Human Body Systems. Long narrow tube mixes enzymes with food Small nutrient molecules diffuse into blood

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1 Human Body Systems Living Environment AIS Mr. DuRoss Digestive System : Break down large food molecules into smaller parts that the body can use Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Break down food into small pieces, saliva begins to chemically break down starch Transports food from mouth into stomach Mixes strong acids with food to break it down Long narrow tube mixes enzymes with food Small nutrient molecules diffuse into blood Leftover water and minerals are absorbed into blood. Left over waste is formed into feces Stores and eliminates feces

2 Digestive Organs Mouth Mouth Salivary glands Esophagus Liver Gall bladder Large intestine Anus Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Rectum Digestive Glands: Produce enzymes that break down food Liver produces bile to digest fat sends it to gall bladder Gall Bladder stores bile and then releases it into small intestine Pancreas produces enzymes for digestion Respiratory System : Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm Takes in, filters and warms air Windpipe which transport air into lungs 2 main branches, one leads to each lung Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes eventually forming alveoli Tiny air sacs where CO 2 and O 2 are exchanged Gases pass into and out of capillaries (circulatory sys.) Large muscle below lungs. Contracts causes inhale, relaxes causes exhale

3 Respiratory Organs Nasal cavity trachea Low oxygen blood Air out Air in High oxygen blood Right Lung bronchi CO 2 out of blood O 2 into blood Diaphragm Left lung Alveoli Circulatory System : Transports nutrients, O 2, to body cells and transports waste products away from body cells Heart Artery Vein Capillaries Muscle that pumps blood to the lungs and body cells Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart Tiny blood vessels that allow exchange of materials between blood and cells

4 Circulation through the body 1. Heart right ventricle of heart pumps blood to lungs 2. Lungs blood gives up its CO 2 and gains O 2 returns to left atrium of heart 3. Heart Left ventricle of heart pumps blood through aorta to body cells 4. Body Cells blood gives up its O 2 and nutrients and takes in CO 2 and waste 5. Heart right atrium receives blood from body cells To body Valve Blood from body Blood from body Right Atrium Aorta Pulmonary Artery Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Blood to lungs Left Atrium Blood from lungs Valve Blood and vessels Blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Plasma Platelets Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide Contains hemoglobin (iron) Protect the body from infection Several types Liquid that carries parts of blood Also carries nutrients and other materials When a blood vessel is cut, clot to stop bleeding

5 Endocrine System : Helps maintain homeostasis using chemical signals Controls growth and maturation -works with the nervous system Hormones Pituitary gland Ovaries Testes Chemical messages that are produced by endocrine glands Travel through bloodstream to target cells Master gland controls many other glands Located at the base of the brain Release hormones controlling female sexual development Release hormones controlling male sexual development Hormones: Growth Hormone stimulates cells and bones to grow Thyroid Stimulating Hormone regulates metabolism and body temp. Adrenaline stimulates fight or flight response Insulin causes cells to take in glucose Endocrine Organs

6 Excretory System : Remove waste from body such as CO2, Nitrogen waste, Also balances water, salt and nutrient levels in the body. Kidneys Collects waste from the blood and transforms it into urine Kidney Bladder Collects urine from kidneys and stores it until removal through urethra Bladder Lungs Skin Excretes CO 2 from the blood Excretes water and salts Skeletal/Muscular System :Support, protect the body and allow movement Muscles Bones Tendon Ligament Contract to pull bones allowing movement Support the body, protect organs Connect muscles to bones Connect bones to bones

7 Nervous System :Senses stimuli from internal and external environment and responds to those stimuli Brain Spinal Chord Nerves Neurons Sensory receptors Organizes information and coordinates response Carries nerve messages to and from the brain Bundles of nerve cell that messages through body Nerve cell, basic unit of nervous system Uses electrical and chemical signals Sense changes and transmit messages Ex. Eyes, taste buds, ears Nervous System Brain Brain Stem Spinal chord Nerves Neuron

8 Immune System :To protect the body from foreign invaders (bacteria, virus) white blood cells Antibodies Help destroy pathogens Reproductive System Protect the body from invasions from future pathogens :Allow the production of new organisms Releases sex hormones -offspring are not identical to parents Ovaries Testes Produces egg cells Produces sperm cells Interactions of Body Systems Body systems must work together to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis balanced internal environment constant adjustment Example: Body temperature Body temp drops, brain senses, brain tells muscles to shiver Circulatory, nervous, muscular system all working together Example: Blood Sugar Body monitors blood glucose, hormones are released to correct it Circulatory, endocrine, digestive system all work together Body systems interacting Digestive & Circulatory Digestive system breaks down foods Nutrients pass into blood stream Respiratory & Circulatory Circulatory system blood flows to lungs CO 2 is released and O 2 is absorbed

9 Comparing humans and other organisms Similarities 1. Chemical Composition same C,H,O,N 2. Tissues same muscle, nerve, blood tissues as other organisms 3. Organ systems work in similar ways in different organisms 4. Reproduction same types of reproduction as other animals 5. Genetic information DNA is same in all organisms Human organ system compared to single celled organisms Human Respiratory system Circulatory system Digestive system Excretory system Gas exchange Transport Nutrition Remove waste Single Cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Vacuoles Cell membrane