Carbohydrates suga. AP Biology
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1 Carbohydrates suga
2 Carbohydrates energyo molecules C 2 O O O O O *4 Cal/gram
3 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C,, O carbo - hydr - ate C 2 O (C 12 2 O) x C 6 12 O 6 Function: energy energy storage raw materials structural materials Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
4 Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) O O O C O O 6 O 5 O C 3 O O C 2 O Glucose O C 2 O O Ribose C O Glyceraldehyde
5 Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone
6 Sugar structure: 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutions in biology? In cells! Carbons are numbered
7 Numbered carbons: 5' C C 6' O 4' C C 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C 3' C 2'
8 Simple & complex sugars: Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars O C 2 O O O O glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers O Glucose sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch
9 Building sugars: Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide glucose 2 O glucose maltose glycosidic linkage
10 Building sugars: A Dehydration synthesis removes water 2 monosaccharides 1 disaccharide glucose 2 O fructose sucrose (table sugar) I m sweet too!
11 (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose 1 4 glycosidic linkage 2 O Glucose Glucose Maltose (b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose 1 2 glycosidic linkage 2 O Glucose Fructose Sucrose
12 Polysaccharides: Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
13 Linear vs. branched polysaccharides: slow release starch (plant) energy storage What does branching do? glycogen (animal) fast release
14 Polysaccharide diversity: Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose isomers of glucose structure determines function
15 Digesting starch vs. cellulose: starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest enzyme
16 Starch and cellulose structures α Glucose β Glucose (a) α and β glucose ring structures Starch = all the glycosidic linkage are on same side = molecule lies flat (b) Starch: 1 4 linkage of α glucose monomer Cellulose = cross linking between O ( bonds) = rigid structure (c) Cellulose: 1 4 linkage of β glucose monomers
17 Polysaccharides of plants and animals Storage structures (plastids) containing starch granules in a potato tuber cell Amylose (unbranched) 50 µm (a) Starch Amylopectin (somewhat branched) Glucose monomer Glycogen granules in muscle tissue Glycogen (branched) Cell wall 1 µm (b) Glycogen Plant cell, 10 µm surrounded by cell wall Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Microfibril Cellulose molecule (unbranched) ydrogen bonds 0.5 µm (c) Cellulose
18 Cellulose: Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have not that s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains = rigid & hard to digest But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this stuff?!
19 Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores. 1. Either you do it really well and you re a cow or an elephant (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach) 2. Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you re a gorilla. Regents Biology
20 elpful bacteria ow can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Coprophagia = Greek word for feces eater. Including eating feces of other species or one's own. Why? Ruminants Regents Biology
21 EAT X Let s build some Carbohydrates!
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