The Human Body An Overview
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1 The Human Body An Overview
2 An Overview of Anatomy OAnatomy - The study of the structure of the human body OPhysiology - The study of body function
3 The Hierarchy of Structural Organization O Chemical level atoms form molecules O Cellular level cells and their functional subunits O Tissue level a group of cells performing a common function O Organ level a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue O Organ system organs working together for a common purpose O Organism level the result of all simpler levels working in unison
4 The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Figure 1.1
5 The Integumentary System O Forms external body covering O Protects deeper tissues from injury O Synthesizes vitamin D O Site of cutaneous receptors O (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
6 The Skeletal System O Protects and supports body organs O Provides a framework for muscles O Blood cells formed within bones O Stores minerals
7 The Muscular System O Allows manipulation of environment O Movement O Facial expression O Maintains posture O Produces heat
8 The Nervous System O Fast-acting control system O Responds to internal and external changes
9 The Endocrine System O Glands secrete hormones that regulate O Growth O Reproduction O Nutrient use
10 The Cardiovascular System O Blood vessels transport blood O Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide O Also carries nutrients and wastes O Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
11 The Lymphatic System O Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels O Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system O Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) O Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
12 The Respiratory System O Keeps blood supplied with oxygen O Removes carbon dioxide O Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs
13 The Digestive System O Breaks down food into absorbable units O Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
14 The Urinary System O Eliminates nitrogenous wastes O Regulates water, electrolyte, and acidbase balance
15 Reproductive System O Overall function is to produce offspring O Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones O Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones O Mammary glands produce milk
16 Gross Anatomy An Introduction Anatomical position a common visual reference point Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Figure 1.3
17 Gross Anatomy An Introduction Regional terms names of specific body areas Axial region the main axis of the body Appendicular region the limbs Directional terminology Refers to the body in anatomical position Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
18 Orientation and Directional Terms
19 Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
20 Orientation and Directional Terms
21 Regional Terms
22 Body Planes and Sections O Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts O Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
23 Body Planes and Sections O Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
24 Body Cavities and Membranes O Dorsal body cavity O Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. O Cranial cavity houses the brain. O Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord
25 Body Cavities and Membranes O Ventral body cavity O Thoracic cavity O Pleural cavity O Pericardial cavity O Mediastinum O Abdominopelvic cavity O Abdominal cavity O Pelvic cavity
26 Body Cavities and Membranes
27 Other Body Cavities O Oral cavity O Nasal cavity O Orbital cavities
28 Abdominal Regions Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
29 Abdominal Quadrants O Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
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