digested Which substance in the list passes through the body without being digested?.... Maximum 6 marks ## The following are important parts of a balanced diet. carbohydrates proteins fats vitamins water Page 13 of 39

14 A pupil has a sweet, juicy orange to eat. (a) Complete the following sentences using words from the list above. (i) An orange is a good source of... and marks An orange is a poor source of... and marks (b) Give the names of two parts of a balanced diet which are not shown in the list above marks (c) In order to obtain the nutrients, food must be chewed Give two reasons why it is important to chew food marks Maximum 8 marks ## The table below shows the ph in different parts of the digestive system. part of digestive system ph mouth stomach small intestine Page 14 of 39

15 (a) Amylase is an enzyme which speeds up the digestion of starch. Amylase is produced by the salivary glands. Why does amylase stop working in the acidic conditions in the stomach?.. (b) As food passes from the stomach into the small intestine, a different digestive juice is mixed with the food. (i) Use the information in the table to suggest what type of substance this digestive juice is. What type of chemical reaction takes place as this digestive juice mixes with the acid from the stomach? (c) After food containing starch is digested, a person s blood sugar level rises. The body responds by producing a chemical called insulin. Insulin lowers the blood sugar level again. The graph below shows how a person s blood sugar level changes after eating two different samples of food. Page 15 of 39

16 (i) Use the graph to help you to explain why less insulin would be produced one hour after eating pasta than one hour after eating white bread. Suggest the normal blood sugar level in this case. Maximum 5 marks Q12. (a) Mammals use fat as a long-term store of energy. (i) The diagram shows some simple apparatus for investigating the amount of energy released by burning fat. 4.2 kj of energy will raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C. 1 g of fat contains 38.5 kj of energy. Calculate the rise in temperature of 1 kg of water if 0.5 g of fat is burned. Show your working. 2 marks Page 16 of 39

17 Fat is stored in layers beneath the skin. This fat is part of the body s energy reserve. Give another function of the layers of fat. (b) Mammals use glucose as a fuel in respiration in their cells. The word equation for respiration is: glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water Mammals with a high rate of respiration need to have a high heart rate. Explain why marks Maximum 5 marks Q13. Bats hibernate during the winter. While they are hibernating, their hearts beat more slowly and they go into a deep sleep. (a) (b) Towards the end of the summer, bats build up a store of fat in a layer beneath the skin. Give one reason why fat is a useful storage substance. While bats are hibernating their body temperature falls. What is the advantage of having a low body temperature during the winter?.. Page 17 of 39

18 (c) Suggest one disadvantage of hibernating... (d) Sometimes bats wake up too early from hibernation. These bats are unlikely to survive the cold weather. Give one reason for their low survival rate as a result of waking too early... Maximum 4 marks Q14. The card shows the amounts of fat and fibre in some types of food and drink from a café. Page 18 of 39

19 (a) From the card above, choose a meal consisting of a burger, a drink and some potato, to give: (i) the least fat; the most fibre. Write your answers in the table below. Food and drink meal with the least fat meal with the most fibre type of burger type of drink the drinks do not contain fibre type of potato (b) Draw a line from each nutrient to the main reason why it is needed. Draw only four lines. nutrient calcium fibre protein sugar main reason why the nutrient is needed to keep the intestine working properly for healthy teeth and bones for insulation to provide energy for growth and repair 4 marks Maximum 6 marks Page 19 of 39

20 Q15. The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body. (a) Give the names of two labelled parts where food is digested.... and... (b) Why do we need to chew our food and mix it with saliva? marks Page 20 of 39

21 (c) (i) Draw one line from each bad habit to the organ it harms. 3 marks Which organ in the list below can be harmed if we eat too much fat? Tick the correct box. brain heart lung ribs Maximum 7 marks Page 21 of 39

22 Q16. The table shows the recommended daily intake of energy and some of the nutrients needed by different groups of people. nutrients group of people energy, in kj protein, in g carbohydrate, in g fat, in g minerals, in g calcium iron male female male female pregnant female (a) (i) Explain why two 16 year-old males of the same weight might need different amounts of energy. Which two types of nutrient provide most of the energy in our diet? marks (b) (i) Calculate the difference in the recommended daily intake of calcium for a 15 year-old male and a 30 year-old male.... mg Calcium is needed for healthy bones. Explain the difference in the amount of calcium needed each day by a 15 year-old male and a 30 year-old male. (c) Look at the table. Explain the difference in the amount of protein needed by a 25 year-old pregnant female and a 25 year-old female who is not pregnant Page 22 of 39

