Chapter 3: Biochemistry Adapted from PPT by S. Edwards. By PresenterMedia.com

Transcription

1 Chapter 3: Biochemistry Adapted from PPT by S. Edwards By PresenterMedia.com

2 CARBON COMPOUNDS CHAPTER 3 SECTION 1 By PresenterMedia.com

3 Compounds LOOK NO Carbon!!! ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds that contain carbon atoms Ex: Glucose (sugar) C 6 H 12 O 6 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds that do not contain carbon atoms. Ex: water- H 2 0, salt-nacl

4 Why is Carbon important? Carbon is found in many different compounds because carbon has 6 electrons, 4 of which are found in the valence (outer) shell.

5 Why is Carbon important? Carbon has the ability to covalently bond to other carbon atoms and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen.

6 COVALENT BONDING Covalent bond: bond created when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Carbon can form - a single bond by sharing one pair of electrons, a double bond by sharing two pairs of electrons, or a triple bond, by sharing three pairs of electrons.

7 COVALENT BONDING EXAMPLE Methane: CH 4 Main component of natural gas

8 HONC Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon, are the main components found in all living things. (HONC) These elements are found in 96% of all life on earth.

9 BUILDING BLOCKS Monomer - smaller, simpler molecule that can bind with other monomers to form larger, more complex molecules called polymers. Large polymers are called macromolecules. Macromolecules are organic compounds.

10 MONOMERS - POLYMERS Putting monomers together to form polymers Condensation Reaction = the process of monomers joining together to form a polymer, and a water molecule is released. Each time a monomer is added to a polymer, a water molecule is released Also called Dehydration Synthesis

11 MONOMERS - POLYMERS Breaking it down Hydrolysis (hydro = water; lysis = break down) the chemical reaction where water is used to break down polymers into monomers The reverse of condensation reactions

12 ENERGY Adenosine Triphosphate =ATP When the bonds are broken between the phosphate groups, energy is released.

13 MACROMOLECULES CHAPTER 3 SECTION 2 By PresenterMedia.com

14 LET S REVIEW CHAPTER 3 SECTION 1 1. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? 2. What is an organic compound? 3. What 4 elements make up 96% of all living things?

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16 One link in the chain is one single unit or monomer Mono - one Several links (monomers) together is a polymer. Poly - many

17 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS All contain the element Carbon. They also contain other common elements, which means you are made mostly of HONC

18 8. What are the molecules of life? There are Four main classes of organic compounds which are essential to life processes of all living things: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids All four classes are made mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (and sometimes N, S, and P) These atoms occur in different ratios in each class of organic compound so each class of compound has different functions.

19 CARBOHYDRATES Common name: Sugar or starches; end in -ose Elements Composed of: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Ratio 1 C : 2 H : 1 O

20 CARBOHYDRATES Monomer (Building Blocks): Monosaccharides= simple sugar Ex. Glucose, fructose Function: energy transport sugar for animals The ending -ose = sugar

21 CARBOHYDRATES Polymer (Complex form): Disaccharide double sugar Ex. Sucrose, maltose, lactose Function: energy transport sugar for plants Polysaccharide many sugar Ex. Starch (energy storage molecule in plants), glycogen (energy storage molecule in liver and muscle cells), cellulose (structural molecule in plants), and chitin (structural molecule in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods)

22 CARBOHYDRATES Bonding process: Condensation Reaction WATCH VIDEO

23 LIPIDS Common name: Fats - include oils, waxes, steroids Elements composed of: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Polar molecules that don t dissolve in water

24 LIPIDS Monomer (building blocks): 1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules Polar head is hydrophilic water loving attracted to water Nonpolar tail is hydrophobic water fearing, repels water

25 LIPIDS Polymer (Complex Form): Triglycerides 1. Oils long term energy storage in seeds and fruit 2. Fats long term energy storage, protection, insulation 3. Waxes water proof protective coating

26 LIPIDS Multi-ring lipids 1. Steroids - components of hormones, components of cell membrane Light absorbing pigments 1. Carotenoids

27 Lipids Saturated vs Unsaturated

28 Proteins Common name: Proteins Elements composed of: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur

29 Proteins Monomer (building blocks): Amino acids 20 different AA

30 Proteins Polymer Polypeptide Examples by Function: Structural part of the structure of the organism 1. Collagen 2. Keratin 3. Silk 4. Microtubules 5. Virus coats

31 Proteins Regulatory Insulin, hormones help regulate body functions and maintain homeostasis Transport hemoglobin Storage egg whites, seed proteins Toxins botulism, diphtheria Enzymes assist in chemical reactions and control reaction rates Muscle cells - movement

32 Proteins Type of Bonding: Peptide bond Bonding Process Condensation Reaction

33 Nucleic Acids Common name: Nucleic acid Elements composed of: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous

34 Nucleic Acid Monomers (building blocks): nucleotides

35 Nucleic Acid Common Examples: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - contains information that determine characteristics of an organism and directs cell activities

36 Nucleic Acid Common Examples: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the making of proteins; can also act as enzymes

37 Nucleic Acid Type of Bonding: Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides

38 What are the six classes of nutrients? 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water

39 Food Pyramid

40 Vitamins Vitamins are small organic molecules that act as coenzymes They activate enzymes and help them function They can be reused many times so only small quantities are needed in your diet.