23 (d) Iron is needed to make blood. Explain why a 15 year-old female might need more iron than a 15 year-old male Maximum 7 marks Q17. The drawing shows a bluebell plant. The plant grows from an underground stem called a bulb. Each year new leaves and flowers grow from the bulb. (a) Describe the process by which glucose is made in the leaves marks (b) Many plants make starch from glucose. What group of nutrients do both glucose and starch belong to?... Page 23 of 39

24 (c) In the sixteenth century bluebell bulbs were dug up to obtain a starch-like substance that was used to make collars stiff. (i) Digging up bluebell bulbs has caused a decrease in the number of bluebells growing in Britain. It is now against the law to dig up bluebells. Suggest one other environmental reason why the number of bluebell plants has decreased in Britain. Every 10 years the trees and bushes in some bluebell woods are cut down to ground level. What effect does this have on the number of bluebells in the woods? Explain your answer. Maximum 6 marks Q18. The table shows the mass of water, fat, fibre and vitamin C in 100 g of potato cooked in three different ways. water, in g fat, in g fibre, in g vitamin C, in mg 100 g of chips g of boiled, peeled potato 100 g of potato baked in its skin 80 hardly any hardly any 3 14 Page 24 of 39

25 (a) Use information from the table to help you fill the gaps in the following sentences. (i) Chips are crisper than boiled potatoes because chips contain less... Most of the fibre in a baked potato is in the... of the potato. (b) Use the information in the table to work out how much vitamin C there is in: 200 g of chips... mg; 200 g of potato baked in its skin... mg. (c) People do not always eat a balanced diet. Draw one line from each fact about a person's diet to the organ it harms. Draw only three lines. 3 marks Maximum 6 marks Page 25 of 39

26 Q19. (a) The diagram shows a group of cells from the lining of the mouth. (i) Give the name and function of part P. name of part P function of part P Which word describes this group of cells? Tick the correct box. compound organism organ tissue (b) The diagram below shows muscle cells from the wall of the human intestine. (i) Muscle cells can contract. Give one reason why muscles are needed in the intestine. Page 26 of 39

27 Other cells in the intestine produce enzymes. What effect do enzymes in the intestine have on nutrients such as protein? (iii) Which of the following is required in the diet to keep food moving through the intestine? Tick the correct box. fat fibre protein starch maximum 6 marks Q20. The diagram below shows the digestive system. (a) (i) Give the letter which labels the stomach.... Page 27 of 39

28 Give the letter which labels the small intestine.... (iii) Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine. What carries glucose from the intestine to other parts of the body? (b) Some athletes take glucose tablets before a race. Why do they take glucose? Tick the correct box. for growth for healthy bones and teeth to prevent disease to provide energy (c) The table below shows what four people ate for lunch. name Jon Nadia Clare Zak lunch chicken and salad cheeseburger and chips lemonade and a jam doughnut mushroom soup and an orange (i) Whose lunch had the most sugar in it?... Whose lunch had the most fat in it?... (iii) Eating too much fat is bad for you. Give one reason for this. maximum 7 marks Page 28 of 39

29 Q21. People in different countries eat different amounts of starch. A scientist compared the amount of starch that people ate with the number of people with cancer of the large intestine. The scatter graph below shows her results. Look at the scatter graph. (a) (i) Which country had the greatest proportion of people with cancer of the large intestine?... What conclusion could you come to about the effect of eating starch on getting cancer of the large intestine?.... Page 29 of 39

30 (b) (i) Starch is a carbohydrate. Which two of the following foods are good sources of starch? Tick the two correct boxes. bread cheese chicken tomatoes fish pasta 2 marks What other type of nutrient, needed as part of a balanced diet, keeps the intestine working well and prevents constipation? Tick the correct box. fat fibre minerals protein vitamins maximum 5 marks Q22. Table 1 gives information about 100 g of five different foods. food energy per 100 g of food (kj) protein (g) nutrients per 100 g of each food fat (g) carbohydrate (g) calcium (mg) banana wholemeal bread butter cheese milk table 1 Page 30 of 39