41 Two Types of Vitamins 1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins dissolve in fat and include Vitamins A, D, E, & K; these are absorbed and stored like fats. 2. Water-Soluble Vitamins dissolve in water and include Vitamin C and the group of B Vitamins. The body cannot store these vitamins so it excretes surplus amounts in urine.

42 Vitamin D Our skin synthesizes large quantities of vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight

43 Minerals Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that are used to make certain body structures They also help to carry out normal nerve and muscle function They also help maintain osmotic balance We get them from the food we eat and excess amounts are excreted through our skin in perspiration and through kidneys in urine.

44 The Digestive System and Enzymes

45 The Digestive System A long hollow tube called the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) has the purpose of breaking down macromolecules that you eat into molecules that your body can absorb.

46 Process of Digestion 1. Ingestion: taking food in 2. Digestion: breaking food down 3. Movement: from one segment of the tract to another

47 Process of Digestion 4. Absorption: when nutrients cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining in order to enter the blood stream 5. Elimination: undigested molecules are removed

48 Pathway of Food Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus

49 The Mouth The first stages of digestion occur here. First: mechanical Digestion or chewing occurs here. Second: The food meets saliva (a mixture of water, mucus, and a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase) Salivary Amylase: helps break starches into sugars!

50 The Pharynx The location where the GI tract and respiratory system cross over.

51 The Esophagus Long muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach muscles in the esophagus wall.

52 Stomach J shaped muscular organ that lies on the left side of the body beneath the diaphragm. Stores food Stomach acid and gastric enzymes called pepsin begin to break down protein.

53 Small Intestine Digests carbohydrates, fats, and completes the digestion of proteins. ABSORBS nutrients

54 Large Intestine Absorbs water to prevent dehydration Absorbs vitamins (B and K) Forms and rids the body of feces through anus

55 Accessory Organs Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic fluid to the small intestine Lipase enzyme: breaks down fat molecules to free fatty acids, diglycerides and monoglycerides.

56 Accessory Organs Liver Produces bile, destroys old blood cells, detoxifies blood, stores iron, and helps regulate cholesterol levels. Bile: ENZYME produced by liver, stored in gall bladder helps to further process of digestion. Gall Bladder: stores bile

57 6 Classes of Nutrients 3 that provide the body with energy, promote growth and development, and regulate metabolism. Carbohydrates (monomer: monosaccharide, ex: glucose) Proteins (monomer: amino acid) Lipids (monomer: glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

58 6 Classes of Nutrients Minerals: inorganic substance that occurs naturally in ground. Living organisms require them for parts of cells, body fluids, and structural components of tissue. Ex: calcium: bones and muscle contraction and phosphorous: bone, phospholipids, ATP

59 6 Classes of Nutrients Water Vitamins: organic compounds that the body uses for metabolic purposes. Ex: Vitamin B, C, D, E, or K etc. The body is unable to produce these on its own Many are co-enzymes (enzyme helpers)

60 What is an Enzyme? A molecule that can break apart other molecules or combine monomers to make a polymer.

61 What is an enzyme? Enzymes are proteins that serve as catalysts. Catalysts are substances that begin or accelerate a chemical reaction without the enzyme itself being affected. Enzymes speed up or slow down reactions, but remain unchanged. Enzymes are very specific catalysts and usually work to complete only one task.

62 Enzymes Control Many Vital Functions Including: Breaking down food for energy! ATP Increasing the reaction rate (or how quickly reactions happen) of biochemical processes. Examples of biochemical processes are metabolism (how cells convert and use energy to grow and reproduce)

63 What is a substrate? The surface of the material that attaches to the enzyme. (write this on your notes ) The active site is where the enzyme and substrate bind.

64 Starch is a huge carbohydrate molecule (polysaccharide) What is an example? Saliva contains amylase (an enzyme) which will break the starch molecule (polymer) into pieces (monosaccharide) Amylase is the enzyme and the potato chip starch is the substrate.

65 What is an example? Liver releases bile to break down lipids. Pancreas releases pancreatic juices also known as digestive enzymes and hormones.

66 What is the induced-fit hypothesis? The induced-fit hypothesis says that the enzyme is not exactly the right fit for the substrate. When the substrate fits into an active site of the enzyme it is slightly bent causing the substrate to break.

67 What is the induced-fit hypothesis? The

68 How many substrates can an enzyme work on? Enzymes can be used again and again ose= substrate (sugar) ase= enzyme Enzymes change shape on the substrate. The active site forms a shape specific to the substrate only after the substrate has been bound.

69 How many substrates can an enzyme work on? The shape of an enzyme is specific for one substrate. The shape of the enzyme lactase is specific to break apart lactose. The shape of maltase is specific to break apart maltose. Each enzyme can be used many times because it is not a direct participant in the reaction

70 What can cause enzymes to change shape and not work? Change in temperature ranges Ranges in ph

71 What can cause enzymes to change shape and not work? Enzyme specificity (lock and key) ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN THE CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT!

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