31 (a) Look at table 1. (i) Which of the four nutrients, protein, fat, carbohydrate or calcium, provides most of the energy in the cheese?... Which of the four nutrients provides most of the energy in the wholemeal bread?... (iii) Which of the four nutrients is needed for growth and repair?... 3 marks (b) The recommended daily amount of protein for a woman is 45 g. Look at table 1. How many grams of cheese would provide 45 g of protein? Tick the correct box. 50 g 100 g 150 g 200 g (c) Not all the types of nutrients needed for a balanced diet are shown in table 1. Give the name of one of the missing types of nutrient.... (d) Table 2 shows the recommended daily amount of calcium for a person in four stages of the human life cycle. We need calcium for healthy teeth and bones. person recommended daily amount of calcium (mg) a baby aged 6 months 600 a woman before she is pregnant 500 a pregnant woman 1200 a breast-feeding woman table 2 Page 31 of 39

32 (i) Use information in table 2 to estimate how much calcium a breast-feeding woman should have each day.... mg Explain why she would need this amount of calcium marks maximum 7 marks Q23. The drawings show the amounts of different substances in 100 g of full-cream milk and 100 g of skimmed milk. (a) Use the information in the drawings to complete the sentence. When skimmed milk is made from full-cream milk, most of the... is taken out. Page 32 of 39

33 (b) (i) Look at the drawings. Which substance in milk do we need for strong bones and teeth?... How are substances carried around the body?... (c) (i) Which animals produce milk to feed their young? Tick the correct box. amphibians birds mammals reptiles A baby fed on its mother s milk gets fewer infections. What is the reason for this? Tick the correct box. The milk contains antibodies. The milk contains water. The milk is at body temperature. The milk is a liquid. maximum 5 marks Page 33 of 39

34 Q24. The table below shows the mass of six nutrients in 100 cm 3 of three types of milk. nutrient 100 cm 3 of human milk 100 cm 3 of cows milk 100 cm 3 of milk made from baby-milk powder carbohydrate (g) fat (g) protein (g) calcium (mg) iron (mg) vitamin C (mg) (a) A scientist compared the three types of milk. Why was it a fair comparison? (b) Both human milk and milk made from baby-milk powder contain more sugar than cows milk. Which data in the table supports this?... (c) Why do we need calcium in our diet?... (d) (i) Baby-milk powder is made from cows milk. What evidence is there in the table that iron is added when making babymilk powder?.... Why do we need iron in our diet?.. Page 34 of 39

35 (e) A pupil said, There is more vitamin C than protein in human milk. How can you tell from the table that the pupil was wrong? maximum 6 marks Q25. During pregnancy a woman's body increases in mass. The table shows the average increase in mass in some parts of the body during pregnancy. part increase in mass during pregnancy (kg) foetus 3.6 uterus 0.9 placenta 0.7 red blood cells 0.2 amniotic fluid 0.9 breast tissue 0.4 fat 3.9 (a) Explain why the mass of the placenta increases as the foetus develops marks (b) Pregnant women need to make sure they have plenty of iron in their diet. Use information in the table to explain why they need extra iron (c) The foetus is not part of a woman s body before she becomes pregnant. Which two other parts from the table are not present in her body before she becomes pregnant?... and... Page 35 of 39

36 (d) (i) The diagram shows the blood supply in the placenta and umbilical cord. not to scale When the mother breathes, oxygen and other gases pass to the foetus. Complete the flow diagram below to show how oxygen passes from the mother to the foetus. Use all the words from the list below. lungs umbilical cord blood of foetus windpipe placenta 2 marks When a pregnant woman breathes in cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide gas combines with some of her red blood cells. How could this harm the foetus?.... maximum 7 marks Page 36 of 39

37 Q26. (a) Green beans contain vitamin C. Which other food is a good source of vitamin C? Tick the correct box. cheese chicken eggs oranges (b) The amount of vitamin C changes in the beans and in the water as the beans are cooked. The shading shows how it changes. Use the diagram. How does the amount of vitamin C in the beans and in the water change as the beans are cooked? Tick one box in each row. amount of vitamin C increases decreases stays the same in the beans in the water Page 37 of 39

38 (c) Cheese is a source of calcium. Why do we need calcium?... (d) Draw a line from each nutrient to a good source of that nutrient in our diet. 2 marks (e) The diagram shows part of the human digestive system. (i) Write the letter which labels the small intestine.... Write the letter which labels the stomach.... maximum 7 marks Page 38 of 39

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